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[[Dlav]] is an a priori language created by [[User:Lëtzelúcia|Lëtzelúcia]].
{{privatelang}}
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[[Dlav]] (/dlʌv/, also ''Dilav'' /dɪlʌv/; [[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''Dlàv'' [dlav]) is an a priori language created by [[User:Lëtzelúcia|Lëtzelúcia]].
 
==Phonology==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+ Consonant phonemes of Dlav
! colspan=2|
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br />[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|/m/]]
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|/n/]]
|
| ñ [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|/ɲ/]]
| ṅ [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]]
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=3| [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]]
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|/p/]]
| [[w:Voiceless dental plosive|/t/]]
|
| ṯ [[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|/c/]]
| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]]
| ꜣ [[w:Voiceless uvular plosive|/q/]]
|
|-
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|/b/]]
| [[w:Voiced dental plosive|/d/]]
|
| ḏ [[w:Voiced palatal plosive|/ɟ/]]
| g [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]]
| q [[w:Voiced uvular plosive|/ɢ/]]
|
|-
! {{small|[[w:Ejective consonant|ejective]]}}
| ṗ [[w:Bilabial ejective stop|/pʼ/]]
| ṭ [[w:Dental and alveolar ejective stops|/tʼ/]]
|colspan=2|
| ḳ [[w:Velar ejective stop|/kʼ/]]
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|/f/]]
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|/s/]]
| š [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|/ʃ/]]
| ś [[w:Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|/ɕ/]]
|
| ḫ [[w:Voiceless uvular fricative|/χ/]]
| h [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|/h/]]
|-
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|/v/]]
| [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|/z/]]
| ž [[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|/ʒ/]]
| ź [[w:Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|/ʑ/]]
|colspan=3|
|-
!rowspan=2| [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|colspan=2|
| c [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]]
|colspan=4|
|-
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|colspan=2|
| j [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]]
|colspan=4|
|-
!rowspan=2| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! {{small|[[w:semivowel|semivowel]]}}
|colspan=3|
| y [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]] [[w:Nasal palatal approximant|[j̃]]]
| [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|/w/]] [[w:Nasal labial–velar approximant|[w̃]]]
|colspan=2|
|-
! {{small|[[w:Lateral consonant|lateral]]}}
|
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|/l/]]
|
| ĺ [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|/ʎ/]]
|colspan=3|
|-
!colspan=2| [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills|/r/]]
|colspan=5|
|}
 
* Nasalised approximants only happen before a nasal consonant.
* /m n ɲ ŋ w j l ʎ r/ have syllabic allophones: [m̩ n̩ ɲ̍ ŋ̍ u i l̩ ʎ̩ r̩].
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+ '''Vowel phonemes of Dlav'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|[[w:Front vowel|Front]]
!colspan="2"|[[w:Central vowel|Central]]
!colspan="2"|[[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!{{small|oral}}
!{{small|nasal}}
!{{small|oral}}
!{{small|nasal}}
!{{small|oral}}
!{{small|nasal}}
|-
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]]
| [[w:Nasalization|[ĩ]]]
|colspan="2"|
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|/u/]]
| [[w:Nasalization|[ũ]]]
|-
![[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e/]]
| [[w:Nasalization|[ẽ]]]
|colspan="2"|
| [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|/o/]]
| [[w:Nasalization|[õ]]]
|-
![[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| è [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ/]]
| è [[w:Nasalization|[ɛ̃]]]
| a [[w:Near-open central vowel|/ɐ/]]
| a [[w:Nasalization|[ɐ̃]]]
| ò [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|/ɔ/]]
| ò [[w:Nasalization|[ɔ̃]]]
|-
![[w:Open vowel|Open]]
|colspan="2"|
| à [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|/a/]]
| à [[w:Nasalization|[ã]]]
|colspan="2"|
|}
 
* Nasalised vowels only happen before a nasal consonant.
 
==Phonotactics==
Dlav roots distinguish three main classes of consonants, arranged from high to low sonority:
# Non-palatal sonorants: /m n ŋ w l r/, denoted as N
# Palatal sonorants: /ɲ j ʎ/, denoted as J
# Obstruents, denoted as C. These include five subgroups:
#* Plosives, except ejectives, denoted as P.
#* Ejectives, denoted as E.
#* The affricates /t͡ʃ d͡ʒ/, denoted as Z.
#* The sibilants /s z ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ/, denoted as S.
#* The non-sibilants /f v χ h/, denoted as H.
 
