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| ==Netagin/de==<!-- | | == Burmese roms == |
| Die '''Netagin'''-Sprache (Netagin: ''brítz nˀAthághín'' 'Sprechen in unserer Welse') ist eine Sprache, welche sowohl Wurzelkonsonanten als auch Anlautmutationen verwendet. (vgl. Hebräisch.)
| | === v0 === |
| --> | | <poem> |
| | Ŧăȷā hmȷạ·ŧạ luc·lac khȷīnh nẹ mă tuê |
| | ta.ra: hmya. ta. lwat lap hkrang: nai. ma. swe |
| | [tɪ.já m̥ja̰.ta̰ lʊʔ.laʔ t͡ɕʰɪ́ŋ nɛ̰ mə t̪wè ǀ] |
| | |
| | Độ pȷê, độ mȷê |
| | tui. prany, tui. mre |
| | [do̰ pjè ǀ do̰ mjè ǁ] |
| | |
| | Mȷā lu khat·tê̄nh nhê̄nh·gkhȷan zxê bộ |
| | mya: lu hkap sim: ngrim: hkyam: ce hpo. |
| | [mjá lù kʰaʔ.t̪éɪ̯ŋ ɲéɪ̯ɰ̃.d͡ʑán zè βo̰ ǀ] |
| | |
| | Khuỵnh ŧu·nhı hmȷạ, wa·đạ phȷu·xınh đŧệ pȷê |
| | hkwang. tu nyi hmya. wada. hpyu cang tai. prany |
| | [kʰwɪ̰ŋ tù.ɲì m̥ja̰ ǀ wà.da̰ (ǀ) pʰjù.sɪ̀ŋ dḛ pjè ǀ] |
| | |
| | Độ pȷê, độ mȷê |
| | tui. prany tui. mre |
| | [do̰ pjè ǀ do̰ mjè ǁ] |
| | |
| | Pȷı·đŧhong·zxụ ămuê ămȷē ŧı·đŧạn zxê |
| | prany htaung cu. a mwi a.mrai: tany tam. ce |
| | [pjì.dàʊ̯ŋ.zṵ ʔə.mwè ʔ(ə.)mjɛ́ tì.da̰ŋ zè] |
| | |
| | Ă·đêch·ŧhan pȷụ bpê, ŧhênh·tênh zxộ lê |
| | a.dhithtan pru. pe htin: sim: cui. le |
| | [ʔ(ə.)deɪ̯ʔ.tʰàn pjṵ βè ǀ tʰéɪ̯ŋ.t̪éɪ̯ŋ zo̰ lè ǁ] |
| | |
| | Găba mă kȷê, Mȷăma pȷê |
| | kambha ma. kye, mranma prany |
| | [ɡ(ə.)βà mə t͡ɕè ǀ mjə.mà pjè ǀ] |
| | |
| | Độ bô̄·boā ămuê xıch mộ khȷıch mȷat nô̄ bê |
| | tui. bhui: bwa: a.mwe cac mui. hkyac mrat nui: pe |
| | [do̰ βó.bwá (ʔə.)mwè sɪʔ mo̰ t͡ɕʰɪʔ mjaʔ nó βè ǁ] |
| | |
| | Pȷi·đŧhong·zxụ gô ătet pê̄ lộ độ ka goe mălê |
| | prany htaung cu. kui a.sak pe: lui. tui. ka kwai ma.le |
| | [pjì.dàʊ̯ŋ.zṵ ɡò ʔ(ə.)t̪ɛʔ pé lo̰ do̰ kà ɡwɛ̀ m(ə.)lè ǀ] |
| | |
| | Đa độ pȷê đa độ mȷê độ panh·net mȷê |
| | da tui. prany da tui. mre tui. puing nak mre |
| | [dà do̰ pjè dà do̰ mjè do̰ pàɪ̯ŋ.nɛʔ mjè ǀ] |
| | |
| | Độ pȷê, độ mȷê, ăkjô̄ gô nhı·nha zxoa độ đăđuê |
| | tui. prany tui. mre a.kyui: kui nyi nya cwa tui. ta.twe |
| | [do̰ pjè ǀ do̰ mjè ǀ ʔ(ə.)t͡ɕó ɡò ǀ ɲì.ɲà zwà do̰ d(ə.)dwè ǀ] |
| | |
| | Ŧhān xhong ba zxộ lê, độ ta·wung bê ăphô̄·ŧan mȷê |
| | htam: hcaung pa sui. le tui. ta wan pe a. hpui: tan mre |
| | [tʰán sʰàʊ̯ŋ bà zo̰ lè ǀ do̰ tà.wʊ̀ŋ bè ʔ(ə.)pʰó.tàn mjè ǁ] |
| | </poem> |
| | |
| | === v1 === |
| | <poem> |
| | Tyȷā hmȷȧtȧ luqlaq khȷīɴ nɛ̇ my þwe |
| | Dȯ pȷe, dȯ mȷe |
| | Mȷā lu khaqþēɴ nȷēɴgkhȷaɴ zse bȯ |
| | Khwiɴ tunȷı hmȷȧ, wadȧ phȷusıɴ dtė pȷe |
| | Dȯ pȷe, dȯ mȷe |
| | Pȷıdthɔɴzsu̇ ymwe ymȷɛ̇ tıdtȧɴ zse |
| | Ydeqthaɴ pȷu̇ bpe, thenþeɴ zsȯ le |
| | Gyba my kȷe, Mȷyma pȷe |
| | Dȯ bōbwā ymwe sıq mȯ khȷıq mȷaq nō be |
| | Gyba my kȷe, Mȷyma pȷe |
| | Dȯ bōbwā ymwe sıq mȯ khȷıq mȷaq nō be |
| | Pȷidthɔɴzsu̇ go yþɛq pē lȯ dȯ ka gwɛ myle |
| | Da dȯ pȷe da dȯ mȷe dė pɛɴnɛq mȷe |
| | Dȯ pȷe, dȯ mȷe, ykjō go nȷınȷa zwa dȯ dydwe |
| | Thāɴ shɔɴ ba zsȯ le, dȯ þawuɴ be yphōtaɴ mȷe |
| | </poem> |
| | === v2 === |
| | <poem> |
| | Tyjā hmjătă luqlaq khjīɴ nɛ{{breve}} my þwe |
| | Dŏ pje, dŏ mje |
| | Mjā lu khaqþēɴ njēɴgkhjaɴ zse bŏ |
| | Khwĭɴ tunji hmjă, wadă phjusiɴ dtĕ pȷe |
| | Dŏ pje, dŏ mje |
| | Pjidthɔɴzsŭ ymwe ymjɛ{{breve}} tıdtăɴ zse |
| | Ydeqthaɴ pjŭ bpe, thenþeɴ zsŏ le |
| | |
| | Gyba my kje, Mjyma pje |
| | Dŏ bōbwā ymwe siq mŏ khjiq mjaq nō be |
| | Gyba my kje, Mjyma pje |
| | Dŏ bōbwā ymwe siq mŏ khjiq mjaq nō be |
| | Pjĭdthɔɴzsŭ go yþɛq pē lŏ dŏ ka gwɛ myle |
| | Da dŏ pje da dŏ mje dĕ pɛɴnɛq mje |
| | Dŏ pȷe, dŏ mȷe, ykjō go njinja zwa dŏ dydwe |
| | Thāɴ shɔɴ ba zsŏ le, dŏ þawuɴ be yphōtaɴ mje |
| | </poem> |
| | === v3 === |
| | Deliberately English/German-like |
| | |
| | Ch for aspiration, þ/ð for dental stops |
| | |
| | Superscript the original consonant before a voiced initial that's a result of voicing sandhi |
| | |
| | <poem> |
| | Rimes: |
| | ị i ī ịn in īn it |
| | ẹ e ē ạne ane āne ate |
| | ạre are āre ịne ine īne ite |
| | ạ a ā ạn an ān at et |
| | ạw aw āw ọun oun ōun out |
| | ọ o ō ọne one ōne ote |
| | ụ u ū ọon oon ōon oot |
| | </poem> |
| | |
| | <poem> |
| | <sup>k</sup>gəba ma che, myəma pye |
| | dọ bōbwā əmwe sit mọ chhit myat nō be |
| | </poem> |
| | |
| | == World's worst romanization for Vietnamese == |
| | === Initials === |
| | <poem> |
| | ñ ɟ̃ ỹ q̃ = m n nh ng |
| | n{{lsb}} n þ ɟ ꞃ y q = p b t đ tr ch c/k/qu |
| | f ɟ{{lrb}} q{{lrb}} = ph th kh |
| | ſ p{{lrb}} = x s |
| | ƿ ȷ j r = v d gi g |
| | λ p = l r |
| | </poem> |
| | |
| | The initials ʔ h are indicated by placing spiritus lenis and spiritus asper above the first letter, and {{angbr|ƿ}} is used for the /w/ medial: ƿηɟ̃, Ƿ{{lsb}}ηɟ̃, ƿ{{lrb}}ηɟ̃s = viên, Uyên, huyền. |
| | |
| | === Nuclei === |
| | * u ɯ w e ɘ ə ɵ æ a ɐ ɑ = i/y ư u ê ơ â ô e a ă o |
| | * η ξ ω = ia/iê, ưa/ươ, ua/uô |
| | |
| | === Finals === |
| | * ñ ɟ̃ ỹ q̃ = m n nh ng |
| | * n ɟ y q = p t ch c |
| | * ι υ = /-j -w/ |
| | === Tones === |
| | tones: -0 -s -b -m -v -d = ngang, huyen, sac, nang, hoi, nga |
| | |
| | ==Hōbispellum Jōhannis Tōtiscē== |
| | <poem> |
| | 1:1 In occinunquā vore Verbum, ante Verbum vore ob Hutum, ante Hutus vore Verbum. |
| | 1:2 Tod vore in occinunquā ob Hutum. |
| | 1:3 Alla terque eum magāta sunt, ante enū eō magātum est nēctis, quod magātum est. |
| | 1:4 In eō līpum vore, ante līpum vore lūctum lūbium. |
| | </poem> |
| | |
| | ==Semantic drifts== |
| | ===Truth=== |
| | *true/proof > guilt |
| | *to stand, to stay, to be straight up > to be true |
| | *true/show/prove > to vindicate > to win |
|
| |
|
| ==PIE in Hebrew== | | ==Dakelh/Tlingit inspired Dodellic== |
| This Hebrew abjadic script is based on the glottalic theory: "voiced" stops are written as Hebrew emphatic consonants, and "breathy voiced" stops are written as voiced stops. Also note that the "palatal" series of stops is transcribed with the Hebrew affricate series (thus showing a coincidental Satem bias).
