Fuano: Difference between revisions

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| state = Fuano Island

| ethnicity= Fuano Creole people

| official = Democratic Republic of Fuinoa

| official = Democratic Republic of Fuinoa<ref>{{fwn|Repulika Demogatika de Finoa|République Démocratique du Fuinon|República Democrática del Fuinoa}}</ref>

| agency = Academy of the Fuano Language<ref>{{fwn|Akademi da Lan Fuan|Académie de la Langue Fouan|Academia del Criollo Fuano}}</ref>

}}

'''Fuano'''<ref>Fuano: ''fuano'', ''lan fuan''; [[w:French language|French]]: ''langue fouan''; [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''~~idioma fuana~~''</ref> is a [[w:French language|French]] and [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]] [[w:Mixed language|mixed language]](with some grammatical elements of [[w:Portuguese grammar|Portuguese]]) spoken natively on Fuano Island<ref>Fuano: ''il fuan''; [[w:French language|French]]: ''Île-de-Fouan''; [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Isla del Fuano''</ref> by around 600,000 Fuanos.

'''Fuano'''<ref>Fuano: ''fuano'', ''lan fuan''; [[w:French language|French]]: ''langue fouan''; [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''el criollo fuano''</ref> is a [[w:French language|French]] and [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]] [[w:Mixed language|mixed language]](with some grammatical elements of [[w:Portuguese grammar|Portuguese]]) spoken natively on Fuano Island<ref>Fuano: ''il fuan''; [[w:French language|French]]: ''Île-de-Fouan''; [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Isla del Fuano''</ref> by around 600,000 Fuanos.

==Phonology==

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==Grammar==

===Nouns===

====Number====

Fuano nouns can be turned plural in two ways, usually based on the origin of the word. If the word is of Spanish origin, such as ''mesa'' "table", an ''-s'' is simply added at the end to become ''mesas'' "tables". However, if the word is of French origin, an ''-i''(if ending in a consonant) or a ''-y''(if ending in a vowel) is concatenated, e.g. ''tapet'' "slap" > ''tapeti'' "slaps", ''dwa'' "a right" > ''dway'' "rights".

===Articles===

Fuano has no indefinite particles. Singular definite particles are derived from French while plural definite particles are derived from Spanish, though they bear resemblance to the [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]] plural definite particles due to the dropping of the initial /l/.

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! Pl.

| ''os'' || ''as''

|}

====With ''de''====

When ''de'' is combined with an article, a new preposition is formed. These bear resemblance to their counterparts in Portuguese, though they are inherited from Spanish.

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

! !! ''de''

|-

! ''le''

| ''del''

|-

! ''la''

| ''da''

|-

! ''os''

| ''dos''

|-

! ''as''

| ''das''

|}

====With possessives====

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|-

! rowspan=4 | Word

! rowspan=2 | ''sapato''

! rowspan=2 | ''sapato''<br>"shoe"

! Sing.

| ''ma sapato'' || ''ta sapato'' || ''su sapato'' || ''le notue sapato'' || ''le votue sapato'' || ''le luere sapato''

| ''ma sapato'' || ''ta sapato'' || ''su sapato'' || '''''le''' notue sapato'' || '''''le''' votue sapato'' || '''''le''' luere sapato''

|-

! Pl.

| ''me sapatos'' || ''te sapatos'' || ''so sapatos'' || ''os notues sapatos'' || ''os votues sapatos'' || ''os lueres sapatos''

| ''me sapatos'' || ''te sapatos'' || ''se sapatos'' || '''''os''' notues sapatos'' || '''''os''' votues sapatos'' || '''''os''' lueres sapatos''

|-

! rowspan=2 | ''bolsa''

! rowspan=2 | ''bolsa''<br>"handbag"

! Sing.

