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==PIE in Hebrew==
== Burmese roms ==
This Hebrew abjadic script is based on the glottalic theory: "voiced" stops are written as Hebrew emphatic consonants, and "breathy voiced" stops are written as voiced stops. Also note that the "palatal" series of stops is transcribed with the Hebrew affricate series (thus showing a coincidental Satem bias).
=== v0 ===
<poem>
Ŧăȷā hmȷạ·ŧạ luc·lac khȷīnh nẹ mă tuê
ta.ra: hmya. ta. lwat lap hkrang: nai. ma. swe
[tɪ.já m̥ja̰.ta̰ lʊʔ.laʔ t͡ɕʰɪ́ŋ nɛ̰ mə t̪wè ǀ]


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
Độ pȷê, độ mȷê
!colspan="8"|'''Consonants'''
tui. prany, tui. mre
|-
[do̰ pjè ǀ do̰ mjè ǁ]
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
 
! rowspan="2" | [[labial consonant|Labial]]
Mȷā lu khat·tê̄nh nhê̄nh·gkhȷan zxê bộ
! rowspan="2" | [[coronal consonant|Coronal]]
mya: lu hkap sim: ngrim: hkyam: ce hpo.
! colspan=3| [[dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
[mjá lù kʰaʔ.t̪éɪ̯ŋ ɲéɪ̯ɰ̃.d͡ʑán zè βo̰ ǀ]
! rowspan="2" | [[Laryngeal theory|Laryngeal]]
 
|-
Khuỵnh ŧu·nhı hmȷạ, wa·đạ phȷu·xınh đŧệ pȷê
! <small>palatal</small>
hkwang. tu nyi hmya. wada. hpyu cang tai. prany
! <small>plain</small>
[kʰwɪ̰ŋ tù.ɲì m̥ja̰ ǀ wà.da̰ (ǀ) pʰjù.sɪ̀ŋ dḛ pjè ǀ]
! <small>labial</small>
 
|-
Độ pȷê, độ mȷê
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
tui. prany tui. mre
| {{heb|מ}} *{{PIE|m}}
[do̰ pjè ǀ do̰ mjè ǁ]
| {{heb|נ}} *{{PIE|n}}
 
| || || ||
Pȷı·đŧhong·zxụ ămuê ămȷē ŧı·đŧạn zxê
|-
prany htaung cu. a mwi a.mrai: tany tam. ce
! rowspan=3| [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
[pjì.dàʊ̯ŋ.zṵ ʔə.mwè ʔ(ə.)mjɛ́ tì.da̰ŋ zè]
! <small>voiceless</small>
 
| {{heb|פ}} *{{PIE|p}}
Ă·đêch·ŧhan pȷụ bpê, ŧhênh·tênh zxộ lê
| {{heb|ת}} *{{PIE|t}}
a.dhithtan pru. pe htin: sim: cui. le
| {{heb|ס}} *{{PIE|ḱ}}
[ʔ(ə.)deɪ̯ʔ.tʰàn pjṵ βè ǀ tʰéɪ̯ŋ.t̪éɪ̯ŋ zo̰ lè ǁ]
| {{heb|כ}} *{{PIE|k}}
 
| {{heb|כ׳}} *{{PIE|kʷ}}
Găba mă kȷê, Mȷăma pȷê
|
kambha ma. kye, mranma prany
|-
[ɡ(ə.)βà mə t͡ɕè ǀ mjə.mà pjè ǀ]
! <small>voiced/ejective?</small>
 
| ({{heb|פ׳}} *{{PIE|b}})
Độ bô̄·boā ămuê xıch mộ khȷıch mȷat nô̄ bê
| {{heb|ט}} *{{PIE|d}}
tui. bhui: bwa: a.mwe cac mui. hkyac mrat nui: pe
| {{heb|צ}} *{{PIE|ǵ}}
[do̰ βó.bwá (ʔə.)mwè sɪʔ mo̰ t͡ɕʰɪʔ mjaʔ nó βè ǁ]
| {{heb|ק}} *{{PIE|g}}
 