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
| | ==Bylȳn== |
| !colspan="8"|'''Consonants'''
| | [[Main_Page/Themsarian]] |
| |-
| | |
| ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
| | put in Dodellic; Wdm substrate |
| ! rowspan="2" | [[labial consonant|Labial]]
| | |
| ! rowspan="2" | [[coronal consonant|Coronal]]
| | phonology: |
| ! colspan=3| [[dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
| | */m n p b t d tš dž k g (glottal stop) f s š x H h v z ž r l/ {{angbr|m n p b t d ť ď k g q f s š ch x h v z ž r l}} |
| ! rowspan="2" | [[Laryngeal theory|Laryngeal]]
| | */a e i u y a: e: i: u: y: ai au iə uə/ {{angbr|a e i u y aa ee ii uu yy ai au ie ua}} |
| |-
| | **Responsible for Wdm vowel shift: *u > ü, *o > u, *a > o, *ä > a |
| ! <small>palatal</small>
| | *pitch accent |
| ! <small>plain</small>
| | |
| ! <small>labial</small>
| | ==Trician doublets== |
| |-
| | *Thensarian ardlaccātom > atxagátañ (via Nurian) ~ dlahgað (via Tigol) ~ glyçád (via glăchad) ~ plahad (via Clofabosin placadin) - various stringed instruments |
| ! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| | *Pida (Mărotłian teacher) ~ pda (Dr.) ~ Modern Wdm. pra (honorific pronoun) |
| | {{heb|מ}} *{{PIE|m}}
| |
| | {{heb|נ}} *{{PIE|n}}
| |
| | || || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan=3| [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
| |
| ! <small>voiceless</small>
| |
| | {{heb|פ}} *{{PIE|p}}
| |
| | {{heb|ת}} *{{PIE|t}}
| |
| | {{heb|ס}} *{{PIE|ḱ}}
| |
| | {{heb|כ}} *{{PIE|k}}
| |
| | {{heb|כ׳}} *{{PIE|kʷ}}
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>voiced/ejective?</small>
| |
| | ({{heb|פ׳}} *{{PIE|b}})
| |
| | {{heb|ט}} *{{PIE|d}}
| |
| | {{heb|צ}} *{{PIE|ǵ}}
| |
| | {{heb|ק}} *{{PIE|g}}
| |
| | {{heb|ק׳}} *{{PIE|gʷ}}
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>(breathy) voiced</small>
| |
| | {{heb|ב}} *{{PIE|bʰ}}
| |
| | {{heb|ד}} *{{PIE|dʰ}}
| |
| | {{heb|ז}} *{{PIE|ǵʰ}}
| |
| | {{heb|ג}} *{{PIE|gʰ}}
| |
| | {{heb|ג׳}} *{{PIE|gʷʰ}}
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| |
| |
| |
| | {{heb|ש}} *{{PIE|s}}
| |
| | || ||
| |
| | {{heb|א}} *Ø<BR/>{{heb|ה}} *{{PIE|h₁}}<BR/>{{heb|ע}} *{{PIE|h₂}}<BR/>{{heb|ע׳}} *{{PIE|h₃}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" | [[liquid consonant|Liquid]]
| |
| |
| |
| | {{heb|ר}} *{{PIE|r}}<BR/>{{heb|ל}} *{{PIE|l}}
| |
| | || || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" | [[Semivowel]]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | {{heb|י}} *{{PIE|y}}
| |
| |
| |
| | {{heb|ו}} *{{PIE|w}}
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| | ==Silly language family trees== |
| | *Trigonic languages |
| | **Sinitic |
| | ***Mandarin |
| | ***Cantonese |
| | ****Schwyzerdütsch |
| | ***Sinaitic |
| | ****Phoenician |
| | *****Greek |
| | ******Inuktitut |
| | **Coshitic |
| | ***Vietnamese |
| | ****Sinh |
| | ****Tanh |
| | ****Sech |
| | ***Hyperbolgarian |
| | ***Beta |
| | ***Proto-Afro-Asiatic |
| | **Deltan languages (aka Newtono-Leibnizic) |
| | ***Hessian German |
| | ***Turingian German |
| | ****[[Tyrith]] (from older ''*Türiŋit'') |
| | ****Lambda calculus |
| | ****Mathematica |
| | ****C++ |
| | *****Sanskrit |
| | **Triforcian languages |
| | ***Hylian |
| | ****Tritriforcian languages |
| | *****Tritritriforcian languages |
| | ******... |
| | *******Sierpińskian |
|
| |
|
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width:250px; text-align: center;"
| | ==Qiala Gaivuan's Dwarvish== |
| |-
| | Wäßßmerian/Highlands Wiobian consonant shift (stolen wholesale from High German consonant shift): |
| !colspan="2"|Ablaut grades
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{heb|אֶ}} *{{PIE|e}}||{{heb|אָ}} *{{PIE|o}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{heb|אֵ}} *{{PIE|ē}}||{{heb|אֹ}} *{{PIE|ō}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |colspan="2"|{{heb|אְ}} *Ø
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Schleicher's fable===
| | Phase 1 (final or intervocallic): |
| <p align=center>{{heb|<big>עָ֫וְיְש הֶ֫סְוׂשךֶ׳</big>}}</p>
| | /p/ > /f/ <''f''> |
| | /t/ > /s/ <''ß''> |
| | /c/ > /ç/ > later /z/ bzw. /ʃ/ <''s/sch''> |
| | /k/ > /x/ > later /χ/ <''ch''> |
|
| |
|
| <p align=center><big>h<sub>2</sub>ówis h<sub>1</sub>ék’wōsk<sup>w</sup>e</big></p>
| | Phase 2 (initial, geminated or after a resonant) |
| | /p/ > /pf/ <''pf''> |
| | /t/ > /ts/ <''ßß''> > word initially /s/ <''ß''> |
| | /c/ > /cç/ > later /''tʃ''/ <zsch> |
| | /k/ > /kx/ > later /''χ''/ <ch> |
|
| |
|
| <p align=center>{{heb|עָ֫וְיְש, יֶ֫שְמְין עְוְלְעְנֶ֫ע נֶאֶ֫הֶשְת, טֶטָרְסֶ הֶ֫סְוָנְש, תָ֫ם, וָ֫זָם קֶ֫׳רְעְוְם וֶ֫זָנְתְם, תָ֫ם, בָ֫רָם מֶ֫צָעְם, תָ֫ם, דְזֶ֫מָנְם עָאְסְ֫ו בֶ֫רָנְתְם. עָ֫וְיְש הֶ֫סְוָבָש אֶוֶוְכֶ׳(ת): סֵרְט עְגְנְוְתָי מָי וְיְטְנְתֶ֫י דְזְמָ֫נְם הֶ֫סְוָנְש עֶ֫זצָנְתְם. הֶ֫סְוׂש הֶוֶוְך׳: סְלְוְדְי, עָוְי! סֵרְט עְגְנְוְתָי וְיְטְנְתְבָ֫ש: דְזֶ֫מֹ(ן), פָ֫תְיְס, עְוְלְנֶ֫עְם עָ֫וְיָם כְ׳נֶוְתְי שֶ֫בָי גִ֫׳רְמָם וֶ֫שְתְרָם; עֶ֫וְיְבָשךֶ׳ וְלְעְנֶ֫ע נֶ֫הֶסְתְי. תָ֫ט סֶסְלְוְוׂ֫ש עָ֫וְיְש עֶ֫צְרָם אֶבְוְקֶ(ת).}}</p> | | Phase 3 |
| | /b/ > /p/ fortis or lenis <''p''> |
| | /d/ > /t/ fortis or lenis <''t''> |
| | /ɟ/ > /c/ fortis or lenis <''z''> |
| | /g/ > /k/ fortis or lenis <''k''> |
|
| |
|
| <p align=center>h<sub>2</sub>ówis, (H)jésmin h<sub>2</sub>wlh<sub>2</sub>néh<sub>2</sub> ne éh<sub>1</sub>est, dedork’e (h<sub>1</sub>)ék’wons, tóm, wóg’<sup>h</sup>om g<sup>w</sup>érh<sub>2</sub>um wég’<sup>h</sup>ontm, tóm, b<sup>h</sup>órom még’oh<sub>2</sub>m, tóm, d<sup>h</sup>g’<sup>h</sup>émonm h<sub>2</sub>oHk’ú b<sup>h</sup>érontm. h<sub>2</sub>ówis (h<sub>1</sub>)ék’wob<sup>h</sup>os ewewk<sup>w</sup>e(t): k’ḗrd h<sub>2</sub>g<sup>h</sup>nutoj moj widntéj d<sup>h</sup>g’<sup>h</sup>mónm (h<sub>1</sub>)ék’wons h<sub>2</sub>ég’ontm. (h<sub>1</sub>)ék’wōs ewewk<sup>w</sup>: k’lud<sup>h</sup>í, h<sub>2</sub>ówi! k’ḗrd h<sub>2</sub>g<sup>h</sup>nutoj widntb<sup>h</sup>ós: d<sup>h</sup>g’<sup>h</sup>émō(n), pótis, h<sub>2</sub>wlnéh<sub>2</sub>m h<sub>2</sub>ówjom k<sup>w</sup>newti séb<sup>h</sup>oj g<sup>wh</sup>érmom wéstrom; h<sub>2</sub>éwib<sup>h</sup>osk<sup>w</sup>e h<sub>2</sub>wlh<sub>2</sub>néh<sub>2</sub> né h<sub>1</sub>esti. Tód k’ek’luwṓs h<sub>2</sub>ówis h<sub>2</sub>ég’rom eb<sup>h</sup>uge(t).</p>
| | Other changes: |
| | /θ~ð/ > /d/ > later lenis /t/ <''d''> |
| | /f~v/ > /b/ > later lenis /p/ <''b''> (after a vowel) |
| | /sk, çk/ > sch /ʃ/ |
| | Auslautverhärtung |
|
| |
|
| ==Wiobian/de==<!-- | | ==Paucal of humility== |
| Unter dem Begriff '''wiobische Sprache(n)''' (deutsche Aussprache: /ˈviːobɪʃ/ oder /ˈwiːobɪʃ/, bitte!) versteht man eine divergente Gruppe von eng verwandten aber gegenseitig nicht verständlichen gamedanischen Sprachen, die aus dem Proto-Wiobischen abstammen:
| | There are three numbers: singular ({{sc|sg}}) representing one object, paucal ({{sc|pc}}) for a few, and plural ({{sc|pl}}) for many. The paucal form usually denotes two to nine items, but the boundary between paucal and plural is quite fluid; a paucal could be used for a larger number for contrast with a much larger number of things. The plural number in pronouns also serves as an honorific; complementarily, using paucal pronouns where a plural is expected entails a "dishonorific", humble or pejorative meaning. |
| *Proto-Wiobisch
| | ==Something with my old Tsjoen grammar== |
| **"Altwiobisch" (die altwiobische Koiné)
| | Txapoalli? Naquic? |
| ***Modernes Hochwiobisch (Großwiobisch), die moderne Standardsprache, die auf dem in der Hauptstadt ''Tußtefar'' gesprochenen Dialekt basiert
| |
| ***Gauf-Dialekt, der zweitgrößte Dialekt
| |
| ***Kurmer-Dialekt, in dem Kurmer-Gebirge gesprochen
| |
| ***Bäntli-Dialekt
| |
| ***Watmer-Dialekt, bekannt wegen seines Konservatismus
| |
| **Andere altwiobische Dialekte (oder Sprachen?)
| |
| Das Altwiobische gilt als klassische Sprache: es ist die Sprache des wichtigsten monotheistischen Kulturkreises der Ħèregrem-Welt. (Und es ist ja das Germanisch von der gamedanischen Familie! Wie cool ist das?) Seit ihrer Geburt übten allerdings analytische, ein- oder eineinhalbsilbige (mit Wörtern, die aus eine unbetonte Vorsilbe, gefolgt von einer betonten Vollsilbe, bestehen) Nachbarsprachen (ähnlich den Tai-Kadai-, sinotibetischen und austroasiatischen Sprachen in unserer Welt) einen großen Einfluss auf die wiobische Sprache aus. Daher weist Neuwiobsch eine Art von Diglossie auf: das Neuwiobische wird nach der altwiobischen Aussprache geschrieben, die moderne Aussprache weicht jedoch erheblich von jene des Altwiobischen ab, mit fünf Tönen und einer stark beschränkten Silbenstruktur.
