Linguifex

Modern Phrygian: Difference between revisions

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|nativename = ξ̌ώσσα τα βρουζ̌ικιά <br /> kšósa ta vružigyá <br />  
|nativename = ξ̌ώσσα τα βρουζ̌ικιά <br /> kšósa ta vružigyá <br />  
كْشوسَادا ڤْرُوژِگْيَا
كْشوسَادا ڤْرُوژِگْيَا
|pronunciation = ˈkʃosa d̥a vɾuʒiˈɟ̊a
|pronunciation = ˈkʃosa‿d̥a vɾuʒiˈɟ̊a
|creator = [[User:Shariifka|Shariifka]]
|creator = [[User:Shariifka|Shariifka]]
|region = Europe
|region = Europe
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*In obstruent + nasal clusters:
*In obstruent + nasal clusters:
**Intervocalically: obstruent becomes nasal
**Intervocalically: obstruent becomes nasal
**Initially: nasal becomes fricative (/n/ > /ʃ, ʒ/; /m/ > /f, v/)
**Initially: nasal becomes fricative (/n/ > /ʃ, ʒ/; /m/ > /f, v/) and obstruent becomes stop (if not one already).
*In obstruent + /l/ clusters, /l/ becomes /ʃ, ʒ/ and obstruent becomes stop (if not one already).
*Intervocalic partial voicing of non-geminated voiceless stops.
*Intervocalic partial voicing of non-geminated voiceless stops.
*Voicing of voiceless stops after nasals  
*Voicing of voiceless stops after nasals  
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| '''Δ δ''' || δέλτα || [ˈðeld̥a]
| '''Δ δ''' || δέλτα || [ˈðeld̥a]
|-
|-
| '''Ε ε''' || έμανου || [ˈemanu]
| '''Ε ε''' || έμανο || [ˈemano]
|-
|-
| '''Ζ ζ''' || ζέτα || [ˈzed̥a]
| '''Ζ ζ''' || ζέτα || [ˈzed̥a]
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| '''Ξ̌ ξ̌''' || ξ̌ι || [kʃi]
| '''Ξ̌ ξ̌''' || ξ̌ι || [kʃi]
|-
|-
| '''Ο ο''' || όμανου || [ˈomanu]
| '''Ο ο''' || όμανο || [ˈomano]
|-
|-
| '''Π π''' || πι || [pi]
| '''Π π''' || πι || [pi]
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|preceded by an unvoiced consonant other than ⟨κ⟩ or ⟨χ⟩ and followed by a vowel
|preceded by an unvoiced consonant other than ⟨κ⟩ or ⟨χ⟩ and followed by a vowel
| [ç]
| [ç]
| ιμάτ'''ι'''ο [iˈmat'''ç'''o] "cloak"
| τ'''ι'''άρα [ˈt'''ç'''ara] "tiara"
| [tç] and [sç] may instead be pronounced [tʃ] and [ʃ] respectively.
| [tç] and [sç] may instead be pronounced [tʃ] and [ʃ] respectively.
|-
|-
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| before voiced obstruent
| before voiced obstruent
| [ɡ]
| [ɡ]
| ί'''κ'''δις [ˈi'''ɡ'''ðis] "mortar"
| ά'''κ'''δος [ˈa'''ɡ'''ðos] "sorrow"
|  
|  
|-
|-
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| everywhere
| everywhere
| [kʃ]
| [kʃ]
| '''ξ̌'''έκκια [ˈ'''kʃ'''eca] "larger mosque where Friday prayer is established (جامع)"
| '''ξ̌'''έκκια [ˈ'''kʃ'''eca] "congregational mosque"
|
|
|-
|-
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| before voiced obstruent
| before voiced obstruent
| [b]
| [b]
| ε'''π'''δαμάς [e'''b'''ðaˈmas] "week"
| '''π'''δέλλα [ˈ'''b'''ðela] "leech"
|
|
|-
|-
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| [s]
| [s]
| το'''ς''' [to'''s'''] "the (m. nom. sg.)"
| το'''ς''' [to'''s'''] "the (m. nom. sg.)"
|
|-
| σ̌(σ̌)
| everywhere
| [ʃ]
| '''σ̌'''αχ ['''ʃ'''ax] "shah"
|  
|  
|-
|-
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|  
|  
| [dz]
| [dz]
| '''τζ'''αν'''τζ'''άρα ['''dz'''anˈ'''dz'''ara] "mosquito"
| '''τζ'''άγγα [ˈ'''dz'''aŋɡa] "slipper"
|  
|  
|-
|-
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|-
|-
| υι
| υι
| μ'''υί'''ασις [ˈm'''i'''asis] "myiasis"
| β'''υί'''αλος [ˈv'''i'''los] "leaf"
| Very rare.
|  
|-
|-
| ο
| ο
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=====Stress=====
=====Stress=====
Primary stress is always indicated in multisyllabic words via an acute accent.
Primary stress is always indicated in multisyllabic words via an acute accent. Monosyllabic words do not indicate stress.


When a syllable with a false diphthong (i.e. αι, ει, οι, υι, αυ, ευ, ηυ) is stressed, the accent is always written on the second vowel letter.
When a syllable with a false diphthong (i.e. αι, ει, οι, υι, αυ, ευ, ηυ) is stressed, the accent is always written on the second vowel letter.


When a syllable with a true diphthong is stressed, the accent is written on the nucleus of the diphthong (i.e. the first vowel letter).
When a syllable with a true diphthong is stressed, the accent is written on the nucleus of the diphthong (i.e. the first vowel letter).
 