| {{heb|ק׳}} *{{PIE|gʷ}}
Pȷi·đŧhong·zxụ gô ătet pê̄ lộ độ ka goe mălê
|
prany htaung cu. kui a.sak pe: lui. tui. ka kwai ma.le
|-
[pjì.dàʊ̯ŋ.zṵ ɡò ʔ(ə.)t̪ɛʔ pé lo̰ do̰ kà ɡwɛ̀ m(ə.)lè ǀ]
! <small>(breathy) voiced</small>
 
| {{heb|ב}} *{{PIE|bʰ}}
Đa độ pȷê đa độ mȷê độ panh·net mȷê
| {{heb|ד}} *{{PIE|dʰ}}
da tui. prany da tui. mre tui. puing nak mre
| {{heb|ז}} *{{PIE|ǵʰ}}
[dà do̰ pjè dà do̰ mjè do̰ pàɪ̯ŋ.nɛʔ mjè ǀ]
| {{heb|ג}} *{{PIE|gʰ}}
 
| {{heb|ג׳}} *{{PIE|gʷʰ}}
Độ pȷê, độ mȷê, ăkjô̄ gô nhı·nha zxoa độ đăđuê
|
tui. prany tui. mre a.kyui: kui nyi nya cwa tui. ta.twe
|-
[do̰ pjè ǀ do̰ mjè ǀ ʔ(ə.)t͡ɕó ɡò ǀ ɲì.ɲà zwà do̰ d(ə.)dwè ǀ]
! colspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
 
|
Ŧhān xhong ba zxộ lê, độ ta·wung bê ăphô̄·ŧan mȷê
| {{heb|ש}} *{{PIE|s}}
htam: hcaung pa sui. le tui. ta wan pe a. hpui: tan mre
| || ||
[tʰán sʰàʊ̯ŋ bà zo̰ lè ǀ do̰ tà.wʊ̀ŋ bè ʔ(ə.)pʰó.tàn mjè ǁ]
| {{heb|א}} *Ø<BR/>{{heb|ה}} *{{PIE|h₁}}<BR/>{{heb|ע}} *{{PIE|h₂}}<BR/>{{heb|ע׳}} *{{PIE|h₃}}
</poem>
|-
 
! colspan="2" | [[liquid consonant|Liquid]]
=== v1 ===
|
<poem>
| {{heb|ר}} *{{PIE|r}}<BR/>{{heb|ל}} *{{PIE|l}}
Tyȷā hmȷȧtȧ luqlaq khȷīɴ nɛ̇ my þwe
| || || ||
Dȯ pȷe, dȯ mȷe
|-
Mȷā lu khaqþēɴ nȷēɴgkhȷaɴ zse bȯ
! colspan="2" | [[Semivowel]]
Khwiɴ tunȷı hmȷȧ, wadȧ phȷusıɴ dtė pȷe
|
Dȯ pȷe, dȯ mȷe
|
Pȷıdthɔɴzsu̇ ymwe ymȷɛ̇ tıdtȧɴ zse
| {{heb|י}} *{{PIE|y}}
Ydeqthaɴ pȷu̇ bpe, thenþeɴ zsȯ le
|
Gyba my kȷe, Mȷyma pȷe
| {{heb|ו}} *{{PIE|w}}
Dȯ bōbwā ymwe sıq mȯ khȷıq mȷaq nō be
|
Gyba my kȷe, Mȷyma pȷe
|}
Dȯ bōbwā ymwe sıq mȯ khȷıq mȷaq nō be
Pȷidthɔɴzsu̇ go yþɛq pē lȯ dȯ ka gwɛ myle
Da dȯ pȷe da dȯ mȷe dė pɛɴnɛq mȷe
Dȯ pȷe, dȯ mȷe, ykjō go nȷınȷa zwa dȯ dydwe
Thāɴ shɔɴ ba zsȯ le, dȯ þawuɴ be yphōtaɴ mȷe
</poem>
=== v2 ===
<poem>
Tyjā hmjătă luqlaq khjīɴ nɛ{{breve}} my þwe
Dŏ pje, dŏ mje
Mjā lu khaqþēɴ njēɴgkhjaɴ zse bŏ
Khwĭɴ tunji hmjă, wadă phjusiɴ dtĕ pȷe
Dŏ pje, dŏ mje
Pjidthɔɴzsŭ ymwe ymjɛ{{breve}} tıdtăɴ zse
Ydeqthaɴ pjŭ bpe, thenþeɴ zsŏ le
 