| |
| ===Schrift=== | |
| Die wiobische Schrift ist ein Alphabet wie das themsarische Alphabet.
| |
|
| |
|
| Die wiobische Schrift besitzt ein Zeichen namens ''Lusk-Prann'' ('Bindestrich') und eins namens ''Je-Huy'' (wörtl. 'Und-Platz'). Der ''Lusk-Prann'' verbindet ein Nomen im Genitiv mit dem von diesem besessenen Nomen. Das ''Je-Huy'' verbindet Bestandteile eines koordinativen Nominal- oder Verbkompositums.
| | ==Manxome (Manx-Hmoob hybrid)== |
| | A close relative of Skellan with the GVS? Or is this just Ko? |
|
| |
|
| ===Historische Phonologie===
| | Cedilla and double vowel mania |
| ====Von Protogamedanisch bis Altwiobisch====
| |
| ====Altwiobische Phonologie====
| |
| =====Konsonanten=====
| |
| =====Vokale=====
| |
| ====Von Altwiobisch bis Mittelwiobisch====
| |
| ====Mittelwiobische Phonologie====
| |
| =====Anlaute=====
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |+ '''Mittelwiobische Anlaute'''
| |
| ! colspan="2"|
| |
| ! | Labial
| |
| ! | Alveolar
| |
| ! | Lateral
| |
| ! | Retroflex
| |
| ! | Palatal
| |
| ! | Velar
| |
| ! | Glottal
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Nasal
| |
| ! | <small>stimmlos</small>
| |
| | /m̥/
| |
| | /n̥/
| |
| |
| |
| | /ɳ̊/
| |
| | /ɲ̊/
| |
| | /ŋ̊/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! | <small>stimmhaft</small>
| |
| | /m/
| |
| | /n/
| |
| | /nˡ/
| |
| | /ɳ/
| |
| | /ɲ/
| |
| | /ŋ/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="3" |Plosiv/Affrikat
| |
| ! | <small>tenuis</small>
| |
| | /p/
| |
| | /t/
| |
| | /tɬ/
| |
| | /ʈ/
| |
| | /tɕ/
| |
| | /k/
| |
| | /ʔ/
| |
| |-
| |
| ! | <small>stimmhaft</small>
| |
| | /b/
| |
| | /d/
| |
| | /dɮ/
| |
| | /ɖ/
| |
| | /dʑ/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! | <small>aspiriert</small>
| |
| | /pʰ/
| |
| | /tʰ/
| |
| | /tɬʰ/
| |
| | /ʈʰ/
| |
| | /tɕʰ/
| |
| | /kʰ/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="2" |Frikativ
| |
| ! | <small>stimmlos</small>
| |
| | /f/
| |
| | /s/
| |
| | /ɬ/
| |
| | /ʂ/
| |
| | /ɕ/
| |
| | /x/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! | <small>stimmhaft</small>
| |
| | /v/
| |
| | /z/
| |
| |
| |
| | /ʐ/
| |
| | /ʑ/
| |
| | /ɣ/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |Approximant
| |
| | /w/
| |
| |
| |
| | /l/
| |
| |
| |
| | /j/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ======Anlautwechsel in Mittelwiobisch======
| | Mix in a little Dutch? |
| In Mittelwiobisch sind ursprünglich unbetonte Präfixe schon früh abgefallen, haben jedoch morphologischen Anlautwechsel in ursprünglich betonten Wortstämmen hinterlassen. Ursprünglich betonte Präfixe (wie etwa ''i-'', 'un-') und Kompositum-Bestandteile werden immer noch ausgesprochen und werden hier fett dargestellt.
| |
|
| |
|
| =======Lenition======= | | ==IE conlang ideas== |
| Diese Anlautmutation verursachen z. B. die Präfixe ''be-'', ''ge-'', ''ger-'', '''''i-''''', wenn der Wortstamm in einem ursprünglich stimmhaften (nun aspirierten) Plosiv beginnt.
| | *'want' from bhr-h1s- (bear-DES) |
| | *"try 1SG-ACC VERB-INF" = try to VERB me (actually looks pretty german) |
|
| |
|
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
| | =="Ah, meine Treußer" gibs== |
| |-
| | *Săchał yang hălsreaf chrăthüng fi pdath yas măfongșor! Wănguas fi binreach wangsăfab thearłăsab făneyșumab pălontumab acsitumab gopliximab fizoraximab prozamumab cabituzumab... Ah, endocebuxin! |
| ! Anlaut
| | *sčʼutaʔɬ čəd dzəlxʷʔad ʔal kʷi sqʷadbəʔid! shuʔədəb šiƛ̕x̌adil stab dzastidil balustadil xʷəʔsdətapril kʷinapazil bəsmanadil quizoradil daquinadil sperotidil prolixudil... Ah, endolucrifen! |
| ! /pʰ/
| |
| ! /tʰ/ | |
| ! /tɬʰ/ | |
| ! /ʈʰ/ | |
| ! /tɕʰ/ | |
| ! /kʰ/
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Leniert
| |
| | /v/
| |
| | /z/
| |
| | /l/
| |
| | /ʐ/
| |
| | /ʑ/
| |
| | /ɣ/
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| =======Nasalisierung======= | | ==Some old gibs== |
| Diese Mutation verursachen Präfixe, die in einem Nasalkonsonanten enden, z. B. die Präfixe ''en-'' und ''wen-''.
| | Neuber und Seigen driechen das Fauensammer. |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
| | Und Pfurges ummärten den Sieberschmüstchen |
| |-
| | der Meichtel und die kreuge haben den Ofel angeschninkelt! |
| ! Phonem | | der Strahme der hüffneden ist an síreochta dréag agus fhóineocht. |
| ! /p/
| | (irish gib is also easy to adapt) |
| ! /pʰ/
| | Und dauchte die Miegung. |
| ! /f/
| | Agus sráineann an mhóilte i bhfáirdeacha. |
| ! /t/
| | An dtrídeach tú leim an mheidreach? |
| ! /tʰ/
| | und die dréanoigh na chloiste is clóireach |
| ! /s/
| | makk praom krenn tae leontóin agus dreangachtaí |
| ! /tɬ/
| | Zohnung schweifen der mahl tröhnen |
| ! /tɬʰ/
| | Cáróidh meim fhíreasá sróidheamh táin a chúloigh a fháir a cheim |
| ! /ɬ//
| | sróitreáneidh na pradhaoibhiú té bheir sa dhímeá 'bhifeóirsi tha |
| ! /ʈ/
| |
| ! /ʈʰ/
| |
| ! /ʂ/
| |
| ! /tɕ/
| |
| ! /tɕʰ/
| |
| ! /ɕ/
| |
| ! /k/
| |
| ! /kʰ/
| |
| ! /w/
| |
| ! /x/
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Nasalisiert
| |
| | /b/
| |
| | /m/
| |
| | /v/
| |
| | /d/
| |
| | /n/
| |
| | /z/
| |
| | /dɮ/
| |
| | /nˡ/
| |
| | /l/
| |
| | /ɖ/
| |
| | /ɳ/
| |
| | /ʐ/
| |
| | /dʑ/
| |
| | /ɲ/
| |
| | /ʑ/
| |
| |colspan="3"| /ŋ/
| |
| | /ɣ/, /ŋ/
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ======="Verstimmhaftung"=======
| | Pirandetam ver ketassinosin ket ligerinogenine |
| Diese Mutation verursachen dieselben Präfixe, die die Mutation Lenition verursachen, wenn der Stamm in bestimmten (stimmlosen) Frikativen beginnt. Diese könnte daher als Untertyp der Lenition betrachtet werden.
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
| | Du sümmelst so gapfer an, wenn du in solch schnöpfen, geschrammten Hückeln inframierst! Ich ingräliere dir, indem ich dir einen Beschlaubszwicher antabere. Ich möchte dir einen schlaarige Garulierer anzülfen, damit du in gezührigen Anschniegsgahmen verschnülzern kannst. |
| |-
| |
| ! Phonem | |
| ! /f/
| |
| ! /s/
| |
| ! /ɫ/*
| |
| ! /ʂ/*
| |
| ! /ɕ/
| |
| ! /x/**
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Mutiert
| |
| | /v/
| |
| | /z/
| |
| | /l/
| |
| | /ʐ/
| |
| | /ʑ/
| |
| | /ɣ/
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| <nowiki>*</nowiki> Präfixe und Kompositum-Bestandteile, die nicht produktiv sind, mutieren diese Anlaute eventuell nicht.<br/>
| | die Anschrängerungen verkiech die Redangierungen, indem sie deren Gespalchsfeunungen rekredabierte. |
| <nowiki>**</nowiki> Bei diesen Anlauten gibt es Ausnahmen, in denen der letzte Konsonant der Präfix den Anlaut vollständig ersetzt, anstatt den ursprünglichen Anlaut zu mutieren.
| | Der Aufschlied zwand die Mäste, um ihrer Begeifigungen zu verknieren. |
| | Αν ο φαγγαλος τεθεγμασται την ψαθην και τον κιμαρρον! |
| | Αναι μεν γαρ δεδαγγασμενοι ηλετησαν ινε τον φραθμον. |
| | Ο φιστώτης και η νίψ κεκλαμμένοι εισίν. |
|
| |
|
| ======="Verstimmlosung"=======
| | Sʼeik beih Đâh kglumm gnüar Haem Päh jehn knuck Lö Mott nihr ngå Pluh Reaz Sra Ksaot teap klav Waü Zeay Þael |
| Diese Mutation verursachen Präfixe wie ''deß-, les-'' bei Wörtern, die mit einem Nasal, Resonant oder aspirierten Plosiv beginnen.
