Linguifex

Old Grekelin: Difference between revisions

← Older edit
Tselios (talk | contribs)
588 edits
Tselios (talk | contribs)
588 edits
 
(8 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 16: Line 16:
}}
}}


'''Proto-Grekelin''' ([[Grekelin]]: ''Egycsi-Grekelin''', [ɛˈɟu.t͡ʃi ˈɡrɛ.kɛɬin]) or '''Old Grekelin''' (Grekelin: ''Paleá Grekelénikin'', [pɑ.ɫɛ.ˈɑ ɡrɛkɛˈɫɛnikin]) is the initial stage of [[Grekelin]], when it first began splitting from Greek between the 11th to 16th centuries during the Greek migration to Hungary. While considered a single language, it was a dialect continuum stretching from Belgrade to Budapest.  
'''Old Grekelin''' (Grekelin: ''Paleá Grekelénikin'', [pɑ.ɫɛ.ˈɑ ɡrɛkɛˈɫɛnikin]) is the initial stage of [[Grekelin]], when it first began splitting from Greek between the 11th to 16th centuries during the Greek migration to Hungary. While considered a single language, it was a dialect continuum stretching from Belgrade to Budapest. It can also be described as a dialect, since it remained mutually intelligible with Medieval Greek at that point.


The migration of Greek populations and their settlements in the Kingdom of Hungary created a massive distance between Greek and Grekelin, and with little education and linguistic isolation, the Greek populace began speaking a divergent dialect, with lots of Hungarian influence, that eventually made the language split from Greek. By the time of Greek independence (19th century), the Grekelin speakers had already a highly divergent language that didn't resemble Greek as much.
The migration of Greek populations and their settlements in the Kingdom of Hungary created a massive distance between Greek and Grekelin, and with little education and linguistic isolation, the Greek populace began speaking a divergent dialect, with lots of Hungarian influence, that eventually made the language split from Greek. By the time of Greek independence (19th century), the Grekelin speakers had already a highly divergent language that didn't resemble Greek as much.


Old Grekelin is the linguistic link between the Byzantine Greeks that settled in Hungary, who spoke the vernacular Medieval Greek language, and Standard (Modern) Grekelin which is the final product of this dialect or proto-language.
Old Grekelin is the linguistic link between the Byzantine Greeks that settled in Hungary, who spoke the vernacular Medieval Greek language, and Standard (Modern) Grekelin which is the final product of this dialect.


==History==
==History==
In the 11th century, following the [[w:Battle_of_Manzikert|Battle of Manzikert]] and with the Byzantine Empire constantly declining, many Greeks from Asia Minor began moving to the Kingdom of Hungary, which offered them prestigious rights within the state in exchange for volunteering in the army and protecting the Kingdom's borders. As the number of them began increasing, they began founding Greek villages in the countryside, where they could still communicate as they now amounted up to 100.000. The first villages were built along the Danube, in Hungarian and Serb majority areas back then.
In the 11th century, following the [[w:Battle_of_Manzikert|Battle of Manzikert]] and with the Byzantine Empire constantly declining, many Greeks from the south of Asia Minor (Where later the Cappadocian dialect would develop) began settling parts of the Kingdom of Hungary, which offered them prestigious rights within the state in exchange for volunteering in the army and protecting the Kingdom's borders. As the number of them began increasing, they began founding Greek villages in the countryside, where they could still communicate as they now amounted up to 100.000. The first villages were built along the Danube, in Hungarian and Serb majority areas back then.