Gyba my kje, Mjyma pje
Dŏ bōbwā ymwe siq mŏ khjiq mjaq nō be
Gyba my kje, Mjyma pje
Dŏ bōbwā ymwe siq mŏ khjiq mjaq nō be
Pjĭdthɔɴzsŭ go yþɛq pē lŏ dŏ ka gwɛ myle
Da dŏ pje da dŏ mje dĕ pɛɴnɛq mje
Dŏ pȷe, dŏ mȷe, ykjō go njinja zwa dŏ dydwe
Thāɴ shɔɴ ba zsŏ le, dŏ þawuɴ be yphōtaɴ mje
</poem>
=== v3 ===
Deliberately English/German-like
 
Ch for aspiration, þ/ð for dental stops


Superscript the original consonant before a voiced initial that's a result of voicing sandhi


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width:250px; text-align: center;"
<poem>
|-
Rimes:
!colspan="2"|Ablaut grades
ị i ī ịn in īn it
|-
ẹ e ē ạne ane āne ate
|{{heb|אֶ}} *{{PIE|e}}||{{heb|אָ}} *{{PIE|o}}
ạre are āre ịne ine īne ite
|-
ạ a ā ạn an ān at et
|{{heb|אֵ}} *{{PIE|ē}}||{{heb|אֹ}} *{{PIE|ō}}
ạw aw āw ọun oun ōun out
|-
ọ o ō ọne one ōne ote
|colspan="2"|{{heb|אְ}} *Ø
ụ u ū ọon oon ōon oot
|}
</poem>


===Schleicher's fable===
<poem>
<p align=center>{{heb|<big>עָ֫וְיְש הֶ֫סְוׂשךֶ׳</big>}}</p>
<sup>k</sup>gəba ma che, myəma pye
dọ bōbwā əmwe sit mọ chhit myat nō be
</poem>


<p align=center><big>h<sub>2</sub>ówis h<sub>1</sub>ék’wōsk<sup>w</sup>e</big></p>
== World's worst romanization for Vietnamese ==
=== Initials ===
<poem>
ñ ɟ̃ ỹ q̃  = m n nh ng
n{{lsb}} n þ ɟ ꞃ y q = p b t đ tr ch c/k/qu
f ɟ{{lrb}} q{{lrb}} = ph th kh
ſ p{{lrb}} = x s
ƿ ȷ j r = v d gi g
λ p = l r
</poem>


<p align=center>{{heb|עָ֫וְיְש, יֶ֫שְמְין עְוְלְעְנֶ֫ע נֶאֶ֫הֶשְת, טֶטָרְסֶ הֶ֫סְוָנְש, תָ֫ם, וָ֫זָם קֶ֫׳רְעְוְם וֶ֫זָנְתְם, תָ֫ם, בָ֫רָם מֶ֫צָעְם, תָ֫ם, דְזֶ֫מָנְם עָאְסְ֫ו בֶ֫רָנְתְם. עָ֫וְיְש הֶ֫סְוָבָש אֶוֶוְכֶ׳(ת): סֵרְט עְגְנְוְתָי מָי וְיְטְנְתֶ֫י דְזְמָ֫נְם הֶ֫סְוָנְש עֶ֫זצָנְתְם. הֶ֫סְוׂש הֶוֶוְך׳: סְלְוְדְי, עָוְי! סֵרְט עְגְנְוְתָי וְיְטְנְתְבָ֫ש: דְזֶ֫מֹ(ן), פָ֫תְיְס, עְוְלְנֶ֫עְם עָ֫וְיָם כְ׳נֶוְתְי שֶ֫בָי גִ֫׳רְמָם וֶ֫שְתְרָם; עֶ֫וְיְבָשךֶ׳ וְלְעְנֶ֫ע נֶ֫הֶסְתְי. תָ֫ט סֶסְלְוְוׂ֫ש עָ֫וְיְש עֶ֫צְרָם אֶבְוְקֶ(ת).}}</p>
The initials ʔ h are indicated by placing spiritus lenis and spiritus asper above the first letter, and {{angbr|ƿ}} is used for the /w/ medial: ƿηɟ̃, Ƿ{{lsb}}ηɟ̃, ƿ{{lrb}}ηɟ̃s = viên, Uyên, huyền.