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
| | Azz kemm jick gno Sruck bâzz skång mäch dö' Lümm dak mihn mu påhng Sjä Kbael Pfeiz rao Smau tngaör zbaü lean Sek Woh tböhng sia Koas Tuah Gnüang |
| |-
| |
| ! Phoneme
| |
| ! /m/
| |
| ! /pʰ/
| |
| ! /n/
| |
| ! /tʰ/
| |
| ! /nˡ/
| |
| ! /tɬʰ/
| |
| ! /l/
| |
| ! /ɳ/
| |
| ! /ʈʰ/
| |
| ! /ʐ/
| |
| ! /ɲ/
| |
| ! /tɕʰ/
| |
| ! /j/
| |
| ! /ŋ/
| |
| ! /kʰ/
| |
| ! /w/
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Mutiert
| |
| | /m̥/
| |
| | /p/
| |
| | /n̥/
| |
| | /t/
| |
| | /ɬ/
| |
| | /tɬ/
| |
| | /ɬ/
| |
| | /ɳ̊/
| |
| | /ʈ/
| |
| | /ʂ/
| |
| | /ɲ̊/
| |
| | /tɕ/
| |
| | /ɕ/
| |
| | /ŋ̊/
| |
| | /k/
| |
| | /x/
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| =====Reime===== | | ==Scope of negation== |
| ====Von Mittelwiobisch bis modernes Hochwiobisch====
| | different negative markers for scope |
| ====Neuwiobische Phonologie====
| |
| =====Anlaute=====
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
| | ==Llanfair...gogogoch gib== |
| |+ '''Anlaute im modernen Hochwiobischen'''
| | Reduplication (goch > gogogoch) |
| ! colspan="2"|
| |
| ! | Labial
| |
| ! | Alveolar
| |
| ! | Lateral
| |
| ! | Retroflex
| |
| ! | Palatal
| |
| ! | Velar
| |
| ! | Glottal
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" | Nasal
| |
| | /m/
| |
| | /n/
| |
| | /nˡ/
| |
| |
| |
| | /ɲ/
| |
| | /ŋ/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="2" |Plosiv/Affrikat
| |
| ! | <small>tenuis</small>
| |
| | /p/
| |
| | /t/
| |
| | /tɬ/
| |
| | /ʈʂ/
| |
| | /tɕ/
| |
| | /k/
| |
| | /ʔ/
| |
| |-
| |
| ! | <small>aspiriert</small>
| |
| | /pʰ/
| |
| | /tʰ/
| |
| | /tɬʰ/
| |
| | /ʈʂʰ/
| |
| | /tɕʰ/
| |
| | /kʰ/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |Frikativ
| |
| | /f/
| |
| | /s/
| |
| | /ɬ/
| |
| | /ʂ/
| |
| | /ɕ/
| |
| |colspan="2"|/x~h/
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |Approximant
| |
| | /w/
| |
| |
| |
| | /l/
| |
| | /ʐ/
| |
| | /j/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| =====Reime===== | | ==Fyxámian national anthem== |
| ===Grammatik=== | | ===Eevo=== |
| ====Typologie==== | | ===English translation=== |
| Typologisch ist Wiobisch eine SVO-Sprache, welche Präpositionen bevorzugt. Nominale Attribute wie Adjektive, Possessive, und Relativsätze werden jedoch ''vor'' dem Nomen gestellt.
| | ====Verse 1==== |
| | <poem> |
| | [...] |
| | [...] |
| | ''From antipode to antipode'' |
| | ''Men of thy deeds do sing.'' |
| | </poem> |
| | ====Refrain==== |
|
| |
|
| ====Flexion==== | | ==Book and paper titles in Eevo== |
| '''Nota bene:''' Ein hochgestelltes <sup>U</sup> bezeichnet, dass der Wortstamm Umlaut erfährt. | | *(''A Bound for the Number of Points on Elliptic Curves over Finite Fields'') |
| | *(''Spectral Sequences of Algebraic Varieties'') |
| | *''Mroga-xiv ry blwhir jybinþylisár ar jonda jynéeb'' (''Zeta Functions of Algebraic Curves over Finite Fields'') (fT 2259) |
| | *''Regular Temperaments'' |
|
| |
|
| Altwiobisch verfügte über ein Flexionssystem, das Substantive in 2 Numeri und 5 Kasus deklinierte und Verben mit Personal-Suffixe konjugierte. In der gesprochenen Sprache haben diese Affixe schnell erodiert und sind meist gänzlich verloren gegangen oder nur in der Form von Anlaut- bzw. Tonwechsel erhalten geblieben. Seit der Reform der wiobischen Rechtschreibung im Jahre 1811 v.C. werden Personal-, Kasus- und Numerus-Affixe in Substantive, Adjektive und Verben nicht mehr verwendet.
| | ==Primitive Seargais== |
| =====Pronomina===== | |
| Personalpronomina werden noch im Neuwiobischen flektiert:
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 450px; text-align: center;"
| | <poem> |
| |+'''Personalpronomina'''
| | long vowels: |
| !style="width:90px;"|Person →
| | a: e: i: o: u: æ: ø: y: from |
| ! colspan="2" |1
| | broad á aí/ai/oi oí/uí/ui ó/ao ú/ua/ui ái ói/aío/aoi úi/oío/uío/uai |
| ! colspan="2" |2
| | slender eá ei/éi/éa í/ia/iai eo iú/io/iu ea/éa/eai/eái eoi iúi/ío |
| |-
| |
| !|Numerus →
| |
| ! rowspan="2" style="width:90px;" |Singular
| |
| ! rowspan="2" style="width:90px;" |Plural
| |
| ! rowspan="2" style="width:90px;" |Singular
| |
| ! rowspan="2" style="width:90px;" |Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Kasus ↓
| |
| |-
| |
| !|{{abbtip|ich|Nominativ}}
| |
| | |{{abbtip|mit kurzem "i"|''in''}}
| |
| | |''ƕind''
| |
| | |''i''
| |
| | |''lind''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|{{abbtip|mich|Akkusativ}}
| |
| | |''inne''
| |
| | |''ƕien''
| |
| | |''ie''
| |
| | |''lien''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|{{abbtip|mein, meiner|Genitiv}}
| |
| | |''inne''
| |
| | |''ƕie''
| |
| | |''ie''
| |
| | |''lie''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|{{abbtip|mir, für mich|Dativ}}
| |
| | |''ins''
| |
| | |''ƕiens''
| |
| | |''ies''
| |
| | |''liens''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|{{abbtip|ich bin es!|Prädikativ}}
| |
| | |''inte''
| |
| | |''ƕinte''
| |
| | |''iete''
| |
| | |''linte''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| =====Substantive=====
| | éa becomes æ: before broad d, n, l and r, and e: elsewhere |
| Im Altwiobischen gibt es viele morphologischen Wege, Pluralformen zu bilden:
| | ui becomes u: before broad d, n, l and r, and i: elsewhere |
|
| |
|
| *Suffixe: ''-e'', ''-t'' oder ''-er'' (ein Kollektiv-Suffix)
| | short vowels: |
| *Präfixe: ''ge-'' oder ''þe-''
| | a e i o u -> a ʲa ʲɨ a ɨ |
| *keine Änderung
| |
| *durch Entfernen des Umlauts aus dem Singularstamm.
| |
|
| |
|
| Substantive werden zumeist dekliniert wie folgt:
| | changes from proto seargais to seargais |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style=" text-align: center;"
| | high vowels move one POA |
| ! colspan="3" | Wiobische Nominalflexion
| | (u -> ü, ü -> i but aü stays put) |
| |-
| | there's the merger |
| ! style="width: 90px;" | Kasus
| | now o becomes u to fill in the gap, a becomes o and æ becomes a |
| ! style="width: 150px;" | Singular
| | a e i o u æ ø y -> |
| ! style="width: 150px;" | Plural
| | o e i u y a ø i |
| |-
| | e -> ə |
| ! Nominativ
| | which triggers i -> ia, ia -> e, y -> i, u -> ɨ, o -> u, a -> ua, ua -> o |
| | [SINGULARSTAMM]''-''Ø || [PLURALSTAMM]''-''Ø
| | so i get |
| |-
| | a e i o u æ ø y ia ua ai au ay -> |
| ! Akkusativ
| | o e i u y a ø i ia ua ai au ay -> |
| | [SINGULARSTAMM]''-e'' || [PLURALSTAMM]''-n''
| | u ə ia ɨ i ua _ ia e o ai au _ |
| |-
| | ø -> ɛ -> a while ay -> aɨ |
| ! Genitiv
| | u ə ia ɨ i ua a ia e o ai au aɨ (i now have all the vowels!) |
| | [SINGULARSTAMM]''-''Ø || [PLURALSTAMM]''-(e)''
| | breathy voice ablaut patterns: |
| |-
| | e/i/ai -> ə/ia/ai |
| ! Dativ
| | o/u/au -> ɨ/i/au |
| | [SINGULARSTAMM]''-s'' || [PLURALSTAMM]''-ns''
| | ö/ü/aü -> a/ia/aɨ |
| |-
| | chaotic! |
| ! Prädikativ | |
| | [SINGULARSTAMM]''-e'' || [PLURALSTAMM]''-''Ø
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| =====Adjektive=====
| | a/ua -> u/o |
| =====Verben=====
| | ä/ia -> ua/e |
| Verben haben drei Stammformen: den Präsens-Stamm, den Präteritum-Stamm und den Verbalnomen-Stamm.
| |
|
| |
|
| Der Präsens-Stamm bildet das Präsens und den Imperativ; er ist mit dem 2. Person Singular Imperativ identisch und ist also die Zitierform. Der Präteritum-Stamm bildet das Präteritum, das jedoch im Neuwiobischen als veraltet gilt. Der Verbalnomen-Stamm ist das Verbalnomen, der die Syntagmen für das Perfekt/Retrospektiv und das Futur bildet.
| | spelling: a e i o u y w = /a e i o u ə ɨ/ |
|
| |
|
| ======Personal-Endungen====== | | short a -> y |
| Im Altwiobischen haben Verben auch Personal-Endungen.
