Dlav: Difference between revisions
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# The full grade, which has a vowel, such as na- ‘to sleep’. | # The full grade, which has a vowel, such as na- ‘to sleep’. | ||
# The zero grade, which only has a syllabic sonorant, such as n- [n̩-] ‘to (have a) nap’, the zero grade form of na-. | # The zero grade, which only has a syllabic sonorant, such as n- [n̩-] ‘to (have a) nap’, the zero grade form of na-. | ||
The declension of the word is highly linked to its grade: | |||
# The genitive form of a full grade root asks for its zero grade form: ''Dlàv'' [dlav] <small>nom.sg.</small> > ''Dlv'' [dl̩v] <small>gen.sg.</small> | |||
# Likewise, the genitive form of a zero grade word asks for a full grade with an -i-: ney [n̩.ej] ‘napper’ <small>nom.sg.</small> > niey [ni.ej] <small>gen.sg.</small> | |||
===Word formation=== | ===Word formation=== | ||
Typically, a root plus an interfix forms a stem, and adding an suffix forms a word. Interfixes are not mandatory. | Typically, a root plus an interfix forms a stem, and adding an suffix forms a word. Interfixes are not mandatory. | ||
* Dlàv- ‘Dlav (language)’, nouns like that, lacking an interfix, are often called root nouns. | * Dlàv- ‘Dlav (language)’, nouns like that, lacking an interfix, are often called root nouns. | ||
* | * Dlv-ey- ‘a Dlav speaker’, with an interfix, nouns with an interfix are called stem nouns. | ||
* | * Dlv-i-ra ‘a fluent Dlav speaker’, with a suffix. | ||
Interfixes and suffixes always zero grade the preceding element. Zero grade nouns don't change. | |||
==Grammar== | |||
Dlav is a fusional language with high degree of inflection, as such, there can be a large number of words deried from the same root. | |||
===Noun inflection=== | |||
Dlav nouns inflect by case and number: | |||
* Twelve cases: nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, instrumental, abessive, comitative, inessive, adessive, allative, ablative and elative. | |||
** Of which, five are strong (i.e. keep the original grade of the word): nominative, accusative, instrumental, inessive and ablative | |||
** Five are weak, counterparting the strong cases: genitive, dative, abessive, allative and elative | |||
** Two are neuter, lacking counterparts and having reduplicative nature: adessive and comitative. | |||
* Two genders: animate and inanimate. | |||
* Two numbers: singular and plural. | |||
The animate declension has the following paradigma: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
! Number | |||
! Case | |||
! strong (originally full grade)ᵃ declension | |||
! weak (originally zero grade) declension | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=12| Singular | |||
! {{small|nom.}} | |||
| Dlàv (-∅) | |||
| Ney (-∅) | |||
|- | |||
! {{small|acc.}}¹ | |||
| Dlàv-m | |||
| Ney-ñ | |||
|- | |||
! {{small|dat.}}¹ | |||
| Dlv-mà | |||
| Niey-ñ | |||
|- | |||
! {{small|gen.}} | |||
| Dlv (-∅) | |||
| Niey (-∅) | |||
|- | |||
! {{small|ins.}}² | |||
| Dlàv-ź | |||
| Ney-ź | |||
|- | |||
! {{small|abe.}}² | |||
| Dlv-źà | |||
| Niey-ź | |||
|- | |||
! {{small|com.}}³ | |||
| Dlàv-à | |||
| Ney-n | |||
|- | |||
! {{small|ine.}} | |||
| Dlàv-eꜣ | |||
| Ney-eꜣ | |||
|- | |||
! {{small|ade.}}⁴ | |||
| Dlàv-dlv | |||
| Ney-ni | |||
|- | |||
! {{small|all.}} | |||
| Dlv-àꜣ | |||
| Niey-eꜣ | |||
|- | |||
! {{small|abl.}}⁵ | |||
| Dlàv-b | |||
| Ney-ḏ | |||
|- | |||
! {{small|ela.}}⁵ | |||
| Dlv-bà | |||
| Niey-ḏ | |||
|} | |||
ᵃ With mobile vowel. <br> | |||
¹ The nasal mora always suffers sandhi after a consonant. If there is no consonant, /n/ is applied. <br> | |||
² The palatal sibilant mora always suffer voice sandhi after a consonant. If there is no consonant, /ɕ/ is applied. <br> | |||
³ The root vowel is reduplicated. <br> | |||
⁴ The reverse grade is reduplicated. <br> | |||
⁵ The plosive mora always suffers sandhi after a consonant, both in voice and articulation. If there is no consonant, /t/ is applied. | |||