<!--
====Latin orthography====
====Latin orthography====
=====Alphabet=====
=====Alphabet=====
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|-
|-
|}
|}
-->
--!>
=====Consonants=====
=====Consonants=====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|
|
|-
|-
<!--
<!--
| v
| v
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|
|
|-
|-
<!--
<!--
| ει
| ει
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| <!--⟨ου⟩ remains a vowel in this circumstance if it has an accent (i.e. ⟨ού⟩).-
| <!--⟨ου⟩ remains a vowel in this circumstance if it has an accent (i.e. ⟨ού⟩).-
|-
|-
| otherwise
| otherwise
| [p]
| [p]
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|  
|  
|-
|-
| otherwise
| otherwise
| [t]
| [t]
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| '''ψ̌'''έμαν [ˈ'''pʃ'''emã] "soul"
| '''ψ̌'''έμαν [ˈ'''pʃ'''emã] "soul"
|  
|  
|--->
|---!>
|}
|}
<!--
<!--
'''Notes:'''
'''Notes:'''
*Voiced and partially voiced stops/affricates are allophones of the same phoneme in the standard language, with the fully voiced forms occurring after nasals and the partially voiced forms occurring otherwise. However, they have been distinguished here because some dialects keep them as separate phonemes.-->
*Voiced and partially voiced stops/affricates are allophones of the same phoneme in the standard language, with the fully voiced forms occurring after nasals and the partially voiced forms occurring otherwise. However, they have been distinguished here because some dialects keep them as separate phonemes.--!>


=====Vowels=====
=====Vowels=====
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|
|
|}
|}
=====Diphthongs and hiatus=====
=====Diphthongs and hiatus=====
Falling diphthongs are formed by following a non-high vowel with a high vowel.
Falling diphthongs are formed by following a non-high vowel with a high vowel.
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Primary stress is always indicated in multisyllabic words via an acute accent.
Primary stress is always indicated in multisyllabic words via an acute accent.


When a syllable with a diphthong is stressed, the accent is written on the nucleus of the diphthong (i.e. the first vowel letter).
When a syllable with a diphthong is stressed, the accent is written on the nucleus of the diphthong (i.e. the first vowel letter).-->


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
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Nouns may be one of three genders: masculine, feminine, or neuter.
Nouns may be one of three genders: masculine, feminine, or neuter.
====Cases====
====Cases====
Nouns are declined for three cases:
Nouns are declined for four cases:
*'''Nominative'''
*'''Nominative'''
*'''Genitive'''
*'''Genitive'''
*'''Oblique'''
*'''Oblique'''
*'''Vocative'''
The cases are used similarly as they are in Ancient Greek, with oblique covering the roles of accusative and dative. Most prepositions take an oblique object.
The cases are used similarly as they are in Ancient Greek, with oblique covering the roles of accusative and dative. Most prepositions take an oblique object.
====First declension====
 
First declension nouns may be any gender, but they are most often feminine. Neuter first declension nouns are rare.
====Stress====
Nouns retain their stress on the same syllable throughout their declensions as far as possible.
 
There are a few irregular nouns that shift their stress.
====Citation form====
The citation form for most nouns is: ''nominative singular, genitive singular''.
 
====First declension (a-stems)====
First declension nouns are most often feminine. Neuter first declension nouns are rare.


The endings are as follows:
The endings are as follows:
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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| -ας || -α || -α/-/... || colspan="2"| -αι || -α
| -ας || colspan="2" | -α || colspan="2"| -αι || -α
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
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|-
|-
! Oblique
! Oblique
| colspan="2" | -αν || -α/-/... || colspan="2"|-αις || -α
| colspan="2" | -αν || -α || colspan="2"|-αις || -α
|-
|-
! Vocative
| colspan="3" | -α || colspan="2"|-αι || -α
|}
|}


===Pronouns===
====Second declension (o-stems)====
====Personal pronouns====
Feminine second declension nouns are rare.
Personal pronouns have strong and weak forms.
 
{|class="wikitable"
The endings are as follows:
|+ First and second person pronouns
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2" | Nominative !! colspan="2"| Genitive !! colspan="2"| Oblique !! rowspan="2" | Possessive
|+ Second declension endings
! rowspan="2"|Case !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2"| Plural
|-
|-
! Strong !! Weak !! Strong !! Weak !! Strong !! Weak
! M/F !! N !! M/F !! N
|-
|-
! 1S
! Nominative
| εγιού || γιου || εμεύ || μευ ||εμέ || με || μευός, -ά, -ό
| -ος || -ο || -οι || -α
|-
|-
! 2S
! Genitive
| ετού || του || ετεύ || τευ ||ετέ || τε || τευός, -ά, -ό
| colspan="2" | -ους || colspan="2" | -ουν
|-
|-
! 1P
! Oblique
| ενές || νες || ενιούν || νω ||ενές || νω || νωμός, -ά, -ό
| -ουν || -ο || -οις || -α
|-
|-
! 3P
! Vocative
| εβές || βες || εβιούν || βω ||εβές || βω || βωμός, -ά, -ό
| -ε || -ο || -οι || -α
|-
|-
|}
|}
Third person pronouns are declined as regular first/second declension adjectives with the following citation forms:
*'''Strong:''' απθός, -ά, -ό
*'''Weak:''' θος, -α, -ο
*'''Reflexive:''' βαπθός, -ά, -ό


====Definite article/pronoun====
====Third declension====
Declined as a 1st/2nd declension adjective: ''τος, τα, το''.
There are three sub-classes of third declension nouns: consonant stems, i-stems, and mixed stems.
 
=====Consonant stems=====
Follows the substantive it modifies. Can also be used as an independent pronoun.
Consonant stems often have unpredictable nominative singular forms. These may alternate with forms in ''-ας'' (masc./fem.) or ''-α'' (neut.).
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Consonant stem endings
! rowspan="2"|Case !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2"| Plural
|-
! M/F !! N !! M/F !! N
|-
! Nominative
| -ας/-/... || -α/-/... || -ες || -α
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="2" | -ους || colspan="2" | -ουν
|-
! Oblique
| -αν || -α/-/... || -ες || -α
|-
! Vocative
| -ας/-/... || -α/-/... || -ες || -α
|-
|}


====Indefinite pronoun====
=====i-stems=====
Declined as the definite pronoun with initial ''τ-'' replaced with ''κ-''.
Similarly to consonant stems, i-stems may have irregular nominative singular forms, which may alternate with regular forms.
====Relative pronoun====
{| class="wikitable"
Declined as the definite pronoun with initial ''τ-'' replaced with ''γι-''.
|+ i-stem endings
====Demonstrative pronouns====
! rowspan="2"|Case !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2"| Plural
*'''Near demonstrative:''' σεμός, -ά, -ό
|-
**Regular first/second declension
! M/F !! N !! M/F !! N
*'''Middle demonstrative:''' σις (σους), σα (σας), σι (σους)
|-
**Irregular first/third declension - conjugated as an i-stem in the masculine and neuter except the glide ''-ι-'' is dropped where it would normally appear.
! Nominative
*'''Far demonstrative:''' τόττος, -α, -ο
| -ις/-/... || -ι/-ος/-/... || -ες || -ια
**Regular first/second declension
|-
These can be used with a following noun or on their own.
! Genitive
| colspan="2" | -ιους || colspan="2" | -ιουν
|-
! Oblique
| -ιν || -ι/-ος/-/... || -ες || -ια
|-
! Vocative
| -ις/-/... || -ι/-ος/-/... || -ες || -ια
|-
|}