| | short ɨ -> w (very few modern Seargais speakers make the distinction between the short vowels using y for both) |
| | </poem> |
| | ===Seargais superstrate=== |
| | <poem> |
| | same breathy voice pattern except there's a GVS |
| | a e i o u ä ö ü ua ia ai au aü -> |
| | o i ai u au e ü aü uo ie ä a a |
| | compare |
| | u ə ia ɨ i ua a ia e o ai au aɨ |
| | these are heard by seargais speakers as |
| | o i ai u au ə ɨ aɨ e o e a a |
| | </poem> |
| | ===Seargais consonants=== |
| | <poem> |
| | p t q pʰ tʰ χ m n w θ ʟ r tɬ ɬ (broad) |
| | f ts k f ts kʰ m n j s ɬ r tʃ ʃ (slender) |
|
| |
|
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
| | Urú'ed: |
| |-
| | m n ʟ mʰ nʰ χ m n pf θ ʟ r nl tɬ (broad) |
| !colspan="3" | Imperativ-Endungen
| | m n ŋ mʰ nʰ ŋʰ m n f ts ɬ r n tʃ (slender) |
| |-
| | the combined set of phonemes: |
| !style="width: 50px; "|
| | p pʰ t tʰ k kʰ q |
| !style="width: 100px; "|Singular
| | f θ s ɬ ʃ χ |
| !style="width: 100px; "|Plural
| | pf ts tɬ tʃ |
| |-
| | m mʰ n nʰ ŋ ŋʰ nl |
| !|1
| | j w ʟ r |
| |''-''
| | h is missing |
| |[PRÄSENS-STAMM]''-n''
| | broad sm and sn can become h |
| |-
| | urúing to tʰ |
| !|2
| | actually it should stay as θm and θn |
| |[PRÄSENS-STAMM]''-(t)''
| | θm -> voiceless m -> h also works |
| |[PRÄSENS-STAMM]''-l''
| | it doesn't impact the morphology |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| | </poem> |
|
| |
|
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
| | ==Huichaltzah's alien language== |
| |-
| | p pʰ t tʰ ts tsʰ tɬ tɬʰ k kʰ kʟ kʟʰ |
| !colspan="3" | Präsens-Endungen
| | s ɬ x h |
| |-
| | m n ŋ |
| !style="width: 50px; "|
| | l ʟ w j |
| !style="width: 100px; "|Singular
| | a e i o ar er ir or (rhotic vowels) |
| !style="width: 100px; "|Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1
| |
| |[PRÄSENS-STAMM]''<sup>U</sup>-n''
| |
| |[PRÄSENS-STAMM]''-m(e)''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2
| |
| |[PRÄSENS-STAMM]''-e''
| |
| |[PRÄSENS-STAMM]''-l''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3.animate
| |
| |[PRÄSENS-STAMM]''-n''
| |
| |rowspan="2"|[PRÄSENS-STAMM]''<sup>U</sup>-e''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3.inanimate
| |
| |[PRÄSENS-STAMM]''<sup>U</sup>-s''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| | Grammar: Rhotic vowel harmony, CW with many cases |
|
| |
|
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
| | ==Bändli== |
| |-
| | Zulu pseudo-gib |
| !colspan="3" | Präteritum-Endungen
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 50px; "|
| |
| !style="width: 100px; "|Singular
| |
| !style="width: 100px; "|Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1
| |
| |[PRÄTERITUM-STAMM]''-n''
| |
| |[PRÄTERITUM-STAMM]''-m(e)''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2
| |
| |[PRÄTERITUM-STAMM]''-e''
| |
| |[PRÄTERITUM-STAMM]''-l''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3.animate
| |
| |[PRÄTERITUM-STAMM]''-n''
| |
| |[PRÄTERITUM-STAMM]''<sup>U</sup>-e''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3.inanimate
| |
| |colspan="2"|[PRÄTERITUM-STAMM]''-''Ø
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ====Syntax==== | | ===Initials=== |
| ===Dialekte===
| |
| -->
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Semitic notes==
| | schm, m > m, mh |
|
| |
|
| u/i merge: Ge'ez; a/i merge: (kinda) Hebrew; a/u merge: (kinda) Socovíc as of 3/16/2015
| | schn, n > n, nh |
|
| |
|
| ==Or maybe settle for this==
| | schng/kn, ng > ng, ngh |
| {{cardo|iómo, ióma, ióme, iomúma, iomíma, iomíma<br/>
| |
| léla, léla, léla, leláto, leláte, leláte}}
| |
|
| |
|
| | sp, p, b, gep/geb > p, ph, bh, b |
|
| |
|
| {{cardo|ásmoro, ásmor; tásmoro, tásmor; tásmori; iásmoro, iásmor; iásmori; násmoro, násmor; tásmoru; iásmoru}}
| | st, t, d, get/ged > t, th, dh, d |
|
| |
|
| ==North Semlang 2nd try==
| | ŧ, sŧ, đ, geŧ/geđ > qh, q, nqh, gq |
| *still want conditional a/u merger and nasal Vs
| |
| *i-umlaut
| |
| **a, u > ø / _Ci
| |
| **ā > é / _Ci
| |
| **u > ø / _Ci
| |
| **ū > ý / _Ci
| |
| **aw > ǿ / _Ci
| |
| **ay > í / _Ci
| |
| *need to start from triptotic declension here:
| |
|
| |
|
| ===PNSem===
| | k, g, gek/geg > kh, gh, g |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Nominative
| |
| | ''yawmu'' || ''yawmā(mi)'' || ''yawmū(ma)''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Accusative
| |
| | ''yawma'' || ''yawmay(mi)'' || ''yawmī(ma)''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Genitive
| |
| | ''yawmi'' || ''yawmay(mi)'' || ''yawmī(ma)''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Early===
| | r > hh |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Nominative
| |
| | ''jóm'' || ''jómá(mi)'' || ''jómú(m)''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Accusative
| |
| | ''jóm''~''jómi'' || ''jómé(mi)'' || ''jómí(m)''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Genitive
| |
| | ''jómi'' || ''jómé(mi)'' || ''jómí(m)''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Judeo-Indo-Aryan==
| | f, w > f, v |
| A modern Indo-Aryan language spoken by Jews in India.
| |
|
| |
|
| *Use Babylonian Hebrew, not Tiberian Hebrew
| | fl, kl, schl > hl |
| *Differs more from Hindustani than Yiddish does from German
| |
| *Lot of additional palatalization
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Atzòpic==
| | bl, gl > dl |
| {{Infobox language
| |
| |image =
| |
| |imagesize =
| |
| |name = Atzòpic
| |
| |nativename = hìzbut atzòpį
| |
| |pronunciation= [atsəˈpĩ]
| |
| |region =
| |
| |extinct =
| |
| |fam1=Zachydic
| |
| |fam2=Raxo-Talsmic
| |
| |fam3=Ractamic
| |
| |familycolor=zachydic
| |
| |ancestor=Old Atzòpic
| |
| |script= Raxic script
| |
| |iso3=
| |
| |notice=IPA
| |
| }}
| |
|
| |
|
| ''Neguąsitł Linguifeczix, acthìzbutètł dǫsix uicìx!''
| | pfr, fr, tr, kr, schr > kl /x~kx/ |
|
| |
|
| Motivated by Raxic C[+ejective]V > Atzòpic C[-ejective]V[+creaky] - Hence the ejectives disappear.
| | br, dr, gr > gl /ɣ~gɣ/ |
|
| |
|
| /ks/ > /xs/ > /ʃ/
| | j > y |
|
| |
|
| Seven cases:
| | schw > f |
|
| |
|
| *nominative -Ø
| | z, s, sch > s, z, sh |
| *accusative ''-z''
| |
| *genitive ''-c'' (animate sg.?)/''-z'' (inanimate sg.?)/''-u'' (animate pl.?)
| |
| *dative ''-tł''
| |
| *locative-comitative ''-x''
| |
| *ablative ''-ː~'' (nasalized vowel)
| |
| *instrumental ''-ːl''
| |
|
| |
|
| Vowels change according to historical stress positions as well as historical ejective consonants. The Ractamic stress/vowel system start out similarly to Latin, but develop in very different directions.
| | ent- > prenasalization |
|
| |
|
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
| | ===Consonants=== |
| ! colspan="10" | Consonants
| | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
| |- | | |- |
| ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 136px; "| | | ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | |
| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 68px; " |Labial | | ! rowspan="2" | Labial |
| ! colspan="2" style="width: 136px; " |Coronal | | ! colspan="2" | Alveolar |
| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 68px; " |Palatal | | ! rowspan="2" | Palatal |
| ! colspan="2" style="width: 136px; " |Velar | | ! rowspan="2" | Velar |
| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 68px; " |Uvular | | ! rowspan="2" | Glottal |
| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
| |
| |- | | |- |
| ! style="width:68px;" |<small>central</small> | | ! central |
| ! style="width:68px;" |<small>lateral</small> | | ! lateral |
| ! style="width:68px;" |<small>plain</small>
| |
| ! style="width:68px;" |<small>labialized</small>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| ! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal | | ! rowspan="4" | Click |
| | '''m''' /m/ | | ! plain |
| | '''n''' /n/ | | | |
| | | |
| | | | | |
| | | {{IPA|ǃ}} |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |- |
| | ! aspirated |
| | | |
| | | | | |
| | <span style="color:gray;">[ŋ]</span>
| |
| | | | | |
| | | {{IPA|ǃʰ}} |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |- |
| | ! nasalised |
| | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | {{IPA|ᵑǃ}} |
| | | |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! rowspan="2" style="" |Plosive | | ! breathy nasalised |
| ! |<small>tenuis</small>
| | | |
| | '''p''' /p/ | | | |
| | '''t''' /t/ | |
| | | | | |
| | | {{IPA|ᶢǃʱ}} |
| | | | | |
| | '''c''' /k/
| |
| | '''qu''' /kʷ/
| |
| | | | | |
| | '''h''' /ʔ/
| |
| |- | | |- |
| ! |<small>aspirated</small> | | ! rowspan="2" | Nasal |
| | '''b''' /pʰ/ | | ! plain |
| | '''d''' /tʰ/ | | | {{IPA|m}} |
| | | {{IPA|n}} |
| | | |
| | | | | |
| | | ŋ |
| | | | | |
| | '''g''' /kʰ/ | | |- |
| | '''gu''' /kʷʰ/ | | ! breathy |
| | | {{IPA|mʱ}} |
| | | {{IPA|nʱ}} |
| | | |
| | | | | |
| | | {{IPA|ŋʱ}} |
| | | | | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative | | ! rowspan="4" | Stop |
| | '''f''' /f/ | | ! voiceless |
| | '''z''' /s~z/ | | | {{IPA|p}} |
| | '''ł''' /ɬ/ | | | {{IPA|t}} |
| | '''x''' /ʃ/ | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| |<span style="color:gray;">[ʰ~ɦ]</span>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| ! rowspan="2" style="" |Affricate | | ! aspirated |
| ! |<small>tenuis</small> | | | {{IPA|pʰ}} |
| | | {{IPA|tʰ}} |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | {{IPA|kʰ}} |
| | | |
| | |- |
| | ! breathy |
| | | {{IPA|b}} |
| | | {{IPA|d}} |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | {{IPA|ɡ}} |
| | | |
| | |- |
| | ! implosive |
| | | {{IPA|ɓ}} |
| | | ɗ |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | ɠ |
| | | |
| | |- |
| | ! rowspan="2" | Fricative |
| | ! voiceless |
| | | {{IPA|f}} |
| | | {{IPA|s}} |
| | | {{IPA|ɬ}} |
| | | {{IPA|ʃ}} |
| | | x |
| | | {{IPA|h}} |
| | |- |
| | ! breathy |
| | | {{IPA|v}} |