The follow rules are applied:
# Onset and coda always have a consonant, ranging from C to CCCC.
#* A main onset or a coda are mandatory for a syllable to become a root.
#* The only mandatory element of a root is N or J in its onset or coda.
# The consonant closer to the main howel always have the higher sonority.
# Only one member of each sonority group appear in the onset or coda.
#* However, P is allowed to exist together with S or H.
 
A good example is the name of the language itself, [[Dlav|Dlàv]], which is organised as CCVC, namely PNVH, spro- ‘to die’ is also a possible root, but **sṗro- is not.
 
There are two grades for a syllable:
# The full grade, which has a vowel, such as na- ‘to sleep’.
# The zero grade, which only has a syllabic sonorant, such as n- [n̩-] ‘to (have a) nap’, the zero grade form of na-.
 
The declension of the word is highly linked to its grade:
# The genitive form of a full grade root asks for its zero grade form: ''Dlàv'' [dlav] <small>nom.sg.</small> > ''Dlv'' [dl̩v] <small>gen.sg.</small>
# Likewise, the genitive form of a zero grade word asks for a full grade with an -i-: ney [n̩.ej] ‘napper’ <small>nom.sg.</small> > niey [ni.ej] <small>gen.sg.</small>
 
===Word formation===
Typically, a root plus an interfix forms a stem, and adding an suffix forms a word. Interfixes are not mandatory.
* Dlàv- ‘Dlav (language)’, nouns like that, lacking an interfix, are often called root nouns.
* Dlv-ey- ‘a Dlav speaker’, with an interfix, nouns with an interfix are called stem nouns.
* Dlv-i-ra ‘a fluent Dlav speaker’, with a suffix.
 
Interfixes and suffixes always zero grade the preceding element. Zero grade nouns don't change.
 
==Grammar==
Dlav is a fusional language with high degree of inflection, as such, there can be a large number of words deried from the same root.
 
===Noun inflection===
Dlav nouns inflect by case and number:
* Twelve cases: nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, instrumental, abessive, comitative, inessive, adessive, allative, ablative and elative.
** Of which, five are strong (i.e. keep the original grade of the word): nominative, accusative, instrumental, inessive and ablative
** Five are weak, counterparting the strong cases: genitive, dative, abessive, allative and elative
** Two are neuter, lacking counterparts and having reduplicative nature: adessive and comitative.
* Two genders: animate and inanimate.
* Two numbers: singular and plural.
 
The animate declension has the following paradigma:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Number
! Case
! strong (originally full grade)ᵃ declension
! weak (originally zero grade) declension
|-
!rowspan=12| Singular
! {{small|nom.}}
| Dlàv (-∅)
| Ney (-∅)
|-
! {{small|acc.}}¹
| Dlàv-m
| Ney-ñ
|-
! {{small|dat.}}¹
| Dlv-mà
| Niey-ñ
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
| Dlv (-∅)
| Niey (-∅)
|-
! {{small|ins.}}²
| Dlàv-ź
| Ney-ź
|-
! {{small|abe.}}²
| Dlv-źà
| Niey-ź
|-
! {{small|com.}}³
| Dlàv-à
| Ney-n
|-
! {{small|ine.}}
| Dlàv-eꜣ
| Ney-eꜣ
|-
! {{small|ade.}}⁴
| Dlàv-dlv
| Ney-ni
|-
! {{small|all.}}
| Dlv-àꜣ
| Niey-eꜣ
|-
! {{small|abl.}}⁵
| Dlàv-b
| Ney-ḏ
|-
! {{small|ela.}}⁵
| Dlv-bà
| Niey-ḏ
|}
 
ᵃ With mobile vowel. <br>
¹ The nasal mora always suffers sandhi after a consonant. If there is no consonant, /n/ is applied. <br>
² The palatal sibilant mora always suffer voice sandhi after a consonant. If there is no consonant, /ɕ/ is applied. <br>
³ The root vowel is reduplicated. <br>
⁴ The reverse grade is reduplicated. <br>
⁵ The plosive mora always suffers sandhi after a consonant, both in voice and articulation. If there is no consonant, /t/ is applied.
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