<p align=center>h<sub>2</sub>ówis, (H)jésmin h<sub>2</sub>wlh<sub>2</sub>néh<sub>2</sub> ne éh<sub>1</sub>est, dedork’e (h<sub>1</sub>)ék’wons, tóm, wóg’<sup>h</sup>om g<sup>w</sup>érh<sub>2</sub>um wég’<sup>h</sup>ontm, tóm, b<sup>h</sup>órom még’oh<sub>2</sub>m, tóm, d<sup>h</sup>g’<sup>h</sup>émonm h<sub>2</sub>oHk’ú b<sup>h</sup>érontm. h<sub>2</sub>ówis (h<sub>1</sub>)ék’wob<sup>h</sup>os ewewk<sup>w</sup>e(t): k’ḗrd h<sub>2</sub>g<sup>h</sup>nutoj moj widntéj d<sup>h</sup>g’<sup>h</sup>mónm (h<sub>1</sub>)ék’wons h<sub>2</sub>ég’ontm. (h<sub>1</sub>)ék’wōs ewewk<sup>w</sup>: k’lud<sup>h</sup>í, h<sub>2</sub>ówi! k’ḗrd h<sub>2</sub>g<sup>h</sup>nutoj widntb<sup>h</sup>ós: d<sup>h</sup>g’<sup>h</sup>émō(n), pótis, h<sub>2</sub>wlnéh<sub>2</sub>m h<sub>2</sub>ówjom k<sup>w</sup>newti séb<sup>h</sup>oj g<sup>wh</sup>érmom wéstrom; h<sub>2</sub>éwib<sup>h</sup>osk<sup>w</sup>e h<sub>2</sub>wlh<sub>2</sub>néh<sub>2</sub> né h<sub>1</sub>esti. Tód k’ek’luwṓs h<sub>2</sub>ówis h<sub>2</sub>ég’rom eb<sup>h</sup>uge(t).</p>
=== Nuclei ===
* u ɯ w e ɘ ə ɵ æ a ɐ ɑ = i/y ư u ê ơ â ô e a ă o
* η ξ ω = ia/iê, ưa/ươ, ua/uô