From the mid-14th to the 17th century Ottoman expansion in the Balkans reached Grekelin-speaking areas, reducing the spoken language's population significantly. Regardless, the language managed to remain alive within the Austrian Empire (Where the most conservative dialects are found as well), which had conquered the northernmost parts of what is now Slovakia and Czechia. Ottoman rule imported some words that are cognates with Greek ones (Eg. **Χαράτσι, Haradza** (Unjustified high tax), **Μπαχάρι, Baharya** (Spice)). The language however, being spoken for over 300 years at this point, had changed significantly, and, due to constant wars and rebellions in the region, now had three different dialects.
From the mid-14th to the 17th century Ottoman expansion in the Balkans reached Grekelin-speaking areas, reducing the spoken language's population significantly. Regardless, the language managed to remain alive within the Austrian Empire (Where the most conservative dialects are found as well), which had conquered the northernmost parts of what is now Slovakia and Czechia. Ottoman rule imported some words that are cognates with Greek ones (Eg. **Χαράτσι, Haradza** (Unjustified high tax), **Μπαχάρι, Baharya** (Spice)). The language however, being spoken for over 300 years at this point, had changed significantly, and, due to constant wars and rebellions in the region, now had three different dialects.


Already by the 16th century however, Grekelin was largely different, both in phonetics and grammar. In addition, Grekelin was by now written exclusively with the Latin alphabet, as few Greek scholars were left to teach the Greek one. Further attempts in the 17th century to convert the Grekelin-speaking population to Catholicism resulted in the introduction of many foreign (Latin and Hungarian) words, and by the 19th century Grekelin would be completely different, grammatically and lexically.
Already by the 16th century however, Grekelin was largely different, both in phonetics and grammar. In addition, Grekelin was by now written exclusively with the Latin alphabet, as few Greek scholars were left to teach the Greek one. Further attempts in the 17th century to convert the Grekelin-speaking population to Catholicism resulted in the introduction of many foreign (Latin and Hungarian) words, and by the 19th century Grekelin would be completely different, grammatically and lexically.
==Pre-Grekelin==
Pre-Grekelin refers to the original Medieval Greek dialect that Grekelin developed out of in Asia Minor. Not much is known about this dialect, except that it is the same dialect that Cappadocian Greek developed out of. As such, Pre-Grekelin might've been distinct from Mainland Greek, which is generally the base for Modern Greek. Pre-Grekelin itself is possibly a dialect of Pontic Greek, as shown by the absence of Iotacism and the use of archaic vocabulary.
==Phonology==
Old Grekelin's phonology is very close to the Medieval Greek one, unlike modern [[Grekelin]] which has come closer to the Hungarian phonology (depending on the dialect, also Slavic and German influences exist).
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Consonants in Old Grekelin
|-
! rowspan="2" | ↓Manner/Place→
! colspan="5" | Place of Articulation
|-
! Bilabial !! Labiodental !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar
|-
! Nasal
| /m/ /n/ || || || /ɲ/ || /ŋ/
|-
! Stop
| /p/ /b/ || || /t/ /d/ || /c/ /ɟ/ || /k/ /g/
|-
! Affricate
| || || /d͡z/ || || /k͡x/
|-
! Fricative
| /f/ /v/ || /s/ /z/ || /θ/ /ð/ || /ç/ /j/ || /x/ /ɣ/
|-
! Tap
| || || /ɾ/ || ||
|-
! Lateral approximant
| || || /l/ || /ʎ/ ||
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowels in Old Grekelin
|-
! rowspan="2" |      !! colspan="2" | Height
|-
! Front !! Back
|-
! High
| /i/ || /y/ || /u/
|-
! High-mid
| || || /o/
|-
! Low-mid
| /e/ || ||
|-
! Low
| || || /a/
|}


==Dialects==
==Dialects==
Line 47: Line 100:
:: - Introduction of the /nd/ consonant cluster where Medieval Greek has /d/
:: - Introduction of the /nd/ consonant cluster where Medieval Greek has /d/
:: - Loss of the future article ('''[θa]''' in Modern Greek) and replacement with '''[ɛˈnɑ]'''
:: - Loss of the future article ('''[θa]''' in Modern Greek) and replacement with '''[ɛˈnɑ]'''
'''Indo dafto mi tes opies mu [ˈiːndo ˈda.fto mi tes ˈopjes mu]'''


