Dlav: Difference between revisions
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Typically, a root plus an interfix forms a stem, and adding an suffix forms a word. Interfixes are not mandatory. | Typically, a root plus an interfix forms a stem, and adding an suffix forms a word. Interfixes are not mandatory. | ||
* Dlàv- ‘Dlav (language)’, nouns like that, lacking an interfix, are often called root nouns. | * Dlàv- ‘Dlav (language)’, nouns like that, lacking an interfix, are often called root nouns. | ||
* | * Dlv-ey- ‘a Dlav speaker’, with an interfix, nouns with an interfix are called stem nouns. | ||
* | * Dlv-i-ra ‘a fluent Dlav speaker’, with a suffix. | ||
Interfixes and suffixes always zero grade the preceding element. Zero grade nouns don't change. | |||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
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===Noun inflection=== | ===Noun inflection=== | ||
Dlav nouns inflect by case and number: | Dlav nouns inflect by case and number: | ||
* | * Twelve cases: nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, instrumental, abessive, comitative, inessive, adessive, allative, ablative and elative. | ||
** Of which, five | ** Of which, five are strong (i.e. keep the original grade of the word): nominative, accusative, instrumental, inessive and ablative | ||
** Five are weak, counterparting the strong cases: genitive, dative, abessive, allative and elative | |||
** Two are neuter, lacking counterparts and having reduplicative nature: adessive and comitative. | |||
* Two genders: animate and inanimate. | |||
* Two numbers: singular and plural. | * Two numbers: singular and plural. | ||
The animate declension has the following paradigma: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Number | ! Number | ||
! Case | ! Case | ||
! strong (originally full grade) declension | ! strong (originally full grade)ᵃ declension | ||
! weak (originally zero grade) declension | ! weak (originally zero grade) declension | ||
|- | |- | ||
!rowspan= | !rowspan=12| Singular | ||
! {{small|nom.}} | ! {{small|nom.}} | ||
| Dlàv (-∅) | | Dlàv (-∅) | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! {{small|acc.}}¹ | ! {{small|acc.}}¹ | ||
| Dlàv-m | | Dlàv-m | ||
| Ney-ñ | | Ney-ñ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|dat.}} | ! {{small|dat.}}¹ | ||
| | | Dlv-mà | ||
| | | Niey-ñ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|gen.}} | ! {{small|gen.}} | ||
| Dlv (-∅) | | Dlv (-∅) | ||
| Niey (-∅) | | Niey (-∅) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|ins.}} | ! {{small|ins.}}² | ||
| | | Dlàv-ź | ||
| | | Ney-ź | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|abe.}} | ! {{small|abe.}}² | ||
| Dlv- | | Dlv-źà | ||
| Niey- | | Niey-ź | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|com.}} | ! {{small|com.}}³ | ||
| | | Dlàv-à | ||
| | | Ney-n | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|ine.}} | ! {{small|ine.}} | ||
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| Ney-eꜣ | | Ney-eꜣ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|ade.}} | ! {{small|ade.}}⁴ | ||
| | | Dlàv-dlv | ||
| | | Ney-ni | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|all.}} | ! {{small|all.}} | ||
| Dlv- | | Dlv-àꜣ | ||
| Niey- | | Niey-eꜣ | ||
|- | |||
! {{small|abl.}}⁵ | |||
| Dlàv-b | |||
| Ney-ḏ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small| | ! {{small|ela.}}⁵ | ||
| | | Dlv-bà | ||
| | | Niey-ḏ | ||
|} | |} | ||
¹ The nasal mora sandhi | ᵃ With mobile vowel. <br> | ||
² | ¹ The nasal mora always suffers sandhi after a consonant. If there is no consonant, /n/ is applied. <br> | ||
³ The | ² The palatal sibilant mora always suffer voice sandhi after a consonant. If there is no consonant, /ɕ/ is applied. <br> | ||
⁴ The | ³ The root vowel is reduplicated. <br> | ||
⁵ The | ⁴ The reverse grade is reduplicated. <br> | ||
⁵ The plosive mora always suffers sandhi after a consonant, both in voice and articulation. If there is no consonant, /t/ is applied. | |||