Pulqer: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language | |||
| name = Pulqer | |||
| altname = | |||
| nativename = | |||
| acceptance = | |||
| image = | |||
| imagescale = | |||
| imagealt = | |||
| imagecaption = | |||
| pronunciation = pul'kʷɛr | |||
| states = Jacques (Caq) | |||
| region = | |||
| creator = Neil Whalley | |||
| created = | |||
| setting = | |||
| ethnicity = | |||
| extinct = | |||
| era = | |||
| speakers = | |||
| date = | |||
| dateprefix = | |||
| ref = | |||
| refname = | |||
| speakers2 = | |||
| revived = | |||
| revived-category = <!-- or revived-cat --> | |||
| familycolor = Indo-European | |||
| family = Indo-European | |||
| fam1 = Romance | |||
| fam2 = Pulqer | |||
| fam3 = <!-- up to fam15 --> | |||
| protoname = | |||
| ancestor = Proto-Indo-European | |||
| ancestor2 = Latin | |||
| ancestor3 = Vulgar Latin | |||
| ancestor4 = Old Pulqer | |||
| ancestor5 = Middle Pulqer | |||
| standards = | |||
| stand1 = | |||
| stand2 = <!-- up to stand6 --> | |||
| dialects = | |||
| listclass = | |||
| dia1 = | |||
| dia2 = <!-- up to dia20 --> | |||
| script = Latn | |||
| sign = | |||
| posteriori = | |||
| nation = | |||
| minority = | |||
| agency = | |||
| development_body = | |||
| iso1 = | |||
| iso1comment = | |||
| iso2 = | |||
| iso2b = | |||
| iso2t = | |||
| iso2comment = | |||
| iso3 = qpq | |||
| iso3comment = | |||
| lc1 = | |||
| ld1 = | |||
| lc2 = <!-- up to lc30 --> | |||
| ld2 = <!-- up to ld30 --> | |||
| iso6 = | |||
| isoexception = | |||
| linglist = | |||
| lingname = | |||
| linglist2 = <!-- up to linglist6 --> | |||
| lingname2 = <!-- up to lingname6 --> | |||
| glotto = | |||
| glottorefname = | |||
| glotto2 = <!-- up to glotto5 --> | |||
| glottorefname2 = <!-- up to glottorefname5 --> | |||
| aiatsis = | |||
| aiatsisname = | |||
| aiatsis2 = <!-- up to aiatsis6 --> | |||
| aiatsisname2 = <!-- up to aiatsisname6 --> | |||
| guthrie = | |||
| ELP = | |||
| ELPname = | |||
| ELP2 = <!-- up to ELP6 --> | |||
| ELPname2 = <!-- up to ELPname6 --> | |||
| glottopedia = | |||
| lingua = | |||
| lingua_ref = | |||
| ietf = | |||
| map = | |||
| mapscale = | |||
| mapalt = | |||
| mapcaption = | |||
| map2 = | |||
| mapalt2 = | |||
| mapcaption2 = | |||
| pushpin_map = | |||
| pushpin_image = | |||
| pushpin_map_alt = | |||
| pushpin_map_caption = | |||
| pushpin_mapsize = | |||
| pushpin_label = | |||
| pushpin_label_position = | |||
| coordinates = <!-- use {{Coord}} --> | |||
| module = | |||
| notice = IPA | |||
}} | |||
'''Pulqer''' is a Romance language spoken on the island of Jaques (Pul. ''Caq''). Along with Sardinian it is one of the earliest languages to diverge from Latin and is thought to have been isolated since the 3rd century AD. Pulqer has been heavily influenced by the now vanished language of ''[[Kelt]]'', previously spoken on the island, both in its phonology and vocabulary. This marks Pulqer out as distinct amongst the Romance languages. | '''Pulqer''' is a Romance language spoken on the island of Jaques (Pul. ''Caq''). Along with Sardinian it is one of the earliest languages to diverge from Latin and is thought to have been isolated since the 3rd century AD. Pulqer has been heavily influenced by the now vanished language of ''[[Kelt]]'', previously spoken on the island, both in its phonology and vocabulary. This marks Pulqer out as distinct amongst the Romance languages. | ||
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===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
====Personal==== | ====Personal==== | ||
Personal pronouns exist for each person in the singular and plural, | Personal pronouns exist for each person in the singular and plural, but only the 1st and 2nd persons make any distinction between subject and object pronouns. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
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! rowspan="2;" | | ! rowspan="2;" | | ||