| ''ma bolsa'' || ''ta bolsa'' || ''su bolsa'' || ''la notue bolsa'' || ''la votue bolsa'' || ''la luere bolsa''

| ''ma bolsa'' || ''ta bolsa'' || ''su bolsa'' || '''''la''' notue bolsa'' || '''''la''' votue bolsa'' || '''''la''' luere bolsa''

|-

! Pl.

| ''me bolsas'' || ''te bolsas'' || ''so bolsas'' || ''as notues bolsas'' || ''as votues bolsas'' || ''as lueres bolsas''

| ''me bolsas'' || ''te bolsas'' || ''se bolsas'' || '''''as''' notues bolsas'' || '''''as''' votues bolsas'' || '''''as''' lueres bolsas''

|}

===Pronouns===

==== Demonstrative====

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====Personal====

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan=2 | Person !! colspan=3 | Singular !! colspan=3 | Plural

! rowspan=2 | Person !! colspan=2 | Singular !! colspan=2 | Plural

|-

! nom. !! acc~~. !! gen~~. !! nom. !! acc~~. !! gen~~.

! nom. !! acc. !! nom. !! acc.

|-

! 1.

| ''yo'' || ''me~~'' || ''ma~~'' || ''nos'' || ''nu~~'' || ''notue~~''

| ''yo'' || ''me'' || ''nos'' || ''nu''

|-

! 2.

| ''tu'' || ''tue~~'' || ''ta~~'' || ''vos'' || ''vu~~'' || ''votue~~''

| ''tu'' || ''tue'' || ''vos'' || ''vu''

|-

! Masc.

| ''el'' || ''lue~~'' || rowspan=3 | ''su~~'' || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | ''os~~'' || rowspan=2 | ''luere~~''

| ''el'' || ''lue'' || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | ''os''

|-

! Neut.

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|-

! Fem.

| ''ea'' || ''eya'' || colspan=2 | ''(as~~)'' || ''(luare~~)''

| ''ea'' || ''eya'' || colspan=2 | ''(as)''

|}

''as'' ~~and ''luare'' are~~ bracketed to show that ~~they are~~ rarely used even in appropriate context. For example, though it would be grammatically correct to refer to a group of women or girls as ''as'', a native speaker is realistically more likely to still refer them to as ''os'' out of convention.

''as'' is bracketed to show that it is rarely used even in appropriate context. For example, though it would be grammatically correct to refer to a group of women or girls as ''as'', a native speaker is realistically more likely to still refer them to as ''os'' out of convention.

''vos'' holds the same purpose as French ''vous'', in which it simultaneously acts as a plural and a formal second-person pronoun.

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The accusative forms are also used as vocative forms, as in ''Y '''lue''', k'el pansa?'' "And '''him''', what does he think?"

The ~~genitive forms~~ can also be used as dative forms when placed after the noun, e.g. ''don la '''luere''' mesa'' "give '''their''' table" vs ''don la mesa '''luere''''' "give the table '''to them'''"

====Possessives====

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Person !! colspan=2 | Number (n.)

|-

! Singular !! Plural

|-

! rowspan=2 | 1

! Sing.

| ''ma'' || ''me''

|-

! Pl.

| ''notue'' || ''notues''

|-

! rowspan=2 | 2

! Sing.

| ''ta'' || ''te''

|-

! Pl.

| ''votue'' || ''votues''

|-

! rowspan=2 | F.Sing<br>M.<br>N.

! Sing.

| ''su'' || ''se''

|-

! Pl.

| ''luere'' || ''lueres''

|-

! F.

! Pl.

| ''(luare)'' || ''(luares)''

|}

''Luare'' and ''luares'' are once again bracketed to show that they are rarely used in even correct context.