| | | {{IPA|z}} |
| | | {{IPA|ɮ}} |
| | | |
| | | ɣ |
| | | {{IPA|ɦ}} |
| | |- |
| | ! rowspan="2" | Approximant |
| | ! plain |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | {{IPA|l}} |
| | | {{IPA|j}} |
| | | | | |
| | '''tz''' /ts/
| |
| | '''tł''' /tɬ/
| |
| | '''tx''' /tʃ/
| |
| |
| |
| | | | | |
| | |} |
| | |
| | ===Vowels=== |
| | i ï u e ë o ä a /i ɨ u e ə o æ ɑ/ |
| | |
| | ===Tones=== |
| | No tone |
| | |
| | ==Some Clofablang== |
| | *Vowels: æ ɪ i ʌ ə ʊ ʉ |
| | *Vowel harmony groups: |
| | **high tense: i ʉ |
| | **high lax: ɪ ʊ |
| | **low: æ ʌ |
| | **ə is neutral |
| | |
| | ==Russo-Salish== |
| | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" |
| | |- |
| | !rowspan="2" colspan="2"| |
| | !colspan="2" | Labial |
| | !colspan="2" | Alveolar |
| | !rowspan="2" | Retroflex |
| | !colspan="2" | Velar |
| | !rowspan="2" | Glottal |
| | |- |
| | ! <small>hard</small> |
| | ! <small>soft</small> |
| | ! <small>hard</small> |
| | ! <small>soft</small> |
| | ! <small>soft</small> |
| | ! <small>hard</small> |
| | |- |
| | !rowspan="2"| Nasal |
| | !<small>glottalized</small> |
| | | || |
| | | n̪ʼ || nʲʼ |
| | | |
| | | ŋʲʼ |
| | | ŋʼ |
| | | |
| | |- |
| | !<small>plain</small> |
| | | m || mʲ |
| | | n̪ || nʲ |
| | | |
| | | ŋʲ |
| | | ŋ |
| | | |
| | |- |
| | !rowspan="3" | Stop |
| | !<small>plain</small> |
| | | || |
| | | t̪ || tʲ |
| | | |
| | | kʲ |
| | | k |
| | | ʔ |
| | |- |
| | !<small>ejective</small> |
| | | || |
| | | t̪ʼ || tʲʼ |
| | | |
| | | kʲʼ |
| | | kʼ |
| | | |
| | |- |
| | !<small>voiced</small> |
| | | b || bʲ |
| | | d̪ || dʲ |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |- |
| | !rowspan="3" | Affricate |
| | !<small>plain</small> |
| | | || |
| | | ts || tsʲ |
| | | tʂ |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |- |
| | !<small>ejective</small> |
| | | || |
| | | tsʼ || tsʲʼ |
| | | tʂʼ |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |- |
| | !<small>voiced</small> |
| | | || |
| | | dz || dzʲ |
| | | dʐ |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | | | |
| | |- |
| | !rowspan="2"|Fricative |
| | !<small>voiceless</small> |
| | | f || fʲ |
| | | s || sʲ |
| | | ʂ |
| | | xʲ |
| | | x |
| | | h |
| | |- |
| | !<small>voiced</small> |
| | | v || vʲ |
| | | z || zʲ |
| | | ʐ |
| | | ɣʲ |
| | | ɣ |
| | | | | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! |<small>aspirated</small> | | !rowspan=2| Approximant |
| | !<small>glottalized</small> |
| | | || |
| | | lˠʼ || lʲʼ |
| | | |
| | | jʼ |
| | | |
| | | | | |
| | '''dz''' /tsʰ/ | | |- |
| | '''dł''' /tɬʰ/ | | !<small>plain</small> |
| | '''dx''' /tʃʰ/ | | | || |
| | | lˠ || lʲ |
| | | |
| | | j |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | |} |
| | |
| | |
| | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" |
| | ! style="width: 90px; "| |
| | ! style="width: 90px; " |Front |
| | ! style="width: 90px; " |Central |
| | ! style="width: 90px; " |Back |
| | |- |
| | ! style="" |Close |
| | | i |
| | | |
| | | u |
| | |- |
| | ! style="" |Mid |
| | | |
| | | ə |
| | | |
| | |- |
| | ! style="" |Open |
| | | |
| | | a |
| | | |
| | |} |
| | |
| | ==Salish + Old Chinese== |
| | m n ŋ ŋʷ |
| | mʼ nʼ ŋʼ ŋʷʼ |
| | p t ts k kʷ q qʷ ʔ |
| | pʼ tʼ tsʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ |
| | b d dz g gʷ ɢ ɢʷ |
| | s r rʼ l lʼ (+ phar'd versions of each) |
| | a e i o u ə |
| | |
| | ==CW language sketch== |
| | m n |
| | p t ts k q |
| | b d dz g |
| | s h ʀ |
| | w l r j |
| | |
| | i u |
| | e o |
| | æ a |
| | |
| | ==Some auxlang?== |
| | ===Consonants=== |
| | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; text-align:center;" |
| | |+ '''Consonants''' |
| | ! colspan="2" | |
| | ! |Labial |
| | ! |Coronal |
| | ! |Palatal |
| | ! |Velar |
| | ! |Glottal |
| | |- |
| | ! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal |
| | | '''m''' /m/ |
| | | '''n''' /n/ |
| | | | | |
| | | '''ŋ''' /ŋ/ |
| | | |
| | |- |
| | ! rowspan="2" |Plosive |
| | ! |<small>unaspirated</small> |
| | | '''b''' /p/ |
| | | '''d''' /t/ |
| | | '''j''' /tɕ/ |
| | | '''g''' /k/ |
| | | | | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! colspan="2" style="" |Approximant | | ! |<small>aspirated</small> |
| | | '''p''' /pʰ/ |
| | | '''t''' /tʰ/ |
| | | '''ch''' /tɕʰ/ |
| | | '''k''' /kʰ/ |
| | | | | |
| | '''s''' /ɹ/ | | |- |
| | '''l''' /l/ | | ! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative |
| | | '''f''' /f/ |
| | | '''s''' /s/ |
| | | '''sh''' /ɕ/ |
| | | '''kh''' /x/ |
| | | '''h''' /h/ |
| | |- |
| | ! colspan="2" |Approximant |
| | | '''w''' /w~v/ |
| | | '''l''' /l/; '''r''' /r/ |
| | '''y''' /j/ | | | '''y''' /j/ |
| | | | | |
| | '''u''' /w/
| |
| | | | | |
| |
| |
| |- | | |- |
| ! colspan="2" style="" |Trill | | ! colspan="2" |Trill |
| | | | | |
| | '''r''' /r/ | | | '''r''' /r/ |
| Line 759: |
Line 779: |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | |} |
| | |
| | ===Vowels=== |
| | |
| | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" |
| | |+ '''Vowels''' |
| | |- |
| | ! style="width: 60px; "| |
| | ! style="width: 60px; " |Front |
| | ! style="width: 60px; " |Central |
| | ! style="width: 60px; " |Back |
| | |- |
| | ! style="" |Close |
| | | '''i''' /i/ |
| | | |
| | | '''u''' /u/ |
| | |- |
| | ! style="" |Mid |
| | | '''e''' /e/ |
| | | '''ə''' /ø~ə~ɤ/ |
| | | '''o''' /o/ |
| | |- |
| | ! style="" |Open |
| | | | | |
| | | | | '''a''' /a/ |
| | | | | |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| ==Tīzian== | | Diphthongs: '''ai ao''' /ai au/ |
| Another Ractamic/Neo-Raxic thing
| | |
| | ===Phonotactics=== |
| | Consonant clusters are disallowed, except medial geminates and -NC- sequences. Only /p t k m n ŋ/ can come in word-final position. |
|
| |
|
| ==Music theory terminology== | | ==Σȣομʚ== |
| *blackwood[10] major: ''rāmáth'' 'diurnal'
| |
| *blackwood[10] minor: ''mináth'' 'nocturnal'
| |
| *the different ways of subtly tuning/i.e. well-temperaments are called 'seasons' (that lengthen or shorten the day and night).
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Juttjick Kâmrâ' Waong==
| | Καʚκκʚ ʚⱶμʚσετ συντυϝητ ϝαπαʚνα ια τασαϝερταʚσʚνα αρϝολτααν ια οʚκεȣκσʚλτααν. Ⱶεʚλλε ον αννεττȣ ιηρκʚ ια οματȣντο, ια ⱶεʚδην ον τοʚμʚτταϝα τοʚσʚααν κοⱶτααν ϝελιευδεν ⱶεγγεσση. |
| '''I.'''
| |
|
| |
|
| ''Juttjick Kâmrâ' Waong,''<br/>
| | ==Qe!== |
| ''Ngüe Quur fâm'oy Plaong;''<br/>
| | Jāheqozron vemālaerus qe doñanqerosy. |
| ''Zott Mâmzäk prâbeis''<br/>
| |
| ''Loch lea Dâmgnenn Zweis!''<br/>
| |
| ''Wnirr Jâmtâmlech ngou,''<br/>
| |
| ''Feytaön zitt zâ Smou''<br/>
| |
| ''Möt målei Jimkbael,''<br/>
| |
| ''Seüruz daodue hael''<br/>
| |
|
| |
|
| | ==Pristac Guanorliviroc== |
|
| |
|
| <poem> | | <poem> |
| An ever-present companion,
| | Leißelbeiger Glündesschnock, |
| S/he sought us out in our distress,
| | bhfaoigh na dhruisce leis an ngloc, |
| | с куздом твачу зблодащок, |
| | pristac guanorliviroc! |
| | |
| | Tyűlöszöbbes hávaltok, |
| | ṇentronné veux mains du roque, |
| | geuteureun madeul ryeonmok, |
| | pristac guanorliviroc! |
| | |
| | Iūcullātur plexē hoc, |
| | Takzitxerri ezbantzok, |
| | Ηζειν ευθρασιν στουροκ, |
| | pristac guanorliviroc! |
| | |
| | Nguyết sảnh xưa nỡn hầng màu trọc, |
| | Cuālliquimeh huixōtloc, |
| | tʰˁawk pgəts məlˁaj n̊əŋs qʷʰˁraʔ tkʰˁens nˁrok, |
| | pristac guanorliviroc! |
| | |
| | Raamaanujanniaviusuq- |
| | qanngutsijałłaumiartuq, |
| | Post hoc ergo propter hoc, |
| | pristac guanorliviroc! |
| | |
| | Zíj phlàa vîek rang dèt Bangkok, |
| | Satthayaarongsamphonnok, |
| | Pikna la-magtef litzmok, |
| | pristac guanorliviroc! |
| </poem> | | </poem> |
|
| |
|
| ==Talsmic== | | ==Finno-Arabic== |
| ===Themsarian=== | | /t tˁ k q ʔ f s sˁ x χ h m n l r w j a aa ə əə i ii u uu ai au əi əu ia ua iə uə/ |
| In Themsarian the topic is NOT prominent - the topic comes immediately after the verb most of the time?
| | |
| | ==Irish with pharyngealized consonants== |
| | |
| | |
| | /a/: a ea ae eae |
| | /e/: oeu eu oe e |
| | /i/: ai ia aia i |
| | /o/: o uo uea ue |
| | /u/: aua ua au u |
| | |
| | ==Uncanny valley Korean== |
| | Consonants: /m n ŋ bʰ dʰ dzʰ gʰ p t ts k f s fʰ sʰ h w j r ʔ/ |
| | |
| | Postvocalic /ʔ/ may be realized as creaky voice. |
| | |
| | Vowels: /i ɨ u e ə o ɛ ɔ æ a/ |
| | |
| | ==Proto-Eomujic== |
| | *ä, a, e, o |
| | *eu, i <- syllabic resonants |
|
| |
|
| ===Old Vernacular Talsmic=== | | *p t k p’ t’ k’ b d g |
| Old Vernacular Talsmic dialects are largely similar to Noble Themsarian, but there are grammatical, lexical and stylistic differences:
| | *s z ts ts’ ʂ ʐ ʈʂ ʈʂ’ |
| *Using the subject-infinitive more and more, eventually to express various aspectual and modal meanings.
| | *m n ŋ r l ʀ w j h |
| **The synthetic preterite falls into disuse, being supplanted by the "after {{sc|infinitive-subject}}" construction.
| | ==Gleb phonologies== |
| *Collapses all state distinctions in adjectives (into the former predicative form)
| | ===SEA-esque=== |
| *The dual is often not used, except for emphasis or stylistic reasons.
| | m̥ m n̻̥ n̻ ɲ̥ ɲ |
| | mb mɓ̰ nd̻ nɗ̰̻ nɗ̱̰ nd͡ʒ |
| | pʰ p b ɓ̰ tʰ̻ t̻ d̻ ɗ̰̻ t͡s̻ ɗ̱̰ t͡ʃʰ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ kʰ k |
| | ɸ β s̻ z̻ ʃ ʒ x h |
| | l̻ j w |
|
| |
|
| | i iː ɨ ɨː u uː |
| | e eː ɘ ɘː o oː |
| | ɛ ɛː ɜ ɜː ɔ ɔː |
| | a aː |
| | ===Indic-esque=== |
| | m̥ m n̥ n ɳ̥ ɳ ɲ̥ ɲ |
| | pʰ p b tʰ t d ʈʰ ʈ ɖ t͡ʃʰ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ kʰ k g ʔ |
| | f v s z ʂ ʐ ʃ ʒ x ɣ h |
| | r ɽ j |
| | i u |
| | ɪ ʊ |
| | ɑ |
|
| |
|
| Given topic prominence and topicalization = fronting, new (discourse-new) subject is fronted, since it is new topic. Then this becomes a topic prominent/V2 language as in vernacular Talsmic. Relative clauses are by default VSO but can undergo fronting for focus. Discourse-new object is fronted as well.