==Slavic Dialects==
==Slavic Dialects==
The Slavic dialects, which took their name from the Slavic-speaking areas they evolved at, and their quite Slavic sound (Palatalization, nasal vowels, raising unstressed vowels) are the only dialect group to actually survive to this day in the form of Slavic Grekelin. The Slavic dialects used to be far more spoken than their Danubian counterparts; This would last until the rise of nationalism saw the mass assimilation of them. This dialect shares the same changes with the Danubian ones (Except for the /nd/ introduction and the rounding of /i/) due to their common ancestor, along with the changes mentioned above.
The Slavic dialects, which took their name from the Slavic-speaking areas they evolved at, and their quite Slavic sound (Palatalization, nasal vowels, raising unstressed vowels) are the only dialect group to actually survive to this day in the form of Slavic Grekelin. The Slavic dialects used to be far more spoken than their Danubian counterparts; This would last until the rise of nationalism saw the mass assimilation of them. This dialect shares the same changes with the Danubian ones (Except for the /nd/ introduction and the rounding of /i/) due to their common ancestor, along with the changes mentioned above.
'''Smotro dáfto mi opíes mu [ˈzmo.tr̩o ˈdãfto mi opĩez mu]'''*


<small>For the sake of convenience, nasal vowels take an accute accent above them.</small>
<small>For the sake of convenience, nasal vowels take an accute accent above them.</small>
Line 69: Line 118:
==Example Texts==
==Example Texts==
===Digenes Acritas (Translated)===
===Digenes Acritas (Translated)===
This is a small part of the [[w:Digenes_Akritas|Digenes Acritas]] song, translated into Proto-Grekelin. It was one of the few surviving Byzantine songs in the era, and it's one of the few texts to be written using the Greek script. Notable parts include the use of the [[w:Digamma|digamma]] to denote the now lost /w/ sound, the use of [ζ̌] to indicate the /ʒ/ sound and the introduction of the [σζ] digraph to show the /ʃ/ sound.
This is a small part of the [[w:Digenes_Akritas|Digenes Acritas]] song, translated into Old Grekelin. It was one of the few surviving Byzantine songs in the era, and it's one of the few texts to be written using the Greek script. Notable parts include the use of the [[w:Digamma|digamma]] to denote the now lost /w/ sound, the use of [ζ̌] to indicate the /ʑ/ sound and the introduction of the [σζ] digraph to show the /ʃ/ sound.


For comparison, the original verse is put by the side. Do note that the tildes do not mean much in pronunciation of the text. The version of the text displayed here is from the 17th century, about 5 centuries after the original was written down:
For comparison, the original verse is put by the side. Do note that the tildes do not mean much in pronunciation of the text, they were kept for historical reasons mainly. The version of the text displayed here is from the 17th century, about 5 centuries after the original was written down:


<center>
<center>
Line 80: Line 129:
|-
|-
|  
|  
Κί σάμα είϝλαϊν ἀδέρφια τἦ ά κόρα μαρεμέναν,
Κί σάμα είϝλαϊν τα ἀδέρφια τἐ ά κόρα μαραμέναν,


μαζιή αῑ πένδε ρεστένατσζαν, δάϝτο λόγο ειρελάλησσαϊ:
μασζἇ αῑ πένδε ρεστένατσζαν, δάτο λόγο λάλιαν:


'Ρἐστάσζε, ά λεγένυα, εῑδεσζην αδερφήν μἦ
'Ρἐστάσζε, ά λεγένυα, εῑδεσζην αδερφήν μἦ
Line 90: Line 139:
κὶ ά Θιὸς φέλατσζε σἧ έτσζ σέπυως κάλλεως σἧ.
κὶ ά Θιὸς φέλατσζε σἧ έτσζ σέπυως κάλλεως σἧ.


Πόλεμους οὐ φοβὧμεθα έτσζ ἀγάπη σἧ.'
Πόλεμους οὐκ φοβὧμεθα έκ ἀγάπης σἧ.'


||
||
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Old_Grekelin"