Konukuian: Difference between revisions

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| state = [[w:Hawaiian Islands|Konuku]]

| speakers = ~300

| date = 2007

| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan

| fam2 = [[w:Sino-Tibetan|Sino-Tibetan]]

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Konukuian (Konukuian: Kōnukūna) is a critically endangered language of the Sinitic language family that takes its name from [[w:Hawai'i|Konuku]], the largest island in the tropical North Pacific archipelago where it developed.

==Name==

The ~~Konukuianm~~ language takes its name from the largest island in the Konukuian archipelago, Konuku. Linguists suggest it comes from Old Chinese 東島 /*toːŋ/ /*tuːwʔ/

The Konukuian language takes its name from the largest island in the Konukuian archipelago, Konuku. Linguists suggest it comes from Old Chinese 東島 /*toːŋ/ /*tuːwʔ/

==Family and origin==

Konukuian is a member of the Sinitic language family and is related to languages such as Mandarin, Cantonese, and Hokkien.

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==Grammar==

Konukuian, like most Sinitic is an analytic language with [[w:Subject–verb–object word order|subject-verb–object]] word order.

===Verbs===

====Aspect and Mood====

Konikuian verbs can be analytically marked with particles to indicate aspect and mood.

Below is a list of common Aspect, and Mood Markers

* Perfective: {{sc|pref}} ''ulu'', from OC {{lang|och|矣}}

* Imperfective: {{sc|imperf}} ''ʻo'', from OC {{lang|och|恆}}

* Infinitive: {{sc|inf}} ''lu'', from OC {{lang|och|以}}

* Intentive: {{sc|int}} ''ka'', from OC {{lang|och|將}}

* Present progressive: {{sc|pres.prog}} ''ʻua'', from OC {{lang|och|于}}

* Imperative: {{sc|imp}} ''a'', from OC {{lang|och|做}}

* Prohibitive: {{sc|proh}} ''mo'', from OC {{lang|och|毋}}

===Nouns===

===Pronouns===

Konukuian has a set of personal pronouns that distinguish person and number, and show different forms depending on their grammatical function (subject, object, possessive). It also notably preserves a distinction between inclusive and exclusive first-person plural pronouns, a feature less common in many modern Sinitic languages but attested in some Sinitic varieties and other Sino-Tibetan branches.

{| class="wikitable"

|+Personal pronouns

! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |

! colspan="3" |Function

|-

!Subject Form (Nominative)

!Possessive Form (Genitive)

!Object Form (Accusative)

|-

! rowspan="3" |Singular

(1)

! colspan="2" |1st (I)

|{{lang|kkn|nā}} ({{lang|och|吾}})

|{{lang|kkn|nāko}} ({{lang|och|吾之}})

|{{lang|kkn|ne}} ({{lang|och|我}})

|-

! colspan="2" |2nd (you)

|{{lang|kkn|nū}} ({{lang|och|你}})

|{{lang|kkn|nūko}} ({{lang|och|你之}})

|{{lang|kkn|nē}} ({{lang|och|汝}})

|-

! colspan="2" |3rd (he/she/it)

|{{lang|kkn|ʻā}} ({{lang|och|它}})

|{{lang|kkn|ʻīko}} ({{lang|och|伊之}})

|{{lang|kkn|ʻī}} ({{lang|och|伊}})

|-

! rowspan="4" |Plural

(2+)

! rowspan="2" |1st (we)