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Qelorian===
| | (C1)V(C2) |
| *The subject of a relative clause is indexed by adding a pronominal suffix on the head (if they are different)
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Núrian===
| | C1: a consonant |
| "Double Irish" aesthetic? Namely, fricatives 'h' + aspiration written with 'h'. The same could be accomplished with slenderness with...?
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Diachronics lab==
| | V: a vowel |
| Pluractionality ≈ antipassive
| |
|
| |
|
| we exc/inc > we formal/intimate
| | C2: a non-palatal consonant other than a postalveolar consonant or one of /d g z ɣ/; i.e. one of /m̥ m n̥ n pʰ p b tʰ t kʰ k ʔ f v s x h r/ |
|
| |
|
| Demonstrative/definite affix > construct state: PL-clam-those [of the] man > PL-clam-CONST man
| | ===Pseudo-Polynesian=== |
|
| |
|
| Classifiers are in construct state
| | m n̻ p b t̻ d̻ k g l̻ j w i u ɪ ʊ e o ɛ ɔ a |
|
| |
|
| this CL NOUN > the.GENDER NOUN
| | (C)V |
|
| |
|
| apposition NOUN-1SG NOUN > CL-1SG NOUN > of_i-1SG NOUN_i
| | C: a consonant |
|
| |
|
| PREP-3SG NOUN > CASE.SG-NOUN
| | V: a vowel |
|
| |
|
| CONJ VERB NOUN > PREP NOUN
| | Gleb seed 1516956979 |
|
| |
|
| evidential-marking "because" or "therefore", as opposed to the protasis verb
| | ===Liquidless pseudo-French=== |
| | m n̻ ṉ p b t̻ d̻ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ k g f v s̻ z̻ ʃ ʒ h w i y u ɛ ɛ̃ œ œ̃ ɔ ɔ̃ a ã |
|
| |
|
| feminine > abstract > honorific
| | (C1)V(C2) |
|
| |
|
| ==Dili==
| | C1: a consonant |
| '''Dili''' ('''diḷi khokši''') is a Bonzic language using sizable clitic complexes.
| |
|
| |
|
| *Relative clauses occur before the noun. There is no marking save the order.
| | V: a vowel |
|
| |
|
| ==Witcanese==
| | C2: a consonant |
| Wetcanese is a mainly agglutinative, head-final language.
| |
|
| |
|
| :''Kòtih wanaih kèpwanchè.''
| | Gleb seed 1601724777 |
| ::<small>1SG.GEN-ERG mother-ERG 1SG.ABS-hate-WIT</small>
| |
| ::My mother used to hate me.
| |
| ===Phonology===
| |
| Wetcanese has a simple syllable structure relative to most European languages. Permissible syllable shapes are V, CV, VC, CVC, CGV, and CGVC where G is a glide.
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Grammar=== | | ===A nice one=== |
| ====Nouns====
| |
| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5"| '''Noun Declension'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row" width="110px"|Number→<br/>Case↓
| |
| !colspan="2" width="165px" scope="col"|Singular
| |
| !colspan="2" width="165px" scope="col"|Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Absolutive
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-0''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-w'', ''-u''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Ergative
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-ih''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-wih''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Dative
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-af''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-waf''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Locative
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-him''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-uhim'', ''-whim''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Ablative
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-chay''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-uchay'', ''-wchay''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Comitative
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-yã''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-uyã'', ''-wyã''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Instrumental
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-run''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-urun'', ''-wrun''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Essive
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-hòg''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-uhòg'', ''-whòg''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Genitive
| |
| |colspan="4"|''-t-'' (see Genitive declension)
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ====Adjectives and Genitives====
| | m n̻ nʲ̻ tʰ̻ t̻ kʰ k kʷ f s̻ l̻ i iː u uː ɛ ɛː ɛ̃ ɛ̃ː ɔ ɔː ɔ̃ ɔ̃ː a aː ã ãː |
| Adjectives (including genitives) agree with the noun in case and number. Adjectives take the same endings as nouns. However, many adjectives are genitive adjectives formed form nouns, corresponding to the adjectival suffix in other languages.
| |
|
| |
|
| | (C1)V(C2) |
|
| |
|
| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
| | C1: a consonant |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5"| '''Genitive Declension'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row" width="110px"|Number→<br/>Case↓
| |
| !colspan="2" width="165px" scope="col"|Singular
| |
| !colspan="2" width="165px" scope="col"|Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Absolutive
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-t''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-tèw''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Ergative
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-tih''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-twih''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Dative
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-taf''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-twaf''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Locative
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-thim''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-tuhim''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Ablative
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-tchay''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-tuchay''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Comitative
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-tyã''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-tuyã''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Instrumental
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-tèrun''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-turun''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Essive
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-thòg''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-tuhòg''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Genitive
| |
| |colspan="4"|''-tèt-''
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ====Verbs====
| | V: a vowel |
| Verbs in Wetcanese have no tense or aspect inflection; instead, there is evidentiality and mood which can do double duty as certain tenses The irrealis is the default, unmarked mood/evidentiality, serving the role of the infinitive or the future in other languages.
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 275px; text-align: center;"
| | C2: a consonant other than /nʲ̻/ |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2"| '''Wetcanese mood/evidentiality affixes'''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! width="110px"|irrealis
| |
| | width="165px"|''-Ø''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|witness
| |
| |''-chè''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|emphatic
| |
| |''-kòd''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|jurative
| |
| |''-tèmuh''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|quotative
| |
| |''-sha''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|mirative
| |
| |''-quh''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|hearsay
| |
| |''-ot''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|inferential
| |
| |''-eq''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|assumptive
| |
| |''-rwè''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|optative
| |
| |''-mes''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|imperative
| |
| |''-wõ''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|potential
| |
| |''-hiw''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|desiderative
| |
| |''-pãs''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|admonitive
| |
| |''-ay''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|permissive
| |
| |''-hyè''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| :''Phátu nuku'''chè'''...''
| | Gleb seed 1364524938 |
| ::''When did I last see it... (lit. When it was_located-I saw...)''
| |
|
| |
|
| The mirative marks new information that the speaker is witnessing. It often corresponds to present tense. In narratives it is used to exhort the listener for attention.
| | ===vaguely Clofab=== |
| | consonants: |
|
| |
|
| :''Qayòlih milám huga'''quh'''.''
| | m n mb nd ndz ŋg p b t d ts dz k g mv nz f v s z h r w |
| ::''Hey, the demon's chasing the dog!/Behold, the demon chased the dog.''
| |
|
| |
|
| The quotative is used for information from third-party sources deemed to be authoritative. As such it is the evidential most often encountered in narratives.
| | vowels: |
|
| |
|
| :''Qayòlih milám huga'''sha'''.''
| | a e i o u |
| ::''The demon chased the dog. (narrative)''
| |
|
| |
|
| The admonitive is used in prohibitions and warnings, and for negative purpose clauses.
| | syllable structure: (C)V |
|
| |
|
| :''Phi qhashãs'''ay'''''
| | Gleb seed 1390372573 |
| ::''Do not wander around''
| |
| :''ha ãbè mòsip'''ay'''''
| |
| ::''lest this be forgotten''
| |
|
| |
|
| Wetcanese makes use of verbal affixes, instead of intonation (like English) or word order (as in some European languages and Celtic/Hebrew), in order to focus a constituent.
| | ===Liquidless phonology=== |
| | m̥ m n̥ n ŋ̥ ŋ mpʰ mb ntʰ nd ŋkʰ pʰ p b tʰ t d kʰ k ʔ f s x |
|
| |
|
| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 275px; text-align: center;"
| | a e ɛ i o ɔ u |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2"| '''Focus prefixes'''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! width="110px"|absolutive
| |
| | width="165px"|''ne-''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|ergative
| |
| |''hin-''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|beneficiary
| |
| |''mac-''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|instrument
| |
| |''qo-''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|location
| |
| |''ya-''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|source
| |
| |''hòt-''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|goal
| |
| |''up-''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|time
| |
| |''al-''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ==TAM session==
| | (C)V(N) |
| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2"| '''Aspect-mood clitics'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |Ø
| |
| |aorist
| |
| |-
| |
| |''d(i)-''
| |
| |progressive
| |
| |-
| |
| |
| |
| |prospective
| |
| |-
| |
| |
| |
| |inceptive
| |
| |-
| |
| |
| |
| |continuative
| |
| |-
| |
| |
| |
| |pausative
| |
| |-
| |
| |
| |
| |resumptive
| |
| |-
| |
| |
| |
| |cessative
| |
| |-
| |
| |
| |
| |retrospective
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| | C: a consonant |
|
| |
|
| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
| | V: a vowel |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Person-tense clitics'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Number→<br/>Person↓
| |
| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Singulative
| |
| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Generic/Partitive
| |
| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Plurative
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Present'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|1
| |
| |colspan="2"|''*na-''
| |
| |colspan="4"|''*xa-'' (exclusive); ''*ŋe-'' (inclusive)
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|2
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|''*sa-''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|3
| |
| |colspan="2"|''*zə-''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''*cə-''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''*za-''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Past'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|1
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|2
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|3
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Future'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|1
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|2
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|3
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Jussive'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|1
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|2
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|3
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