==Wiobian/de==
=== Finals ===
Unter dem Begriff '''wiobische Sprache(n)''' (deutsche Aussprache: /ˈviːobɪʃ/ oder /ˈwiːobɪʃ/, bitte!) versteht man eine divergente Gruppe von eng verwandten aber gegenseitig nicht verständlichen gamedanischen Sprachen, die aus dem Proto-Wiobischen abstammen:
* ñ ɟ̃ ỹ q̃  = m n nh ng
*Proto-Wiobisch
* n ɟ y q = p t ch c
**"Altwiobisch" (die altwiobische Koiné)
* ι υ = /-j -w/
***Modernes Hochwiobisch (Großwiobisch), die moderne Standardsprache, die auf dem in der Hauptstadt ''Tußtefar'' gesprochenen Dialekt basiert
=== Tones ===
***Gauf-Dialekt, der zweitgrößte Dialekt
tones: -0 -s -b -m -v -d = ngang, huyen, sac, nang, hoi, nga
***Kurmer-Dialekt, in dem Kurmer-Gebirge gesprochen
***Bäntli-Dialekt
***Watmer-Dialekt, bekannt wegen seines Konservatismus
**Andere altwiobische Dialekte (oder Sprachen?)
Das Altwiobische gilt als klassische Sprache: es ist die Sprache des wichtigsten monotheistischen Kulturkreises der Ħèregrem-Welt. (Und es ist ja das Germanisch von der gamedanischen Familie! Wie cool ist das?) Seit ihrer Geburt übten allerdings analytische, ein- oder eineinhalbsilbige (mit Wörtern, die aus eine unbetonte Vorsilbe, gefolgt von einer betonten Vollsilbe, bestehen) Nachbarsprachen (ähnlich den Tai-Kadai-, sinotibetischen und austroasiatischen Sprachen in unserer Welt) einen großen Einfluss auf die wiobische Sprache aus. Daher weist Neuwiobsch eine Art von Diglossie auf: das Neuwiobische wird nach der altwiobischen Aussprache geschrieben, die moderne Aussprache weicht jedoch erheblich von jene des Altwiobischen ab, mit fünf Tönen und einer stark beschränkten Silbenstruktur.
===Schrift===
Die wiobische Schrift ist ein Alphabet wie das themsarische Alphabet.


Die wiobische Schrift besitzt ein Zeichen namens ''Lusk-Prann'' ('Bindestrich') und eins namens ''Je-Huy'' (wörtl. 'Und-Platz'). Der ''Lusk-Prann'' verbindet ein Nomen im Genitiv mit dem von diesem besessenen Nomen. Das ''Je-Huy'' verbindet Bestandteile eines koordinativen Nominal- oder Verbkompositums.
==Hōbispellum Jōhannis Tōtiscē==
<poem>
1:1 In occinunquā vore Verbum, ante Verbum vore ob Hutum, ante Hutus vore Verbum.  
1:2 Tod vore in occinunquā ob Hutum.  
1:3 Alla terque eum magāta sunt, ante enū eō magātum est nēctis, quod magātum est.  
1:4 In eō līpum vore, ante līpum vore lūctum lūbium.
</poem>


===Historische Phonologie===
==Semantic drifts==
====Von Protogamedanisch bis Altwiobisch====
===Truth===
====Altwiobische Phonologie====
*true/proof > guilt
=====Konsonanten=====
*to stand, to stay, to be straight up > to be true
=====Vokale=====
*true/show/prove > to vindicate > to win
====Von Altwiobisch bis Mittelwiobisch====
====Mittelwiobische Phonologie====
=====Anlaute=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Mittelwiobische Anlaute'''
! colspan="2"|
! | Labial
! | Alveolar
! | Lateral
! | Retroflex
! | Palatal
! | Velar
! | Glottal
|-
! rowspan="2" | Nasal
! | <small>stimmlos</small>
| /m̥/
| /n̥/
|
| /ɳ̊/
| /ɲ̊/
| /ŋ̊/
|
|-
! | <small>stimmhaft</small>
| /m/
| /n/
| /nˡ/
| /ɳ/
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plosiv/Affrikat
! | <small>tenuis</small>
| /p/
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /ʈ/
| /tɕ/
| /k/
| /ʔ/
|-
! | <small>stimmhaft</small>
| /b/
| /d/
| /dɮ/
| /ɖ/
| /dʑ/
|
|
|-
! | <small>aspiriert</small>
| /pʰ/
| /tʰ/
| /tɬʰ/
| /ʈʰ/
| /tɕʰ/
| /kʰ/
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Frikativ
! | <small>stimmlos</small>
| /f/
| /s/
| /ɬ/
| /ʂ/
| /ɕ/
| /x/
|
|-
! | <small>stimmhaft</small>
| /v/
| /z/
|
| /ʐ/
| /ʑ/
| /ɣ/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
| /w/
|
| /l/
|
| /j/
|
|
|}


======Anlautwechsel in Mittelwiobisch======
==Dakelh/Tlingit inspired Dodellic==
In Mittelwiobisch sind ursprünglich unbetonte Präfixe schon früh abgefallen, haben jedoch morphologischen Anlautwechsel in ursprünglich betonten Wortstämmen hinterlassen. Ursprünglich betonte Präfixe (wie etwa ''i-'', 'un-') und Kompositum-Bestandteile werden immer noch ausgesprochen und werden hier fett dargestellt.