===Adjectives===
=====Mixed stems=====
====First/second declension====
Mixed stems are declined similarly to i-stems, but ''-ι-'' is dropped before vowels. Again, mixed stems may have irregular nominative singular forms.
Declined as second declension in masculine and neuter, and first declension in feminine.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Mixed stem endings
! rowspan="2"|Case !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2"| Plural
|-
! M/F !! N !! M/F !! N
|-
! Nominative
| -ις/-/... || -ι/-/... || -ες || -α
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="2" | -ους || colspan="2" | -ουν
|-
! Oblique
| -ιν || -ι/-/... || -ες || -α
|-
! Vocative
| -ις/-/... || -ι/-/... || -ες || -α
|-
|}


Most common class of adjectives.
===Pronouns===
 
====Personal pronouns====
====First/third declension====
Personal pronouns have strong and weak forms.
Declined as third declension in masculine and neuter, and first declension in feminine.
{|class="wikitable"
 
|+ First and second person pronouns
====First declension====
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2" | Nominative !! colspan="2"| Genitive !! colspan="2"| Oblique !! rowspan="2" | Possessive
Declined as first declension in all genders.
|-
 
! Strong !! Weak !! Strong !! Weak !! Strong !! Weak
====Third declension====
|-
Declined as third declension in all genders.
! 1S
| εγιού || γιου || εμεύ || μευ ||εμέ || με || μευός, -ά, -ό
|-
! 2S
| ετού || του || ετεύ || τευ ||ετέ || τε || τευός, -ά, -ό
|-
! 1P
| ενές || νες || ενιούν || νω ||ενές || νω || νωμός, -ά, -ό
|-
! 2P
| εβές || βες || εβιούν || βω ||εβές || βω || βωμός, -ά, -ό
|-
|}
Third person pronouns are declined as regular first/second declension adjectives with the following citation forms:
*'''Strong:''' απθός, -ά, -ό
*'''Weak:''' θος, -α, -ο
*'''Reflexive:''' βαπθός, -ά, -ό


====Usage====
====Definite article/pronoun====
Adjectives can be used in the following ways:
Declined as a 1st/2nd declension adjective: ''τος, τα, το''.
#'''Attributive:''' In this case, the adjective generally follows its noun. Alternatively, it may precede the noun.
#'''Predicative:''' Used as a predicate.
#'''Substantive:''' Used on its own without a noun, generally with a definite article.
<!--Note: I made the definite article, as well as adjectives, follow the nouns they govern. I actually have some justification for this now, both by extension/analogy from Ancient Greek usage (e.g. βασιλεὺς ὁ κακός) and by the fact that I allowed the definite article to act as a pronoun (meaning that, at least originally, substantive adjectives would make more sense to precede it rather than follow it)-->


===Verbs===
Follows the substantive it modifies. Can also be used as an independent pronoun.
===Adverbs===
 
===Particles===
====Indefinite pronoun====
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
Declined as the definite pronoun with initial ''τ-'' replaced with ''κ-''.
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
====Relative pronoun====
Nouns
Declined as the definite pronoun with initial ''τ-'' replaced with ''γι-''.
Adjectives
====Demonstrative pronouns====
Verbs
*'''Near demonstrative:''' σεμός, -ά, -ό
Adverbs
**First/second declension
Particles
*'''Middle demonstrative:''' σις, σα, σι, σους
Derivational morphology
**First/third declension (mixed stem)
-->
*'''Far demonstrative:''' τόττος, -α, -ο
<!--
**First/second declension
===Articles===
These can be used with a following noun or on their own.
====Definite Article====
 
<!--{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
===Adjectives===
|+ Essanian definite article
====First/second declension====
|-
Declined as second declension in masculine and neuter, and first declension in feminine.
! !! Masculine || Feminine || Neuter
 
|-
This is the most common class of adjectives.
! Singular
 
| ''el'', <i>l'</i> (before vowels), <i>'l</i> (after vowels) || ''la'', <i>l'</i> (before ''a'') || ''lo'', <i>l'</i> (before vowels)
The citation form is ''masculine nominative singular, feminine nominative singular, neuter nominative singular''.
|-
 
! Plural
'''Examples:'''
| ''los'' || ''les'' || –
*πρώτος, -α, -ο "first"
|}
 
-->
====First/third declension====
<!--
Declined as third declension in masculine and neuter, and first declension in feminine.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 
|+ Essanian definite article
The citation form is ''masculine nominative singular, feminine nominative singular, neuter nominative singular, masculine/neuter genitive singular''.
|-
 
! !! Singular || Plural
'''Examples:'''
|-
*ένας (εις), μια, εν, ένους "one"
! Masculine
*αίδονας (αίδων), αίδοισα, αίδον, αίδονους "burning"
| ''el'', <i>l'</i> (before vowels), <i>'l</i> (after vowels) || ''los''
 
|-
====First declension====
! Feminine
Declined as first declension in all genders.
| ''la'', <i>l'</i> (before ''a'') || ''les''
 
|-
The citation form is ''masculine nominative singular, feminine/neuter nominative singular, genitive singular''.
! Neuter
 
| ''lo'', <i>l'</i> (before vowels) || –
'''Examples:'''
|}
*μέκας, μέκα, μέκας "big"
'''Notes:'''
 
#The definite article precedes the noun it modifies. -->
====Second declension====
Declined as second declension in all genders.
 
This class of adjectives is rare.
 
The citation form is ''masculine/feminine nominative singular, neuter nominative singular, genitive singular''.
 
====Third declension====
Declined as third declension in all genders.
 