!incl. (you & I)

|{{lang|kkn|hiʻa}} ({{lang|och|咱}})

|{{lang|kkn|hiʻa ko}} ({{lang|och|咱之}})

|{{lang|kkn|nehiʻa}} ({{lang|och|我咱}})

|-

!excl. (I, not you)

|{{lang|kkn|puliʻa}} ({{lang|och|弗咱}})

|{{lang|kkn|puliʻa ko}} ({{lang|och|弗咱之}})

|{{lang|kkn|punēliʻa}} ({{lang|och|弗汝咱}})

|-

! colspan="2" |2nd (you plural)

|{{lang|kkn|nūʻu}} ({{lang|och|你等}})

|{{lang|kkn|nūʻu ko}} ({{lang|och|你等之}})

|{{lang|kkn|nēʻu}} ({{lang|och|汝等}})

|-

! colspan="2" |3rd (they)

|{{lang|kkn|ʻāu}} ({{lang|och|它等}})

|{{lang|kkn|ʻāu ko}} ({{lang|och|它等之}})

|{{lang|kkn|ʻīku}} ({{lang|och|伊等}})

|}

''Note: The distinction between subject, possessive, and object forms is similar to some patterns found in early Chinese and some modern Sinitic dialects, rather than a typical Indo-European case system. The possessive form is often constructed using the genitive particle ''ko'', possibly related to {{lang|och|之}}.''

===Demonstratives===

===Articles===

Articles are categorized into two categories, which are definite and indefinite. The indefinite article in Konikuian is not written but the definite articles has two forms:

*'''he''' ''SG'' from OC 此 /*sʰeʔ/

*''''e''' ''PL'' from OC 多 /*[t.l]ˤaj/

==Vocabulary Comparison==

Unlike a majority of Sinitic languages, a majority a Konukuian's vocabulary consists of at least two [[w:mora (linguistics)|moras]]. Many Konikuian words have cognates in other Chinese varieties. As compared to Mandarin, Konikuian prefer to use the monosyllabic form of words, without suffixes.

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==See Also==

==Notes and References==

[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Sino-Tibetan languages]][[Category:Sinitic languages]][[Category:Artlangs]][[Category:A posteriori]][[Category:Mimiconlangs]]