=======Lenition=======
==Bylȳn==
Diese Anlautmutation verursachen z. B. die Präfixe ''be-'', ''ge-'', ''ger-'', '''''i-''''', wenn der Wortstamm in einem ursprünglich stimmhaften (nun aspirierten) Plosiv beginnt.
[[Main_Page/Themsarian]]


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="<!-- width:650px; --> text-align:center;"
put in Dodellic; Wdm substrate
|-
! Anlaut
! /pʰ/
! /tʰ/
! /tɬʰ/
! /ʈʰ/
! /tɕʰ/
! /kʰ/
|-
! Leniert
| /v/
| /z/
| /l/
| /ʐ/
| /ʑ/
| /ɣ/
|}


=======Nasalisierung=======
phonology:
Diese Mutation verursachen Präfixe, die in einem Nasalkonsonanten enden, z. B. die Präfixe ''en-'' und ''wen-''.
*/m n p b t d tš dž k g (glottal stop) f s š x H h v z ž r l/ {{angbr|m n p b t d ť ď k g q f s š ch x h v z ž r l}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="<!-- width:650px; --> text-align:center;"
*/a e i u y a: e: i: u: y: ai au iə uə/ {{angbr|a e i u y aa ee ii uu yy ai au ie ua}}
|-
**Responsible for Wdm vowel shift: *u > ü, *o > u, *a > o, *ä > a
! Phonem
*pitch accent
! /p/
! /pʰ/
! /f/
! /t/
! /tʰ/
! /s/
! /tɬ/
! /tɬʰ/
! /ɬ//
! /ʈ/
! /ʈʰ/
! /ʂ/
! /tɕ/
! /tɕʰ/
! /ɕ/
! /k/
! /kʰ/
! /w/
! /x/
|-
! Nasalisiert
| /b/
| /m/
| /v/
| /d/
| /n/
| /z/
| /dɮ/
| /nˡ/
| /l/
| /ɖ/
| /ɳ/
| /ʐ/
| /dʑ/
| /ɲ/
| /ʑ/
|colspan="3"| /ŋ/
| /ɣ/, /ŋ/
|}


======="Verstimmhaftung"=======
==Trician doublets==
Diese Mutation verursachen dieselben Präfixe, die die Mutation Lenition verursachen, wenn der Stamm in bestimmten (stimmlosen) Frikativen beginnt. Diese könnte daher als Untertyp der Lenition betrachtet werden.
*Thensarian ardlaccātom > atxagátañ (via Nurian) ~ dlahgað (via Tigol) ~ glyçád (via glăchad) ~ plahad (via Clofabosin placadin) - various stringed instruments
*Pida (Mărotłian teacher) ~ pda (Dr.) ~ Modern Wdm. pra (honorific pronoun)


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="<!-- width:650px; --> text-align:center;"
==Silly language family trees==
|-
*Trigonic languages
! Phonem
**Sinitic
! /f/
***Mandarin
! /s/
***Cantonese
! /ɫ/*
****Schwyzerdütsch
! /ʂ/*
***Sinaitic
! /ɕ/
****Phoenician
! /x/**
*****Greek
|-
******Inuktitut
! Mutiert
**Coshitic
| /v/
***Vietnamese
| /z/
****Sinh
| /l/
****Tanh
| /ʐ/
****Sech
| /ʑ/
***Hyperbolgarian
| /ɣ/
***Beta
|}
***Proto-Afro-Asiatic
**Deltan languages (aka Newtono-Leibnizic)
***Hessian German
***Turingian German
****[[Tyrith]] (from older ''*Türiŋit'')
****Lambda calculus
****Mathematica
****C++
*****Sanskrit
**Triforcian languages
***Hylian
****Tritriforcian languages
*****Tritritriforcian languages
******...
*******Sierpińskian