The citation form is normally ''masculine/feminine nominative singular, neuter nominative singular, genitive singular''
 
The exceptions are the numerals ''τρες, τρια'' "three" and ''τσ̌έττερες, τσ̌έττερα'' "four", which do not have singular forms. Their citation forms are ''masculine/feminine nominative plural, neuter nominative plural''.
 
====Usage====
Adjectives can be used in the following ways:
#'''Attributive:''' In this case, the adjective generally follows its noun. Alternatively, it may precede the noun.
#'''Predicative:''' Used as a predicate.
#'''Substantive:''' Used on its own without a noun, generally with a definite article.
<!--Note: I made the definite article, as well as adjectives, follow the nouns they govern. I actually have some justification for this now, both by extension/analogy from Ancient Greek usage (e.g. βασιλεὺς ὁ κακός) and by the fact that I allowed the definite article to act as a pronoun (meaning that, at least originally, substantive adjectives would make more sense to precede it rather than follow it)-->
 
===Verbs===
====Notes on verb conjugation====
#Accent is recessive except in forms with fixed accent, which is indicated with an accent sign in the ending.
#In vowel initial verbs, the past prefix ε- changes form predictably based on the initial vowel as follows:
#*ε- + ε- > α-;
#*ε- is dropped before other front vowels (ι-, ει-, οι-, αι-, η-, υ-, υι-);
#*ε- > γι- before back vowels (α-, ο-, ω-, ου-).
#The future forms are also used as present subjunctive/jussive.
====Principle parts and stems====
 