| | N: a nasal; i.e. one of /m̥ m n̥ n ŋ̥ ŋ/ |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Person enclitics'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Number→<br/>Person↓
| |
| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Singulative
| |
| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Generic/Partitive
| |
| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Plurative
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|1
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|2
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|3
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Nominal declension===
| | Gleb seed 1408165181 |
|
| |
|
| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
| | ==A Damin== |
| |-
| | *Nasals: ɱ n̼ ɳ ɲ |
| ! colspan="17"| '''Declension'''
| | *Plosives: d̼ ʈ c' |
| |-
| | *Affricates: tθ ʡħ |
| !scope="row"|Number→
| | *Fricatives: ð̼ θ̱ ç |
| !colspan="2" rowspan="2" scope="col"|Generic
| | *Clicks: ʞ |
| !colspan="4" scope="col"|Partitive
| | *Liquids: ʙ ʟ ʢ |
| !colspan="4" scope="col"|Singulative
| | *vowels: y ɤ æ |
| !colspan="4" scope="col"|Plurative
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Definiteness→
| |
| !colspan="2"|<small>'''Indefinite'''</small>
| |
| !colspan="2"|<small>'''Definite'''</small>
| |
| !colspan="2"|<small>'''Indefinite'''</small>
| |
| !colspan="2"|<small>'''Definite'''</small>
| |
| !colspan="2"|<small>'''Indefinite'''</small>
| |
| !colspan="2"|<small>'''Definite'''</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Unpossessed
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|1sg
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|2sg
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|3sg.animate
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|3sg.inanimate
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|1ex
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|1in
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|2pl
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|3pl.animate
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|3pl.inanimate
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Impersonal
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Partitive
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ==No idea if this will work== | | ==from An Bhlaoighne== |
| | <poem> |
| | big: go qhéith |
| | small: go mionn (from Latin "minimus") |
| | long: go mheal |
| | short: go laomh |
| | wide: go raoi |
| | narrow: go cuachar |
| | thick: go scúil |
| | thin: go h-ádh |
| | woman: an fháixe, na bhfáixe |
| | man: an beathra, na mbeathra |
| | child: an stíotha, na stíotha |
| | mother: an feadhan-fháixe? |
| | father: an feadhan-beathra? |
| | na bhfeadhan-fháixe, na bhfeadhan-beathra |
| | wife: an sleith-fháixe |
| | husband: an sleith-beathra |
| | na dhsleith-fháixe, na dhsleith-beathra |
| | fish: an déimhe, na dhéimhe |
| | bird: an chuar, na cuar |
| | (all these are from the bhadhagha gib) |
| | dog: an lior, na lior |
| | louse: an h-úmha, na n-úmha |
| | snake: an bhfaost, na faost |
| | worm: an ghean, na ngean |
| | tree: an daodha, na dhaodha |
| | forest: an ríne, na ríne |
| | stick: an cuath, na chuath |
| | fruit: an thamha, na dtamha |
| | seed: an páile, na páile |
| | leaf: an fhuix, na bhfuix |
| | root: an dhóife, na dhóife |
| | bark: an cior, na cior |
| | flower: an qeógh, na qheógh |
| | grass: an rúiche, na rúiche |
| | rope: an mbuad, na bhuad |
| | skin: an geabh, na gheabh |
| | meat: an ceith, na gceith |
| | blood: an dhséabha, na dhséabha |
| | bone: an reist, na reist |
| | fat: an xuile, na xuile |
| | egg: an qé, na qhé *hmoob intensifies* |
| | horn: an n-aire, na h-aire |
| | tail: an h-aoi, na h-aoi |
| | feather: an gcoít, na choít |
| | hair: an núcha, na núcha |
| | head: an snith, na snith |
| | ear: an dtiocha, na tiocha |
| | eye: an fheirn, na bhfeirn |
| | nose: an gaoine, na ngaoine |
| | mouth: an cnuile, na chnuile |
| | tooth: an iacha, na h-iacha |
| | tongue: an bhlaoighne? 😀 |
| | fingernail: an sciofhth, na sciofhth |
| | foot: an reithe, na reithe |
| | leg: an ndeocha reith, na dheocha reith |
| | knee: an xionn reith, na dhxionn reith |
| | hand: flúin |
| | an bhflúin, na fhlúin |
| | arm: an ndeocha bhflúin, na dheocha bhflúin |
| | elbow: an xionn bhflúin, na dhxionn bhflúin |
| | wing: an ceamh, na gceamh |
| | belly: an táile, na tháile |
| | guts: an nquinneach, na quinneach |
| | neck: an xaoiphe, na xaoiphe |
| | back: an mbíolbh, na bíolbh |
| | breast: an dhsracht, na sracht |
| | heart: an luisc, na luisc |
| | liver: an steóisc, na dhsteóisc |
| | go neábha 'to drink' |
| | go séic 'to eat' |
| | go xumhadh 'to bite' |
| | go scéimh 'to suck' |
| | go fiara 'to spit, to eject' |
| | go fiara an néitheasach 'to vomit' |
| | go fíoxa 'to blow' |
| | go stúimhe 'to breathe' |
| | go sraoth 'to laugh' |
| | go bhfeirthe 'to see' |
| | go dtiodh 'to hear' |
| | go xeólaigh 'to know' |
| | go bhrainne 'to think' |
|
| |
|
| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
| | to smell: go mbuir |
| |-
| | fear: an xaoithe, na dhxaoithe |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Conjugation'''
| | to sleep: go h-uaileas |
| |-
| | to live: go chaith |
| ! colspan="3"| '''Infinitive'''
| | </poem> |
| | colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3"| '''Active participle'''
| |
| | colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3"| '''Antipassive participle'''
| |
| | colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Number→<br/>Person↓
| |
| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Singulative
| |
| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Collective/Partitive
| |
| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Plurative
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Aorist'''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Active voice'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|1
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|2
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|3
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Passive voice'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|1
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|2
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Antipassive voice'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|3
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Imperfect'''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Active voice'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|1
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|2
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|3
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Passive voice'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|1
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|2
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Antipassive voice'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|3
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Imperative'''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Active voice'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|1
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|2
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|3
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| | dance: from An Bhlaoighne "dannsa" (to move to a beat), from "dann" (beat; imitative of a drum) + -tha/-the verbalizer (-nnth- becomes -nns-) |
|
| |
|
| {{gloss
| | ==Long German gibby word== |
| |phrase=plân tròung '''''or''''' tròung plân
| | Brüschlingssträpfchenentzürmungsdreicherwildeleischenerbröpflichkeitsspülzergebraußerspeichelsmäudsgrefferklittenwertsbrimmendlicherungsschnäfternascherndräckelbassungsbärzenherdlichengerützelbeunungströtterbeteibertenspründerschlettengeschärtungsentdraufengeschiemlichkeitsneftertreuenhauscheraufstrüpfenanwadlungsstaufengrammlermeitscherluchseneinstrupfungsgeweidsschmesserdornenbekeifersträmpferentblüstungsgefrützerhaumenrießenschweiherbockerschaftsbedeuferungsbezandlungsgestürdenscheuchterdachsergeisterzerbrüttungsfrätterschoffergriedenteckenschwindsgemerzenheitsbrauftenscharnesspeizendentkremmensielesstrüstergezwohrenenvergräuferspeilenhuftschuckerverwaftungsschmagenentdränzerwinkenmeundenbielerglüftenverzäumlichkeitspfarnengortenspahlenentschrangenkrindenschufendriechengreierschnockenwiegerwungenschieberdähmenstuchtgejästnisgräbenspunkereienschneiligungsspürzenknafterschaumenbrußenbedreuernisjackerkeldungsheidenschmüsselnzudrenkenrumpferleigungsbehedigungsschweiterwackengesteckerbeizerwendungsfrüchlingszweibenseiderschangenhubergeidengemermlichkeitsgelechterschlammengogengettenberzlerfiegenlundenbädelnspanderquändelerbeichenstahrgebütenhenerbluhnenentzängerbreumenbefärzigergampfendreigenschaftszerbrenklungsgebrohungsschmindlergaftengaufsgekemmtenbräuzchenzerkreinerndenschleitenhaufsdröffernzerschwällenzwünderdreisungsenttrebenpflingergreuferschmaunenverrümmerkreibenquängerheitsschmatterverzwenkerungsflebereibenguftenjangereideldreibengangenbleizerbehürberschierdequammerhüngenbrössenbekleiterzwandengemiegerzeistigungsbegählnisberachtungsschwadenkrütteranklaumenschweicherleinerbröhnungsneidelnkufenschrankenziederdrabenschöhlerbruhnspeutscherentgäumungsvergürblichungsverweidnisglündergehuhmendreucherbeibengreusteszwerterschründereienbücklingserstorchenspienerhetschergohrenausschweislichkeitenlemdengetranderschrifferbeschlecherlingswingerkrantengedärzerzärncheneinfleuderhackerstälzenbriednisseigerungsverdraußerräuchselstommerfrätzelschlünterstürglingszwätcheneinblittsgespüßenentdriedenschwünterheibenstalerfernersteilendrüßentrachersträtzgeschwiebendeineslorteskehrwarteurendspannwachenblatzstaufentreischentraubengetöhlerbaußenhauerdinzenbeklaunerwießenkeitsbeschärfigungsgewichtsbraudenwederklaumsbefritzenscheiberdänzelungsmeitelwischerbeschorkenklubenwunderzäugswögerblüschenbenäudigungsheibenentpfeischerlammenwiedenbewegsweitchenläumlichkeitsgrüberdraßterwallenheuertriebenentpfernerkreidenlächtnisstreußerentrüchelvermaußerheitsverbrüschenwerdenwolderschrahnenzäudsgemischerpflechtsschreuerkrüßenpfeischenlangenläubgeschlindersträuelheitsschreberkäuftigkeitsmeierwünnenbäserhattenkraufengeschreudsentwerdsbeeigenbrännenbrauerbrindenschannenklüserwächtsweugenklagergessenbeienrüchtsraußenbewindenschlafterheitsentreffenschmeierlachtwießerschrupfenbeschwündsverziechengeschlächerlauferzernessenheitsgraußenschlöderleinswangenkehrenberaußwischerleitenracherschwegerfäudlichenzabenwündenerkrufenhaubswaudendissengäuberlampfenschrümberfiedsgräubenbedachenmahrenschreudsverschmaßenheitssprüngenentwöhlerbeschluntenhübenreunsbeneifsverzöhnenbeleifernempfäusungswichtheitsgederfsschwermenlückenanzweißenlauschungsfriegschwipferlangsberüngenschehnenblöckenzärferlachsgewindenmaubennaubenpaubentaubenkaubenbaubendaubengaubenpfaubenzaubentschaubensaubenschaubenfaubenwaubenjaubenhaubenlaubenraubenpraubentraubenkraubenbraubendraubengraubenpfraubenfraubenplaubenklaubenblaubenglaubenpflaubenflaubenknaubengnaubenstaubenspaubenschmaubenschnaubenschlaubenschraubenschwaubenstraubenspraubenmausennausenpausentausenkausenbausendausengausenpfausenzausentschausensausenschausenfausenwausenjausenhausenlausenrausenprausentrausenkrausenbrausendrausengrausenpfrausenfrausenplausenklausenblausenglausenpflausenflausenknausengnausenstausenspausenschmausenschnausenschlausenschrausenschwausenstrausensprausenmaumennaumenpaumentaumenkaumenbaumendaumengaumenpfaumenzaumentschaumensaumenschaumenfaumenwaumenjaumenhaumenlaumenraumenpraumentraumenkraumenbraumendraumengraumenpfraumenfraumenplaumenklaumenblaumenglaumenpflaumenflaumenknaumengnaumenstaumenspaumenschmaumenschnaumenschlaumenschraumenschwaumenstraumenspraum |
| |IPA=/pˤán ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ/ or /ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ pˤán/
| |
| |morphemes=plân tròung/tròung plân
| |
| |gloss=teacher house/house teacher
| |
| |translation=The teacher's house}}
| |
| {{gloss
| |
| |phrase=plân {{green|mā}} tròung '''''or''''' tròung {{green|mā}} plân
| |
| |IPA=/pˤán ma̤ ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ/ or /ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ ma̤ pˤán/
| |
| |morphemes=plân {{green|mā}} tròung/tròung {{green|mā}} plân
| |
| |gloss=teacher {{green|INV}} house/house {{green|INV}} teacher
| |
| |translation=The teacher of the house}}
| |
| {{gloss
| |
| |phrase=plân mā srâlk tròung
| |
| |IPA=/pˤán ma̤ kˤī ʂákˤ ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ/
| |
| |morphemes=plân mā srâkl tròung
| |
| |gloss=teacher INV pure house
| |
| |translation=The house of the teacher of purity}}
| |
| {{gloss
| |
| |phrase=plân mā {{green|kli}} srâlk tròung
| |
| |IPA=/pˤán ma̤ kˤī ʂákˤ ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ/
| |
| |morphemes=plân mā {{green|kli}} srâkl tròung
| |
| |gloss=teacher INV {{green|DELIM}} pure house
| |
| |translation=The teacher of the house of purity}}
| |