<nowiki>*</nowiki> Präfixe und Kompositum-Bestandteile, die nicht produktiv sind, mutieren diese Anlaute eventuell nicht.<br/>
==Qiala Gaivuan's Dwarvish==
<nowiki>**</nowiki> Bei diesen Anlauten gibt es Ausnahmen, in denen der letzte Konsonant der Präfix den Anlaut vollständig ersetzt, anstatt den ursprünglichen Anlaut zu mutieren.
Wäßßmerian/Highlands Wiobian consonant shift (stolen wholesale from High German consonant shift):


======="Verstimmlosung"=======
Phase 1 (final or intervocallic):
Diese Mutation verursachen Präfixe wie ''deß-, les-'' bei Wörtern, die mit einem Nasal, Resonant oder aspirierten Plosiv beginnen.
/p/ > /f/ <''f''>
/t/ > /s/ <''ß''>
/c/ > /ç/ > later /z/ bzw. /ʃ/ <''s/sch''>
/k/ > /x/ > later /χ/ <''ch''>


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="<!-- width:650px; --> text-align:center;"
Phase 2 (initial, geminated or after a resonant)
|-
/p/ > /pf/ <''pf''>
! Phoneme
/t/ > /ts/ <''ßß''> > word initially /s/ <''ß''>
! /m/
/c/ > /cç/ > later /''tʃ''/ <zsch>
! /pʰ/
/k/ > /kx/ > later /''χ''/ <ch>
! /n/
! /tʰ/
! /nˡ/
! /tɬʰ/
! /l/
! /ɳ/
! /ʈʰ/
! /ʐ/
! /ɲ/
! /tɕʰ/
! /j/
! /ŋ/
! /kʰ/
! /w/
|-
! Mutiert
| /m̥/
| /p/
| /n̥/
| /t/
| /ɬ/
| /tɬ/
| /ɬ/
| /ɳ̊/
| /ʈ/
| /ʂ/
| /ɲ̊/
| /tɕ/
| /ɕ/
| /ŋ̊/
| /k/
| /x/
|}


=====Reime=====
Phase 3
====Von Mittelwiobisch bis modernes Hochwiobisch====
/b/ > /p/ fortis or lenis <''p''>
====Neuwiobische Phonologie====
/d/ > /t/ fortis or lenis <''t''>
=====Anlaute=====
/ɟ/ > /c/ fortis or lenis <''z''>
/g/ > /k/ fortis or lenis <''k''>


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
Other changes:
|+ '''Anlaute im modernen Hochwiobischen'''
/θ~ð/ > /d/ > later lenis /t/ <''d''>
! colspan="2"|
/f~v/ > /b/ > later lenis /p/ <''b''> (after a vowel)
! | Labial
/sk, çk/ > sch /ʃ/
! | Alveolar
Auslautverhärtung
! | Lateral
! | Retroflex
! | Palatal
! | Velar
! | Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| /m/
| /n/
| /nˡ/
|
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosiv/Affrikat
! | <small>tenuis</small>
| /p/
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /ʈʂ/
| /tɕ/
| /k/
| /ʔ/
|-
! | <small>aspiriert</small>
| /pʰ/
| /tʰ/
| /tɬʰ/
| /ʈʂʰ/
| /tɕʰ/
| /kʰ/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Frikativ
| /f/
| /s/
| /ɬ/
| /ʂ/
| /ɕ/
|colspan="2"|/x~h/
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
| /w/
|
| /l/
| /ʐ/
| /j/
|
|
|}