===Adverbs===
===Particles===
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology
-->
<!--
<!--
#When used without an accompanying noun, the singular articles does not contract with a following vowel. The singular masculine, however, contracts with a preceding vowel regardless of whether there is a noun accompanying it or not.-->
===Articles===
<!--#The neuter definite article is generally used with nominalized neuter adjectives or relative clauses that have an abstract/inanimate referent - e.g. ''lo bueno'' "the good/that which is good"; ''lo que pienso'' "what I think/that which I think".-->
====Definite Article====
<!--
<!--{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
====Indefinite Article====
|+ Essanian definite article
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Essanian indefinite article
|-
|-
! !! Singular || Plural
! !! Masculine || Feminine || Neuter
|-
|-
! Masculine
! Singular
| ''un'' || ''unos''
| ''el'', <i>l'</i> (before vowels), <i>'l</i> (after vowels) || ''la'', <i>l'</i> (before ''a'') || ''lo'', <i>l'</i> (before vowels)
|-
|-
! Feminine
! Plural
| ''una'' || ''unes''
| ''los'' || ''les'' || –
|-
! Neuter
| ''uno'' || –
|}
|}
===Pronouns===
-->
====Personal pronouns====
<!--
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Essanian personal pronouns
|+ Essanian definite article
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="4" | Person, Number, Formality, Gender !! colspan="4" | Independent || colspan="4" | Clitic
! !! Singular || Plural
|-
|-
! Subject !! Object !! Reflexive Object!! Possessive !! Direct object !! Indirect object !! Reflexive !! Possessive
! Masculine
| ''el'', <i>l'</i> (before vowels), <i>'l</i> (after vowels) || ''los''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | 1<sup>st</sup> !! colspan="3" | Singular
! Feminine
| ''yo'' || colspan="2"| ''mi'' || ''miyu/miyos, miya/miyes, miyo'' || colspan="3" | <i>me, m'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> || ''mo(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/mos, ma(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/mes, mo(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>''
| ''la'', <i>l'</i> (before ''a'') || ''les''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Plural !! Masculine
! Neuter
| colspan="3" | ''nós; nosotros'' || rowspan="2" | ''nues/nuesos, nuesa/nueses, nueso'' || rowspan="2" colspan="3"| ''nos'' || rowspan="2" | –
| ''lo'', <i>l'</i> (before vowels) || –
|}
'''Notes:'''
#The definite article precedes the noun it modifies. -->
<!--
#When used without an accompanying noun, the singular articles does not contract with a following vowel. The singular masculine, however, contracts with a preceding vowel regardless of whether there is a noun accompanying it or not.-->
<!--#The neuter definite article is generally used with nominalized neuter adjectives or relative clauses that have an abstract/inanimate referent - e.g. ''lo bueno'' "the good/that which is good"; ''lo que pienso'' "what I think/that which I think".-->
<!--
====Indefinite Article====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Essanian indefinite article
|-
|-
! Feminine
! !! Singular || Plural
| colspan="3" | ''nós; nosotres''
|-
|-
! rowspan="7" | 2<sup>nd</sup> !! rowspan="3" | Singular || colspan="2" | Informal
! Masculine
| ''tu'' ||colspan="2"| ''ti'' || ''tuw/tuwos, tuwa/tuwes, tuwo'' || colspan="3" | <i>te, t'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> || ''to(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/tos, ta(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/tes, to(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>''
| ''un'' || ''unos''
|-
! rowspan="2"| Formal !! Masculine
| rowspan="2" colspan="2"| ''vucé'' || rowspan="2"| ''sí'' || rowspan="2"| ''suw/suwos, suwa/suwes, suwo'' || <i>lu, l'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup>, ''-l''<sup><small>3</small></sup> || rowspan="2"| ''lhi'' || rowspan="2"| <i>se, s'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> || rowspan="2"| ''so(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/sos, sa(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/ses, so(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>''
|-
|-
! Feminine
! Feminine
| <i>la, l'</i><sup><small>4</small></sup>
| ''una'' || ''unes''
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" | Plural !! rowspan="2" | Informal !! Masculine
! Neuter
| colspan="3" | ''vós; vosotros'' || rowspan="2" | ''vues/vuesos, vuesa/vueses, vueso'' || rowspan="2" colspan="3"| ''vos'' || rowspan="2" | –
| ''uno'' || –
|}
===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Essanian personal pronouns
|-
|-
! Feminine
! rowspan="2" colspan="4" | Person, Number, Formality, Gender !! colspan="4" | Independent || colspan="4" | Clitic
| colspan="3" | ''vós; vosotres''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Formal !! Masculine
! Subject !! Object !! Reflexive Object!! Possessive !! Direct object !! Indirect object !! Reflexive !! Possessive
| rowspan="2" colspan="2"| ''vucés'' || rowspan="8"| ''sí'' ||rowspan="2"| ''lor/loros, lora/lores, loro'' || ''los'' || rowspan="2"| ''lhis'' || rowspan="2"| <i>se, s'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup>, ''-sen''<sup><small>5</small></sup> || rowspan="2"| –
|-
|-
! Feminine
! rowspan="3" | 1<sup>st</sup> !! colspan="3" | Singular
| ''les''
| ''yo'' || colspan="2"| ''mi'' || ''miyu/miyos, miya/miyes, miyo'' || colspan="3" | <i>me, m'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> || ''mo(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/mos, ma(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/mes, mo(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>''
|-
|-
! rowspan="5" | 3<sup>rd</sup> !! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Singular !! Masculine
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Plural !! Masculine
| colspan="2"| ''elh'' || rowspan="3"| ''suw/suwos, suwa/suwes, suwo'' || <i>lu, l'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup>, ''-l''<sup><small>3</small></sup> || rowspan="3"| <i>lhi, lh'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> || rowspan="3"| <i>se, s'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup>|| rowspan="3"| ''so(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/sos, sa(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/ses, so(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>''
| colspan="3" | ''nós; nosotros'' || rowspan="2" | ''nues/nuesos, nuesa/nueses, nueso'' || rowspan="2" colspan="3"| ''nos'' || rowspan="2" | –
|-
|-
! Feminine
! Feminine
| colspan="2"| ''elha'' || <i>la, l'</i><sup><small>4</small></sup>
| colspan="3" | ''nós; nosotres''
|-
|-
! Neuter
! rowspan="7" | 2<sup>nd</sup> !! rowspan="3" | Singular || colspan="2" | Informal
| colspan="2"| ''elho'' || <i>lo, l'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup>
| ''tu'' ||colspan="2"| ''ti'' || ''tuw/tuwos, tuwa/tuwes, tuwo'' || colspan="3" | <i>te, t'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> || ''to(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/tos, ta(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/tes, to(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Plural !! Masculine
! rowspan="2"| Formal !! Masculine
| colspan="2"| ''elhos'' || rowspan="2"| ''lor/loros, lora/lores, loro'' || ''los'' || rowspan="2"| ''lhis'' || rowspan="2"| <i>se, s'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup>, ''-sen''<sup><small>5</small></sup> || rowspan="2"| –
| rowspan="2" colspan="2"| ''vucé'' || rowspan="2"| ''sí'' || rowspan="2"| ''suw/suwos, suwa/suwes, suwo'' || <i>lu, l'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup>, ''-l''<sup><small>3</small></sup> || rowspan="2"| ''lhi'' || rowspan="2"| <i>se, s'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> || rowspan="2"| ''so(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/sos, sa(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/ses, so(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>''
|-
! Feminine
| <i>la, l'</i><sup><small>4</small></sup>
|-
! rowspan="4" | Plural !! rowspan="2" | Informal !! Masculine
| colspan="3" | ''vós; vosotros'' || rowspan="2" | ''vues/vuesos, vuesa/vueses, vueso'' || rowspan="2" colspan="3"| ''vos'' || rowspan="2" | –
|-
! Feminine
| colspan="3" | ''vós; vosotres''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Formal !! Masculine
| rowspan="2" colspan="2"| ''vucés'' || rowspan="8"| ''sí'' ||rowspan="2"| ''lor/loros, lora/lores, loro'' || ''los'' || rowspan="2"| ''lhis'' || rowspan="2"| <i>se, s'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup>, ''-sen''<sup><small>5</small></sup> || rowspan="2"| –
|-
! Feminine
| ''les''
|-
! rowspan="5" | 3<sup>rd</sup> !! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Singular !! Masculine
| colspan="2"| ''elh'' || rowspan="3"| ''suw/suwos, suwa/suwes, suwo'' || <i>lu, l'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup>, ''-l''<sup><small>3</small></sup> || rowspan="3"| <i>lhi, lh'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> || rowspan="3"| <i>se, s'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup>|| rowspan="3"| ''so(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/sos, sa(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/ses, so(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>''
|-
! Feminine
| colspan="2"| ''elha'' || <i>la, l'</i><sup><small>4</small></sup>
|-
! Neuter
| colspan="2"| ''elho'' || <i>lo, l'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup>
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Plural !! Masculine
| colspan="2"| ''elhos'' || rowspan="2"| ''lor/loros, lora/lores, loro'' || ''los'' || rowspan="2"| ''lhis'' || rowspan="2"| <i>se, s'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup>, ''-sen''<sup><small>5</small></sup> || rowspan="2"| –
|-
|-
! Feminine
! Feminine
Line 1,533: Line 1,674:
|-
|-
! ''-a''
! ''-a''
! M/F
! M/F
| ''-es'' || ''-atén'' || Most words ending in ''-a'' are feminine.
| ''-es'' || ''-atén'' || Most words ending in ''-a'' are feminine.
|-
|-
! ''-u''; ''-o''
! ''-u''; ''-o''
! M/F
! M/F
| ''-os'' || ''-én'' || Most words ending in ''-u'' are masculine. Nouns ending in unstressed ''-o'' are rare.
| ''-os'' || ''-én'' || Most words ending in ''-u'' are masculine. Nouns ending in unstressed ''-o'' are rare.
|-
|-
! ''-e''; ''-i''
! ''-e''; ''-i''
! M/F
! M/F
| ''-es'' || ''-én'' || Nouns ending in unstressed ''-i'' are rare.
| ''-es'' || ''-én'' || Nouns ending in unstressed ''-i'' are rare.
|-
! Stressed vowel
! M/F
| ''-s'' || ''-tén'' || These endings are added after the final vowel, which is left unchanged.
|-
|}
 
=====Irregular plurals=====
Some words, mostly of Arabic origin, take a plural in ''-ín'' (masculine) or ''-(w)at'' (feminine). There are also some broken plurals.
 