The possessives can also be used as dative forms when placed after the noun, e.g. ''don la '''luere''' mesa'' "give '''their''' table" vs ''don la mesa '''luere''''' "give the table '''to them'''"

==References==

[[Category:fuano]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]]

@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 | state = Fuano Island
 | ethnicity= Fuano Creole people
-| official = Democratic Republic of Fuinoa
+| official = Democratic Republic of Fuinoa<ref>{{fwn|Repulika Demogatika de Finoa|République Démocratique du Fuinon|República Democrática del Fuinoa}}</ref>
+| agency = Academy of the Fuano Language<ref>{{fwn|Akademi da Lan Fuan|Académie de la Langue Fouan|Academia del Criollo Fuano}}</ref>
 }}
-'''Fuano'''<ref>Fuano: ''fuano'', ''lan fuan''; [[w:French language|French]]: ''langue fouan''; [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''idioma fuana''</ref> is a [[w:French language|French]] and [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]] [[w:Mixed language|mixed language]](with some grammatical elements of [[w:Portuguese grammar|Portuguese]]) spoken natively on Fuano Island<ref>Fuano: ''il fuan''; [[w:French language|French]]: ''Île-de-Fouan''; [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Isla del Fuano''</ref> by around 600,000 Fuanos.
+'''Fuano'''<ref>Fuano: ''fuano'', ''lan fuan''; [[w:French language|French]]: ''langue fouan''; [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''el criollo fuano''</ref> is a [[w:French language|French]] and [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]] [[w:Mixed language|mixed language]](with some grammatical elements of [[w:Portuguese grammar|Portuguese]]) spoken natively on Fuano Island<ref>Fuano: ''il fuan''; [[w:French language|French]]: ''Île-de-Fouan''; [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Isla del Fuano''</ref> by around 600,000 Fuanos.
 ==Phonology==
@@ Line 83: / Line 84: @@
 ==Grammar==
+===Nouns===
+====Number====
+Fuano nouns can be turned plural in two ways, usually based on the origin of the word. If the word is of Spanish origin, such as ''mesa'' "table", an ''-s'' is simply added at the end to become ''mesas'' "tables". However, if the word is of French origin, an ''-i''(if ending in a consonant) or a ''-y''(if ending in a vowel) is concatenated, e.g. ''tapet'' "slap" > ''tapeti'' "slaps", ''dwa'' "a right" > ''dway'' "rights".
 ===Articles===
 Fuano has no indefinite particles. Singular definite particles are derived from French while plural definite particles are derived from Spanish, though they bear resemblance to the [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]] plural definite particles due to the dropping of the initial /l/.
@@ Line 95: / Line 99: @@
 ! Pl.
 | ''os'' || ''as''
+|}
+====With ''de''====
+When ''de'' is combined with an article, a new preposition is formed. These bear resemblance to their counterparts in Portuguese, though they are inherited from Spanish.
+{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
+! !! ''de''
+|-
+! ''le''
+| ''del''
+|-
+! ''la''
+| ''da''
+|-
+! ''os''
+| ''dos''
+|-
+! ''as''
+| ''das''
 |}
 ====With possessives====
@@ Line 102: / Line 123: @@
 |-
 ! rowspan=4 | Word
-! rowspan=2 | ''sapato''
+! rowspan=2 | ''sapato''<br>"shoe"
 ! Sing.
-| ''ma sapato'' || ''ta sapato'' || ''su sapato'' || ''le notue sapato'' || ''le votue sapato'' || ''le luere sapato''
+| ''ma sapato'' || ''ta sapato'' || ''su sapato'' || '''''le''' notue sapato'' || '''''le''' votue sapato'' || '''''le''' luere sapato''
 |-
 ! Pl.
-| ''me sapatos'' || ''te sapatos'' || ''so sapatos'' || ''os notues sapatos'' || ''os votues sapatos'' || ''os lueres sapatos''
