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==History==
*/m/ before /i/ > /f/
Ex: murá "dead" > fira "dead" (PHIR-)
Ex: hūlá "fiery" > níra
Ilfira
The root for "death" has a nominal stem (NÚR-) and an adjectival stem (PHIR-)
núru "death"
maur > NÚR-
fira
il- "not/un-" (Adamic al)
ilfirin
==Phonology==
==Phonology==


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===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
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The root ''QUE-'' "speech" descends from Adamic ''-q-f-l-'' "speech", or more specifically, from its canonic verbal form ''qua-''. The root ''KHÚ-'' "dog" derives from ''hū-'' "to bark". The root ''LÁ-'' from ''lā-'' "to use the tongue". ''KHE-'' from ''qia-'' "to see"...
In CE words are either DARK or BRIGHT:


If no suffix is added to the root, the singular is formed by adding ''-le'' (canonic ''-l'') if the last vowel is any other than ''u''. In case it is not, an ''-o'' [Adamic ''-u''] is added instead.
: ''HÚ'' "dog"


:''QUE-'' > ''quele'' "sound"
: ''ALBA'' "person"
 
Sounds other than L and N are conserved at the end of roots:
 
: ''qaúl'' "speech" > ''QUË'' "speech"
 
: ''maúr'' > ''NÚR'' "death"
 
With the article open syllables are long and closed syllables short:
 
: ''HÚ'' "dog" > ''u húo''
 
: ''ALBA'' "person" > ''i elbi''
 
The plural:
 
: ''u húo'' "the dog" > ''i níe'' "the dogs"
 
:  ''i elbi '' "the person" > ''u orgu'' "the persons"
 
Third-person agreement does not trigger euphony:
 
: ''u quënda'' "he is the language" / ''quënda u'' "he, the language"
 
: ''ou quëndaë'' "he [X]-s the language", ''quëndaë ou'' "he is [X]-ed by the language"
 
: ''óua quëndáëa'' "the language of his", ''quëndáëa óua'' "the language to him"
 
Masculine agreement in first-person triggers:
 
: ''nu belen'' "I am a speaker" / ''belen nu'' "I, the speaker"
: ''angu belein'' "I speak" / ''belein angu'' "I am spoken"
: ''arcnu beléian'' "a speaker of mine" / ''beléian arcnu'' "a speaker to me"
 
Feminine agreement in first-person triggers:
: ''mi golon'' "I am a speaker" / ''golon mi'' "I, the speaker"
: ''ambi goloun'' "I speak" / ''goloun ambi'' "I am spoken"
: ''dalpmi golóuan'' "a speaker of mine"  / ''golóuan dalpmi'' "a speaker to me"
 
 
 
the first position is the subject followed by a copula;  sentences are SOV (the object is always NEUTER); and the possessor is always the second element:
 
: ''u húo ëa quënda'' "
 
: ''ou hóua quëndaë bel'' "the dog speaks the language"
 
: ''quëndáëa óua hóuada''  "the dog's language"
 
 
Compare
 
: ''óua quëndáëa'' "the  language of his"
 
: ''óua gondáëa'' "the languages"
 
 
Masculine roots:
 
: hú, u húo, i níe,
 
: hóua, ou hóua, ei néia,
 
: hóuada, óua hóuada, éia néiada
 
 
 
Neuter roots
quënda, i benda, u gonda
quëndaë, ei bendaë, ou gondaë
quëndáëa, éia bendáëa, óua gondáëa
 
quënda (when non-subject of non-pronouns)
benda (when subject of non-pronouns or connected to masculine pronouns)
gonda (when subject of non-pronouns or connected to pronouns)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
quëndáëa /kʷɨndaːɨ̯a/
 
a/ë > aë > áëa
 
m > mb > lpm
n > nd > ∅
n > ng > rkn
l > lb > mbl
r > rd > ndr
 
dalpmi / darcnu
 
i (n) > e-i (#) > a-e-i (#)
 
i (v) > i-e > i-e-a
 
e (v) >


:''HÚ-'' > ''húo'' "dog"
P > P-L > P-L-T > P-L-T-N


If a suffix is added to the root, there may be two singulars; one ending in ''-a'' (Adamic ''-a''') and one in ''-ë''.
N N-R-M (I)
N N-R-H (U)


:''QUE-'' + ''-n-'' [verbal affix] > ''quenda'' "speech" / ''quendë'' "speaker"
M > M-L-N  > M-L-N-D
D-R-P-


The definite article is ''i'' (Adamic ''iru''), which is invariable.
u><i, e><o, a><y


:''i húo'' "the dog"
u>o, i>e, a>y


:''i hý'' "the dogs"
ai ē


The personal pronouns:
i > ei > eia


:''ni'' "I", ''mi'' "we" nuan
If a pure root ends in a vowel, the singular is formed by adding ''-RV'' (canonic ''-l''). If the last vowel is ''i'' or ''u'', however, one adds ''-e'' or ''-o'' instead.


:''te'' "you", ''endi''
:''QUE-'' > ''quele'' "sound"


:''(s)e'' "he/she", "sa" "it", ''ili'' "they", ''ilar'' "they"
:''HÚ-'' > ''húo'' "dog"


The copula:
If a suffix is added to the root, there may be two singulars; one passive ending in ''-a'' (Adamic ''-a''') and one active in ''-ë''.


:''eá'' "to be" (canonic ''ā- "to be")
:''QUË-'' + ''-n-'' [passive nominal affix] > ''quënda'' "speech" / ''quendë'' "speaker"


: ''se eri húo''  "he is a dog" (Adamic ''iru'')




The personal pronouns:


LÁ- > lámba "tongue", lámbë "language" *irregular extension; compare ''gásca'' "throat"
: ''nu'' "I (masc.)", ''mi'' "I (fem.)"
ULU- "to pour" from hua- "to moisten"
lunda "flood", lundë "rain"
''hendë'', ''hendi'' "eye, eyes"
húa (acc.)
''quen'' "I speak"
Quendar, quendi
ni ben, embë bemmë
ae bes, elyë berrë
il beli, endë belembar
e-i [3p]
Sound change: /i/ > /e/, /u/ > /i/ [not used in canonic forms]
Reduxtion:


il ques
: ''luo, rie'' "you (sin.)"


: ''ou, ei'' "he, she"


''vāl'' > ''alf''<br>
lunda "flood", lundë "rain"
''hul'' > ''húo''<br>
''qul'' > ''quele''<br>


==Sound Laws==
==Sound Laws==
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===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
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<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
==Black Speech==


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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https://folk.uib.no/hnohf/primelv.htm




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