For example:
* ''mumin'' "believer (m.)" → ''muminín'' "believers"
* ''múmina'' "believer (f.)" → ''muminat'' "believers (f.)"
* ''salá'' "prayer" → ''salawat'' "prayers"
* ''sultán'' "sultan" → ''salatín'' "sultans"
 
===Adjectives===
====Endings====
Adjectives take the following endings:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Essanian adjective declension
|-
! rowspan="2" | Type !! colspan="3" width=100 | Singular !! colspan="2" width=100 | Plural
|-
! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine
|-
! 1
| ''-u'' or consonant || ''-a'' || ''-o'' || ''-os'' || ''-es''
|-
! 2
| ''-e'' || ''-e'' || ''-e'' || ''-es'' || ''-es''
|-
! 3
| Stressed vowel || Same as masc. || Same as masc. || ''-s'' || ''-s''
|-
|}
The neuter gender in adjectives is used for agreement with infinitives, neuter pronouns, impersonal pronouns, or ''que'' phrases. It can also be used as an adverb.
====Comparatives and Superlatives====
The comparative of adjectives ("more ___") is formed by placing ''plus'' "more" or ''menos'' "less" before the adjective for the positive and negative comparatives respectively.
 
The following adjectives have irregular comparatives:
*''buen'' "good" → ''melhor'' "better"
*''mal'' "bad" → ''peyor'' "worse"
*''joven'' "young" → ''menor'' "younger"
*''vielh'' "old" → ''mayor'' "older"
*''muit'' "much, many" → ''plus'' "more"
*''pocu'' "little, few" → ''menos'' "less, fewer"
 
The superlative ("most _____") is formed by placing the definite article before the corresponding comparative.
 
====Absolute Superlative====
In addition to the regular superlative, there is an absolute superlative formed with the suffix ''-íssimu'' (declined as a regular adjective). It means "very ______" or "extremely _______".
 
===Adverbs===
====Derivation from adjectives====
Adverbs are commonly derived from adjectives by one of the following methods:
*The neuter form of the adjective - e.g. ''puro'' "purely"
*The feminine form of the adjective suffixed with ''-ment'' - ''purament'' "purely"
When adverbs formed with the suffix ''-ment'' are appended to each other, ''-ment'' is dropped from all but the last adverb.
====Irregular adverbs====
The following adverbs are not regularly derived from their corresponding adjectives:
*''buen'' "good" → ''bien'' "well"
*''mal'' "bad" → ''mal'' "badly"
 
====Comparative====
The comparative of adverbs is formed in the same way as adjectives: by placing ''plus'' "more" or ''menos'' "less" before the adverb.
 
The following adverbs have irregular comparative forms:
*''bien'' "well" → ''melhor'' "better"
*''mal'' "badly" → ''peyor'' "worse"
*''muito'' "a lot" → ''plus'' "more"
*''poco'' "a little" → ''menos'' "less"
-->
===Numerals===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Phrygian numerals
|-
! !! Cardinal !! Ordinal !! Adverbial !! Collective
|-
! 0
| ματένας (ματείς), ματεμιά, ματέν, ματένους || ματενάνος, -α, -ο || — || —
|-
! 1
|  ένας (εις), μια, εν, ένους || πρώτος, -α, -ο || άπαχ || μονάς, -άτους
|-
! 2
| τφω || τφέτερος, -α, -ο || τφις || τφάς, -άτους
|-
! 3
| τρες, τρια || τρίτος, -α, -ο || τρις || τριας, -άτους
|-
! 4
| τσ̌έττερες, τσ̌έττερα || τσ̌ετέρτος, -α, -ο || τσ̌ετράτζ̌ις || τσ̌ετράς, -άτους
|-
! 5
| πίντζ̌ε || πίντος, -α, -ο || πίγκιάτζ̌ις || πιντάς, -άτους
|-
! 6
| βεχ || βέκθος, -α, -ο || βεξάτζ̌ις || βεκθάς, -άτους
|-
! 7
| επθάν || έπθαμος, -α, -ο || εμμάτζ̌ις || επθαμάς, -άτους
|-
! 8
| οκθών || όκθουος, -α, -ο || οκθώτζ̌ις || οκθουάς, -άτους
|-
! 9
| ενιάν || ένιανος, -α, -ο || ενευνάτζ̌ις || ενιανάς, -άτους
|-
! 10
| τέκαν || τέκανος, -α, -ο || τεκανάτζ̌ις || τεκανάς, -άτους
|-
! 11
| ένεκαν || ενέκανος, -α, -ο || ενεκανάτζ̌ις || ενεκανάς, -άτους
|-
! 12
| τφώτεκαν || τφωτέκανος, -α, -ο || τφωτεκανάτζ̌ις || τφωτεκανάς, -άτους
|-
! 13
| τρίτεκαν || τριτέκανος, -α, -ο || τριτεκανάτζ̌ις || τριτεκανάς, -άτους
|-
! 14
| τσ̌ετέρτεκαν || τσ̌ετερτέκανος, -α, -ο || τσ̌ετερτεκανάτζ̌ις || τσ̌ετερτεκανάς, -άτους
|-
! 15
| πίντεκαν || πιντέκανος, -α, -ο || πιντεκανάτζ̌ις || πιντεκανάς, -άτους
|-
! 16
| βέκθεκαν || βεκθέκανος, -α, -ο || βεκθεκανάτζ̌ις || βεκθεκανάς, -άτους
|-
! 17
| επθάνεκαν || επθανέκανος, -α, -ο || επθανεκανάτζ̌ις || επθανεκανάς, -άτους
|-
! 18
| οκθώνεκαν|| οκθωνέκανος, -α, -ο || οκθωνεκανάτζ̌ις || οκθωνεκανάς, -άτους
|-
! 19
| ενιάνεκαν|| ενιανέκανος, -α, -ο || ενιανεκανάτζ̌ις || ενιανεκανάς, -άτους
|-
! 20
| βίκιανι || βικιοττός, -ά, -ό || βικιανιάτζ̌ις || βικιανιάς, -άτους
|-
! 30
| τριάνα || τριαττός, -ά, -ό || τριανάτζ̌ις || τριανάς, -άτους
|-
! 40
| τσ̌ετράνα || τσ̌ετραττός, -ά, -ό || τσ̌ετρανάτζ̌ις || τσ̌ετρανάς, -άτους
|-
! 50
| πιγκιάνα || πιγκιαττός, -ά, -ό || πιγκιανάτζ̌ις || πιγκιανάς, -άτους
|-
! 60
| βεξάνα || βεξαττός, -ά, -ό || βεξανάτζ̌ις || βεξανάς, -άτους
|-
! 70
| εμμάνα || εμματτός, -ά, -ό || εμμανάτζ̌ις || εμμανάς, -άτους
|-
! 80
| οκθώνα || οκθωττός, -ά, -ό || οκθωνάτζ̌ις || οκθωνάς, -άτους
|-
! 90
| ενευνάνα || ενευναττός, -ά, -ό || ενευνανάτζ̌ις || ενευνανάς, -άτους
|-
! 100
| εκανόυν || εκανοττός, -ά, -ό  || εκανάτζ̌ις || εκανάς, -άτους
|-
! 200
| τφακιάνιοι || τφακιανιοττός, -ά, -ό || τφακιανιάτζ̌ις || τφακιανάς, -άτους
|-
! 300
| τριακιάνιοι || τριακιανιοττός, -ά, -ό || τριακιανιάτζ̌ις || τριακιανάς, -άτους
|-
! 400
| τσ̌ετρακιάνιοι || τσ̌ετρακιανιοττός, -ά, -ό || τσ̌ετρακιανιάτζ̌ις || τσ̌ετρακιανάς, -άτους
|-
! 500
| πιγκιακιάνιοι || πιγκιακιανιοττός, -ά, -ό || πιγκιακιανιάτζ̌ις || πιγκιακιανάς, -άτους
|-
! 600
| βεξακιάνιοι || βεξακιανιοττός, -ά, -ό || βεξακιανιάτζ̌ις || βεξακιανάς, -άτους
|-
! 700
| εμμακιάνιοι || εμμακιανιοττός, -ά, -ό || εμμακιανιάτζ̌ις || εμμακιανάς, -άτους
|-
! 800
| οκθωκιάνιοι || οκθωκιανιοττός, -ά, -ό || οκθωκιανιάτζ̌ις || οκθωκιανάς, -άτους
|-
! 900
| ενευνακιάνιοι || ενευνακιανιοττός, -ά, -ό || ενευνακιανιάτζ̌ις || ενευνακιανάς, -άτους
|-
! 1000
| ζέλλια || ζελλιοττός, -ά, -ό || ζελλιάτζ̌ις || ζελλιάς, -άτους
|-
! 2000
| τφωζέλλιαι || τφωζελλιοττός, -ά, -ό || τφωζελλιάτζ̌ις || τφωζελλιάς, -άτους
|-
|}
 