+| ''me sapatos'' || ''te sapatos'' || ''se sapatos'' || '''''os''' notues sapatos'' || '''''os''' votues sapatos'' || '''''os''' lueres sapatos''
 |-
-! rowspan=2 | ''bolsa''
+! rowspan=2 | ''bolsa''<br>"handbag"
 ! Sing.
-| ''ma bolsa'' || ''ta bolsa'' || ''su bolsa'' || ''la notue bolsa'' || ''la votue bolsa'' || ''la luere bolsa''
+| ''ma bolsa'' || ''ta bolsa'' || ''su bolsa'' || '''''la''' notue bolsa'' || '''''la''' votue bolsa'' || '''''la''' luere bolsa''
 |-
 ! Pl.
-| ''me bolsas'' || ''te bolsas'' || ''so bolsas'' || ''as notues bolsas'' || ''as votues bolsas'' || ''as lueres bolsas''
+| ''me bolsas'' || ''te bolsas'' || ''se bolsas'' || '''''as''' notues bolsas'' || '''''as''' votues bolsas'' || '''''as''' lueres bolsas''
 |}
 ===Pronouns===
 ==== Demonstrative====
@@ Line 138: / Line 160: @@
 ====Personal====
 {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
-! rowspan=2 | Person !! colspan=3 | Singular !! colspan=3 | Plural
+! rowspan=2 | Person !! colspan=2 | Singular !! colspan=2 | Plural
 |-
-! nom. !! acc. !! gen. !! nom. !! acc. !! gen.
+! nom. !! acc. !! nom. !! acc.
 |-
 ! 1.
-| ''yo'' || ''me'' || ''ma'' || ''nos'' || ''nu'' || ''notue''
+| ''yo'' || ''me'' || ''nos'' || ''nu''
 |-
 ! 2.
-| ''tu'' || ''tue'' || ''ta'' || ''vos'' || ''vu'' || ''votue''
+| ''tu'' || ''tue'' || ''vos'' || ''vu''
 |-
 ! Masc.
-| ''el'' || ''lue'' || rowspan=3 | ''su'' || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | ''os'' || rowspan=2 | ''luere''
+| ''el'' || ''lue'' || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | ''os''
 |-
 ! Neut.
@@ Line 155: / Line 177: @@
 |-
 ! Fem.
-| ''ea'' || ''eya'' || colspan=2 | ''(as)'' || ''(luare)''
+| ''ea'' || ''eya'' || colspan=2 | ''(as)''
 |}
-''as'' and ''luare'' are bracketed to show that they are rarely used even in appropriate context. For example, though it would be grammatically correct to refer to a group of women or girls as ''as'', a native speaker is realistically more likely to still refer them to as ''os'' out of convention.
+''as'' is bracketed to show that it is rarely used even in appropriate context. For example, though it would be grammatically correct to refer to a group of women or girls as ''as'', a native speaker is realistically more likely to still refer them to as ''os'' out of convention.
 ''vos'' holds the same purpose as French ''vous'', in which it simultaneously acts as a plural and a formal second-person pronoun.
@@ Line 165: / Line 187: @@
 The accusative forms are also used as vocative forms, as in ''Y '''lue''', k'el pansa?'' "And '''him''', what does he think?"
-The genitive forms can also be used as dative forms when placed after the noun, e.g. ''don la '''luere''' mesa'' "give '''their''' table" vs ''don la mesa '''luere''''' "give the table '''to them'''"
+====Possessives====
+{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
+! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Person !! colspan=2 | Number (n.)
+|-
+! Singular !! Plural
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | 1
+! Sing.
+| ''ma'' || ''me''
+|-
+! Pl.
+| ''notue'' || ''notues''
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | 2
+! Sing.
+| ''ta'' || ''te''
+|-
+! Pl.
+| ''votue'' || ''votues''
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | F.Sing<br>M.<br>N.
+! Sing.
+| ''su'' || ''se''
+|-
+! Pl.
+| ''luere'' || ''lueres''
+|-
+! F.
+! Pl.
+| ''(luare)'' || ''(luares)''
+|}
+''Luare'' and ''luares'' are once again bracketed to show that they are rarely used in even correct context.
+The possessives can also be used as dative forms when placed after the noun, e.g. ''don la '''luere''' mesa'' "give '''their''' table" vs ''don la mesa '''luere''''' "give the table '''to them'''"
 ==References==
 [[Category:fuano]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]]