Middle Semitic: Difference between revisions
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{{Collab}} | {{Collab}} | ||
{{Infobox Universal Language | {{Infobox Universal Language | ||
| color = # | | color = #FC7F48 | ||
| name = Middle Semitic | | name = Middle Semitic | ||
| altname = ܫܡܥ ܡܪܟܙ | | altname = ܫܡܥ ܡܪܟܙ | ||
| Line 40: | Line 40: | ||
== Morphosyntax == | == Morphosyntax == | ||
Word-order is SVO and without case, this is rather strictly enforced. Pro-drop is common due to verbal inflection. | Word-order is SVO and without case, this is rather strictly enforced. Pro-drop is common due to verbal inflection. | ||
=== Copula === | |||
As in all Semitic languages, copulas very mixed. The shortest summary is this table: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! !! Past !! Non-Past | |||
|- | |||
! Existence | |||
| {{C|ܗܘ}} ''hô'' (copula) | |||
| ܝܫ (particle) | |||
|- | |||
! Equality | |||
| {{C|ܟܘܢ}} ''kôn'' (copula) | |||
| ܗܘܐ or ܗܝܐ or ܗܘܡ (pronouns) | |||
|} | |||
=== Prepositions === | |||
There are eight "small" prepositions which "conjugate". All other 'prepositions' are actually nouns in the construct state. | |||
{| class="bluetable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! !! 1cs !! 2ms !! 2fs !! 3ms !! 3fs !! 1cp !! 2cp !! 3cp | |||
|- | |||
! ܦ/fi | |||
| ܦܢܝ ''in me'' || ܦܟܐ ''in you'' || ܦܟܝ ''in you'' || ܦܗܘ ''in him'' || ܦܗܐ ''in her'' || ܦܢܘ ''in us'' || ܦܟܡ ''in y'all'' || ܦܗܡ ''in them'' | |||
|- | |||
! ܒ/bi | |||
| ܒܢܝ ''on me'' || ܒܟܐ ''on you'' || ܒܟܝ ''on you'' || ܒܗܘ ''on him'' || ܒܗܐ ''on her'' || ܒܢܘ ''on us'' || ܒܟܡ ''on y'all'' || ܒܗܡ ''on them'' | |||
|- | |||
! ܠ/li | |||
| ܠܢܝ ''for me'' || ܠܟܐ ''for you'' || ܠܟܝ ''for you'' || ܠܗܘ ''for him'' || ܠܗܐ ''for her'' || ܠܢܘ ''for us'' || ܠܟܡ ''for y'all'' || ܠܗܡ ''for them'' | |||
|- | |||
! ܥܠ/`al | |||
| ܥܠܢܝ ''upon me'' || ܥܠܟܐ ''upon you'' || ܥܠܟܝ ''upon you'' || ܥܠܗܘ ''upon him'' || ܥܠܗܐ ''upon her'' || ܥܠܢܘ ''upon us'' || ܥܠܟܡ ''upon y'all'' || ܥܠܗܡ ''upon them'' | |||
|- | |||
! ܥܡ/`im | |||
| ܥܡܢܝ ''with me'' || ܥܡܟܐ ''with you'' || ܥܡܟܝ ''with you'' || ܥܡܗܘ ''with him'' || ܥܡܗܐ ''with her'' || ܥܡܢܘ ''with us'' || ܥܡܟܡ ''with y'all'' || ܥܡܗܡ ''with them'' | |||
|- | |||
! ܡܢ/min | |||
| ܡܢܢܝ ''from me'' || ܡܢܟܐ ''from you'' || ܡܢܟܝ ''from you'' || ܡܢܗܘ ''from him'' || ܡܢܗܐ ''from her'' || ܡܢܢܘ ''from us'' || ܡܢܟܡ ''from y'all'' || ܡܢܗܡ ''from them'' | |||
|- | |||
! ܟ/ki | |||
| ܟܢܝ ''like me'' || ܟܟܐ ''like you'' || ܟܟܝ ''like you'' || ܟܗܘ ''like him'' || ܟܗܐ ''like her'' || ܟܢܘ ''like us'' || ܟܟܡ ''like y'all'' || ܟܗܡ ''like them'' | |||
|- | |||
! ܒܝܢ/bên | |||