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
 
==Vocabulary==
===Time - ''Ώρα τα''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Seasons - ''Γρόνοι τοι''
! English !! Phrygian
|-
| spring || βιαρ, βιάρους
|-
| summer || ζ̌ερός, -ιούς
|-
| fall || οπώρα, -ας
|-
| winter || ζ̌ειμούν, -ους
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Gregorian months - ''Μενές τοι κρεκοριανόι''
! English !! Phrygian
|-
| January || Γιανβάριος, -ιους
|-
| February || Φερβάριος, -ιους
|-
| March || Μάρτσ̌ος, -ιους
|-
| April || Απρίλιος, -ιους
|-
| May || Μάγιος, -ους
|-
| June || Γιούνιος, -ους
|-
| July || Γιούλιος, -ους
|-
| August || Άπγουττος, -ους
|-
| September || Σεπθέμπριος, -ιους
|-
| October || Οκθώβριος, -ιους
|-
| November || Νουέμπριος, -ιους
|-
| December || Δετζ̌έμπριος, -ιους
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Days of the week - ''Άμανα τα πδομάτους τας''
! English !! Phrygian
|-
| Sunday || Κοιρακά
|-
| Monday || Τφέτερα
|-
| Tuesday || Τρίτα
|-
| Wednesday || Τσ̌ετέρτα
|-
| Thursday || Πίντα
|-
| Friday || Τζ̌ούμγα
|-
| Saturday || Σάβατο
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Parts of the day - ''Μέλοι τοι άμανους τους''
! English !! Phrygian
|-
| day || άμαρ, άμανους ''(n.)''
|-
| dawn || απγά, -ς ''(f.)''
|-
| morning || βώς, βώβους ''(f.)''
|-
| noon || μεσαμπριό, -ούς ''(n.)''
|-
| afternoon || τείλα, -ς ''(f.)''
|-
| evening || βεππέρα, -ς ''(f.)''
|-
| dusk || τούτις, τούτιους ''(f.)''
|-
| night || νουκθάς (νουχ), νουκθούς ''(f.)''
|-
| midnight || μεσανουξ̌ά, -ς ''(f.)''
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Units of time - ''Μονάτους ται ώρας τας''
! English !! Phrygian
|-
| second || τφέτερο, -ους ''(n.)''
|-
|-
! Stressed vowel
| minute || λεπθό, -ούς ''(n.)''
! M/F
| ''-s'' || ''-tén'' || These endings are added after the final vowel, which is left unchanged.
|-
|-
|}
| hour || ώρα, -ς ''(f.)''
 
=====Irregular plurals=====
Some words, mostly of Arabic origin, take a plural in ''-ín'' (masculine) or ''-(w)at'' (feminine). There are also some broken plurals.
 
For example:
* ''mumin'' "believer (m.)" → ''muminín'' "believers"
* ''múmina'' "believer (f.)" → ''muminat'' "believers (f.)"
* ''salá'' "prayer" → ''salawat'' "prayers"
* ''sultán'' "sultan" → ''salatín'' "sultans"
 