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 | state            = [[w:Hawaiian Islands|Konuku]]
 | speakers         = ~300
+| date             = 2007
 | familycolor      = Sino-Tibetan
 | fam2             = [[w:Sino-Tibetan|Sino-Tibetan]]
@@ Line 21: / Line 22: @@
 Konukuian (Konukuian: Kōnukūna) is a critically endangered language of the Sinitic language family that takes its name from [[w:Hawai'i|Konuku]], the largest island in the tropical North Pacific archipelago where it developed.
 ==Name==
-The Konukuianm language takes its name from the largest island in the Konukuian archipelago, Konuku. Linguists suggest it comes from Old Chinese 東島 /*toːŋ/ /*tuːwʔ/
+The Konukuian language takes its name from the largest island in the Konukuian archipelago, Konuku. Linguists suggest it comes from Old Chinese 東島 /*toːŋ/ /*tuːwʔ/
 ==Family and origin==
 Konukuian is a member of the Sinitic language family and is related to languages such as Mandarin, Cantonese, and Hokkien.
@@ Line 30: / Line 31: @@
 {{Main|w:Hawaiian phonology}}
 ==Grammar==
+Konukuian, like most Sinitic is an analytic language with [[w:Subject–verb–object word order|subject-verb–object]] word order.
+===Verbs===
+====Aspect and Mood====
+Konikuian verbs can be analytically marked with particles to indicate aspect and mood.
+Below is a list of common Aspect, and Mood Markers
+*   Perfective: {{sc|pref}} ''ulu'', from OC {{lang|och|矣}}
+*   Imperfective: {{sc|imperf}} ''ʻo'', from OC {{lang|och|恆}}
+*   Infinitive: {{sc|inf}} ''lu'', from OC {{lang|och|以}}
+*   Intentive: {{sc|int}} ''ka'', from OC {{lang|och|將}}
+*   Present progressive: {{sc|pres.prog}} ''ʻua'', from OC {{lang|och|于}}
+*   Imperative: {{sc|imp}} ''a'', from OC {{lang|och|做}}
+*   Prohibitive: {{sc|proh}} ''mo'', from OC {{lang|och|毋}}
+===Nouns===
+===Pronouns===
+Konukuian has a set of personal pronouns that distinguish person and number, and show different forms depending on their grammatical function (subject, object, possessive). It also notably preserves a distinction between inclusive and exclusive first-person plural pronouns, a feature less common in many modern Sinitic languages but attested in some Sinitic varieties and other Sino-Tibetan branches.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+Personal pronouns
+! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
+! colspan="3" |Function
+|-
+!Subject Form<br/>(Nominative)
+!Possessive Form<br/>(Genitive)
+!Object Form<br/>(Accusative)
+|-
+! rowspan="3" |Singular
+(1)
+! colspan="2" |1st (I)
+|{{lang|kkn|nā}} ({{lang|och|吾}})
+|{{lang|kkn|nāko}} ({{lang|och|吾之}})
+|{{lang|kkn|ne}} ({{lang|och|我}})
+|-
+! colspan="2" |2nd (you)
+|{{lang|kkn|nū}} ({{lang|och|你}})
+|{{lang|kkn|nūko}} ({{lang|och|你之}})
+|{{lang|kkn|nē}} ({{lang|och|汝}})
+|-
+! colspan="2" |3rd (he/she/it)
+|{{lang|kkn|ʻā}} ({{lang|och|它}})
+|{{lang|kkn|ʻīko}} ({{lang|och|伊之}})
+|{{lang|kkn|ʻī}} ({{lang|och|伊}})
+|-
+! rowspan="4" |Plural
+(2+)
+! rowspan="2" |1st (we)
+!incl.<br/>(you & I)
+|{{lang|kkn|hiʻa}} ({{lang|och|咱}})
+|{{lang|kkn|hiʻa ko}} ({{lang|och|咱之}})
+|{{lang|kkn|nehiʻa}} ({{lang|och|我咱}})
+|-
+!excl.<br/>(I, not you)
+|{{lang|kkn|puliʻa}} ({{lang|och|弗咱}})
+|{{lang|kkn|puliʻa ko}} ({{lang|och|弗咱之}})
+|{{lang|kkn|punēliʻa}} ({{lang|och|弗汝咱}})
+|-
+! colspan="2" |2nd (you plural)
+|{{lang|kkn|nūʻu}} ({{lang|och|你等}})
+|{{lang|kkn|nūʻu ko}} ({{lang|och|你等之}})
+|{{lang|kkn|nēʻu}} ({{lang|och|汝等}})
+|-
+! colspan="2" |3rd (they)
+|{{lang|kkn|ʻāu}} ({{lang|och|它等}})
+|{{lang|kkn|ʻāu ko}} ({{lang|och|它等之}})
+|{{lang|kkn|ʻīku}} ({{lang|och|伊等}})
+|}
+''Note: The distinction between subject, possessive, and object forms is similar to some patterns found in early Chinese and some modern Sinitic dialects, rather than a typical Indo-European case system. The possessive form is often constructed using the genitive particle ''ko'', possibly related to {{lang|och|之}}.''
+===Demonstratives===
+===Articles===
+Articles are categorized into two categories, which are definite and indefinite. The indefinite article in Konikuian is not written but the definite articles has two forms:
+*'''he''' ''SG'' from OC 此 /*sʰeʔ/
+*''''e''' ''PL'' from OC 多 /*[t.l]ˤaj/
 ==Vocabulary Comparison==
 Unlike a majority of Sinitic languages, a majority a Konukuian's vocabulary consists of at least two [[w:mora (linguistics)|moras]]. Many Konikuian words have cognates in other Chinese varieties. As compared to Mandarin, Konikuian prefer to use the monosyllabic form of words, without suffixes.
@@ Line 166: / Line 241: @@
 ==See Also==
 ==Notes and References==
+[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Sino-Tibetan languages]][[Category:Sinitic languages]][[Category:Artlangs]][[Category:A posteriori]][[Category:Mimiconlangs]]