| ܒܝܢܢܝ ''between me'' || ܒܝܢܟܐ ''between you'' || ܒܝܢܟܝ ''between you'' || ܒܝܢܗܘ ''between him'' || ܒܝܢܗܐ ''between her'' || ܒܝܢܢܘ ''between us'' || ܒܝܢܟܡ ''between y'all'' || ܒܝܢܗܡ ''between them'' | |||
|} | |||
== Lexicography == | == Lexicography == | ||
{{See|a comparative Swadesh list|Middle Semitic/Swadesh}} | {{See|a comparative Swadesh list|Middle Semitic/Swadesh}} | ||
[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1n6hf5apPWqBziInberzWIOfPXMQ6jVaz_hCbS5PnoF8/edit?usp=sharing Google Sheet of current lexicon] | |||
== Texts == | |||
{{See also|Middle Semitic/Dialogue}} | |||
=== Shahada === | |||
{| class="wikitable" width="100%" | |||
! Arabic !! Middle Semitic | |||
|- | |||
| أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ | |||
| ܐܫܗܕ ܐܢ ܠܐ ܝܫ ܐܝܠܗܐ ܐܝܠܠܐ ܗܠ ܐܠܠܗ، ܘܐܫܗܕ ܐܢ ܡܚܡܡܕ ܗܘ ܪܣܘܠ ܗܠ ܐܠܠܗ | |||
|- | |||
| aš-ha-du ʾan lā ʾi-lā-ha ʾil-lā ʾal-lāh wa-ʾaš-ha-du ʾan-na mu-ḥam-ma-dan ra-sū-lul-lāh | |||
| aš-had an la yiš el-ha el-la hal al-lah, waš-had an mu-ḥam-mad ho ra-sul hal al-lah | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| I testify that there is no god except Allah, and I testify that Mohammad is the messenger of Allah. | |||
|} | |||
=== Shema === | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! Hebrew | |||
! Middle Semitic | |||
|- | |||
| שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵינוּ יְהוָה אֶחָד | |||
| ܣܡܥ ܐܘ ܐܣܪܐܝܠ ܐܕܘܢܝ ܗܘ ܐܝܠܗܐܢܘ، ܐܕܘܢܝ ܗܘ ܘܚܕ | |||
|- | |||
| šəmaʿ Yisrāʾēl Adonai ʾĕlōhênû Adonai ʾeḥād | |||
| smaʿ ô isrâ'êl, adônî hô êlhanû, adônî hô waḥad | |||
|} | |||
=== Jesus Prayer === | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! Greek | |||
! Middle Semitic | |||
|- | |||
| Κύριε Ἰησοῦ Χριστέ, Υἱὲ τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἐλέησόν με τὸν ἁμαρτωλόν. | |||
| ܪܒܒܐ ܝܣܘܥ ܡܣܝܚ، ܒܝܢ ܗܠ ܐܝܠܗܐ، ܪܚܡ ܥܠܢܝ ܗܠ ܚܛܝܐܢܐ | |||
|- | |||
| Kýrie Iēsoû Christé, Huie toû Theoû, eléēson me tòn hamartōlón. | |||
| <u>rab</u>bâ yi<u>sûʿ</u> ma<u>sîḥ</u>, bên hal <u>'êl</u>ha, r<u>ḥam</u> ʿal<u>nî hal ḥaṭi<u>yâ</u>nâ. | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Lord Jesus Christ, son of God, be merciful to me, a sinner. | |||
|} | |||
[[Category:Middle Semitic]] | |||
== Bibliography == | |||
* [https://r12a.github.io/scripts/syrc/syr.html Classical Syriac Orthography] | |||
* [https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/default/files/document/files/2024/05/il20ps930913declarationprinciplesnterimself-government28oslo20accords2928ar29.pdf Oslo Accord I (in Arabic)] | |||
* [https://heskem.org.il/%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%9D-%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%95-%D7%90/ Oslo Accords I (in Hebrew)] | |||
{{Aquatiki}} | |||
[[Category:Universal Languages]] | |||