===Adjectives===
====Endings====
Adjectives take the following endings:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Essanian adjective declension
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Type !! colspan="3" width=100 | Singular !! colspan="2" width=100 | Plural
| day || άμαρ, άμανους ''(n.)''
|-
|-
! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine
| week || πδομάς, -άτους ''(f.)''
|-
|-
! 1
| month || μένας (μεις), μενούς ''(m.)''
| ''-u'' or consonant || ''-a'' || ''-o'' || ''-os'' || ''-es''
|-
|-
! 2
| season || γρόνος, -ους ''(m.)''
| ''-e'' || ''-e'' || ''-e'' || ''-es'' || ''-es''
|-
|-
! 3
| year || βέτος, βείτους ''(n.)''
| Stressed vowel || Same as masc. || Same as masc. || ''-s'' || ''-s''
|-
|-
|}
|}
The neuter gender in adjectives is used for agreement with infinitives, neuter pronouns, impersonal pronouns, or ''que'' phrases. It can also be used as an adverb.
====Comparatives and Superlatives====
The comparative of adjectives ("more ___") is formed by placing ''plus'' "more" or ''menos'' "less" before the adjective for the positive and negative comparatives respectively.
The following adjectives have irregular comparatives:
*''buen'' "good" → ''melhor'' "better"
*''mal'' "bad" → ''peyor'' "worse"
*''joven'' "young" → ''menor'' "younger"
*''vielh'' "old" → ''mayor'' "older"
*''muit'' "much, many" → ''plus'' "more"
*''pocu'' "little, few" → ''menos'' "less, fewer"
The superlative ("most _____") is formed by placing the definite article before the corresponding comparative.
====Absolute Superlative====
In addition to the regular superlative, there is an absolute superlative formed with the suffix ''-íssimu'' (declined as a regular adjective). It means "very ______" or "extremely _______".
===Adverbs===
====Derivation from adjectives====
Adverbs are commonly derived from adjectives by one of the following methods:
*The neuter form of the adjective - e.g. ''puro'' "purely"
*The feminine form of the adjective suffixed with ''-ment'' - ''purament'' "purely"
When adverbs formed with the suffix ''-ment'' are appended to each other, ''-ment'' is dropped from all but the last adverb.
====Irregular adverbs====
The following adverbs are not regularly derived from their corresponding adjectives:
*''buen'' "good" → ''bien'' "well"
*''mal'' "bad" → ''mal'' "badly"
====Comparative====
The comparative of adverbs is formed in the same way as adjectives: by placing ''plus'' "more" or ''menos'' "less" before the adverb.


The following adverbs have irregular comparative forms:
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
*''bien'' "well" → ''melhor'' "better"
|+ Time adverbs - ''Επίβρεμανα τα ωραίκια''
*''mal'' "badly" → ''peyor'' "worse"
! English !! Phrygian
*''muito'' "a lot" → ''plus'' "more"
*''poco'' "a little" → ''menos'' "less"
-->
===Numerals===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Phrygian numerals
|-
! !! Cardinal !! Ordinal !! Adverbial !! Collective
|-
! 0
| ματένας (ματείς), ματεμιά, ματένα || ματενάνος, -α, -ο || — || —
|-
! 1
|  ένας (εις), μια, ένα || πρώτος, -α, -ο || άπαχ || μονάς, -άτους
|-
! 2
| τφω || τφέτερος, -α, -ο || τφις || τφάς, -άτους
|-
! 3
| τρες, τρια || τρίτος, -α, -ο || τρις || τριας, -άτους
|-
! 4
| τσ̌έττερες, τσ̌έττερα || τσ̌ετέρτος, -α, -ο || τσ̌ετράτζ̌ις || τσ̌ετράς
|-
! 5
| πίντζε || πίντος, -α, -ο || πίγκιάτζ̌ις || πιντάς, -άτους
|-
! 6
| βεχ || βέκθος, -α, -ο || βεξάτζ̌ις ||
|-
! 7
| επθάν || έπδαμος, -α, -ο || εμμάτζ̌ις ||
|-
! 8
| οκθών || όκδουος, -α, -ο || οκθώτζ̌ις ||
|-
! 9
| ενιάν || ένιανος, -α, -ο || ενευνάτζ̌ις ||
|-
! 10
| τέκαν || τέκανος, -α, -ο || τεκανάτζ̌ις ||
|-
! 11
| ένεκαν || ενέκανος || ||
|-
! 12
| τφώτεκαν || τφωτέκανος || ||
|-
|-
! 13
| now || νουν
| τρίτεκαν ||  || ||
|-
|-
! 14
| then || άρα; τότζ̌ε
| τσ̌ετέρτεκαν ||  || ||
|-
|-
! 15
| recently, a short time ago || άρτι
| πίντεκαν || πιντέκανος || ||
|-
|-
! 16
| earlier || προς
| βέκθεκαν ||  || ||
|-
|-
! 17
| soon, shortly ||  
| επθάνεκαν ||  || ||
|-
|-
! 18
| later || ψές
| οκθώνεκαν|| || ||
|-
|-
! 19
| always || αει; πάντοτζ̌ε
| ενιάνεκαν|| || ||
|-
|-
! 20
| often || πυιλάτζ̌ις
| βίκιανι || βικιοττός || ||
|-
|-
! 21
| sometimes || κότζ̌ε
| ένας τσ̌ε βίκιανι ||  || ||
|-
|-
! 30
| rarely || παύροτζ̌ε
| τριάνα || τριαττός || ||
|-
|-
! 40
| never || μέκοτζ̌ε
| τσ̌ετράνα ||  || ||
|-
|-
! 50
| ever || κώκοτζ̌ε
| πιγκιάνα ||  || ||
|-
|-
! 60
| still, yet || έτι; κω
| βεξάνα ||  || ||
|-
|-
! 70
| already ||  
| εμμάνα || || ||
|-
|-
! 80
| today || σάμαρουν
| οκθώνα || || ||
|-
|-
! 90
| tonight || σινούκθουν
| ενευνάνα || || ||
|-
|-
! 100
| yesterday || κδες
| εκανόυν || || ||
|-
|-
! 200
| last night ||  
| τφακιάνιοι || || ||
|-
|-
! 300
| tomorrow || αύριουν
| τριακιάνιοι || || ||
|-
|-
! 400
| before yesterday ||  
| τσ̌ετρακιάνιοι || || ||
|-
|-
! 500
| two nights ago ||  
| πιγκιακιάνιοι || || ||
|-
|-
! 600
| after tomorrow ||  
| βεξακιάνιοι || || ||
|-
|-
! 700
| this week ||  
| εμμακιάνιοι || || ||
|-
|-
! 800
| last week ||  
| οκθωκιάνιοι || || ||
|-
|-
! 900
| next week ||  
| ενευνακιάνιοι || || ||
|-
|-
! 1000
| this year || σέτες
| ζέλλια || || ||
|-
|-
! 2000
| last year || πέρουτι
| τφω ζέλλιαι || || ||
|-
|-
| next year ||
|}
|}
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->


==Example texts==
==Example texts==
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Modern_Phrygian"