! colspan="2;" | Singular | ! colspan="2;" | Singular | ||
! | ! colspan="2;" | Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="width: 100px" | Subject | |||
! style="width: 100px" | Object | |||
! style="width: 100px" | Subject | ! style="width: 100px" | Subject | ||
! style="width: 100px" | Object | ! style="width: 100px" | Object | ||
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| ''mi'' | | ''mi'' | ||
| ''nu'' | | ''nu'' | ||
| ''ni'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! 2 | ! 2 | ||
| ''tu'' | | ''tu'' | ||
| ''ti'' | | ''ti'' | ||
| ''pu'' | | ''pu'' | ||
| ''pi'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! 3m | ! 3m | ||
| colspan="2;" | ''lu'' | | colspan="2;" | ''lu'' | ||
| ''li'' | | colspan="2;" | ''li'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3f | ! 3f | ||
| colspan="2;" | ''la'' | | colspan="2;" | ''la'' | ||
| ''le'' | | colspan="2;" | ''le'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Refl. | ! Refl. | ||
| | |||
| ''si'' | |||
| | | | ||
| ''si'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
The subject pronouns are used as the subject of a verb | The subject pronouns are used as the subject of a verb only when more than one subject is involved, e.g. '''''cu''' i '''tu''' eman sa musk'' "me and you love music", '''''la''' i Akuśt cakean nu cak'' "She and Akust played a game". | ||
The object pronouns are used in the following ways: | The object pronouns are used in the following ways: | ||
* as the direct object of a verb | * as the direct object of a verb where more than one object is involved, e.g. ''lu em '''ti''' i '''mi''''' "he loves you and me", ''su trakun mankep '''le''' a si kapat luar'' "the dragon ate them and their horses". | ||
* following prepositions | * following prepositions, e.g. ''ku '''mi''''' "with me", ''pel '''pu''''' "for you". | ||
The reflexive pronoun can only be used | The reflexive pronoun can only be used following prepositions, e.g. ''lakant ku '''si''''' "she sings to herself". | ||
====Relative==== | ====Relative==== | ||
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Negative verbs are formed by adding the particle ''anin'' after the verb, e.g. ''cutiem anin'' "I don't love you", ''Lihan anin na mis'' "they are not making a table", ''Kraz piti 'nin Malk'' "Kraz did not see Malk". Note that the initial ''a-'' drops following a vowel. | Negative verbs are formed by adding the particle ''anin'' after the verb, e.g. ''cutiem anin'' "I don't love you", ''Lihan anin na mis'' "they are not making a table", ''Kraz piti 'nin Malk'' "Kraz did not see Malk". Note that the initial ''a-'' drops following a vowel. | ||
Negative imperatives are formed with '' | Negative imperatives are formed with ''na'' before the verb, e.g. ''na halet'' "don't speak", ''na hri'' "don't cry', ''na lukamit'' "don't eat it". | ||
===Prepositions=== | |||
There are a relatively small number of simple prepositions: ''a'' "to, at"; ''kantyl'' "against"; ''ku(n)'' "with"; ''te'' "of"; ''i(n)'' "in"; ''intyl'' "between, among"; ''par'' "for, through, by"; ''sin'' "without"; ''sapyr'' "above". | |||
These may be combined with personal pronouns: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
|- | |||
! width="100px;" | ''a-'' "to, at" !! width="100px;" | ''ku-'' "with" !! width="100px;" | ''te-'' "of" !! width="100px;" | ''i-'' "in" !! width="100px;" | ''sin'' "without" | |||
|- | |||
| ''ami <br> ati <br> alu, ala <br> ani <br> api <br> ali, ale <br> asi || ''miku <br> tiku <br> kulu, kula <br> nasku <br> pasku <br> kuli, kule <br> siku || ''temi <br> teti <br> telu, tela <br> teni <br> tepi <br> teli, tele <br> tesi || ''imi <br> iti <br> ilu, ila <br> ini <br> ipi <br> ili, ile <br> isi || ''simmi <br> sinti <br> sinlu, sinla <br> sinni <br> simpi <br> sinli, sinle <br> sinsi | |||
|} | |||
==Derivation== | ==Derivation== | ||