=====Reime=====
==Paucal of humility==
===Grammatik===
There are three numbers: singular ({{sc|sg}}) representing one object, paucal ({{sc|pc}}) for a few, and plural ({{sc|pl}}) for many. The paucal form usually denotes two to nine items, but the boundary between paucal and plural is quite fluid; a paucal could be used for a larger number for contrast with a much larger number of things. The plural number in pronouns also serves as an honorific; complementarily, using paucal pronouns where a plural is expected entails a "dishonorific", humble or pejorative meaning.
====Typologie====
==Something with my old Tsjoen grammar==
Typologisch ist Wiobisch eine SVO-Sprache, welche Präpositionen bevorzugt. Nominale Attribute wie Adjektive, Possessive, und Relativsätze werden jedoch ''vor'' dem Nomen gestellt.
Txapoalli? Naquic?


====Flexion====
==Manxome (Manx-Hmoob hybrid)==
'''Nota bene:''' Ein hochgestelltes <sup>U</sup> bezeichnet, dass der Wortstamm Umlaut erfährt.
A close relative of Skellan with the GVS? Or is this just Ko?


Altwiobisch verfügte über ein Flexionssystem, das Substantive in 2 Numeri und 5 Kasus deklinierte und Verben mit Personal-Suffixe konjugierte. In der gesprochenen Sprache haben diese Affixe schnell erodiert und sind meist gänzlich verloren gegangen oder nur in der Form von Anlaut- bzw. Tonwechsel erhalten geblieben. Seit der Reform der wiobischen Rechtschreibung im Jahre 1811 v.C. werden Personal-, Kasus- und Numerus-Affixe in Substantive, Adjektive und Verben nicht mehr verwendet.
Cedilla and double vowel mania
=====Pronomina=====
Personalpronomina werden noch im Neuwiobischen flektiert:


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 450px; text-align: center;"
Mix in a little Dutch?
|+'''Personalpronomina'''
!style="width:90px;"|Person →
! colspan="2" |1
! colspan="2" |2
|-
!|Numerus →
! rowspan="2" style="width:90px;" |Singular
! rowspan="2" style="width:90px;" |Plural
! rowspan="2" style="width:90px;" |Singular
! rowspan="2" style="width:90px;" |Plural
|-
!|Kasus ↓
|-
!|{{abbtip|ich|Nominativ}}
| |{{abbtip|mit kurzem &quot;i&quot;|''in''}}
| |''ƕind''
| |''i''
| |''lind''
|-
!|{{abbtip|mich|Akkusativ}}
| |''inne''
| |''ƕien''
| |''ie''
| |''lien''
|-
!|{{abbtip|mein, meiner|Genitiv}}
| |''inne''
| |''ƕie''
| |''ie''
| |''lie''
|-
!|{{abbtip|mir, für mich|Dativ}}
| |''ins''
| |''ƕiens''
| |''ies''
| |''liens''
|-
!|{{abbtip|ich bin es!|Prädikativ}}
| |''inte''
| |''ƕinte''
| |''iete''
| |''linte''
|}


=====Substantive=====
==IE conlang ideas==
Im Altwiobischen gibt es viele morphologischen Wege, Pluralformen zu bilden:
*'want' from bhr-h1s- (bear-DES)
*"try 1SG-ACC VERB-INF" = try to VERB me (actually looks pretty german)


*Suffixe: ''-e'', ''-t'' oder ''-er'' (ein Kollektiv-Suffix)
=="Ah, meine Treußer" gibs==
*Präfixe: ''ge-'' oder ''þe-''
*Săchał yang hălsreaf chrăthüng fi pdath yas măfongșor! Wănguas fi binreach wangsăfab thearłăsab făneyșumab pălontumab acsitumab gopliximab fizoraximab prozamumab cabituzumab... Ah, endocebuxin!
*keine Änderung
*sčʼutaʔɬ čəd dzəlxʷʔad ʔal kʷi sqʷadbəʔid! shuʔədəb šiƛ̕x̌adil stab dzastidil balustadil xʷəʔsdətapril kʷinapazil bəsmanadil quizoradil daquinadil sperotidil prolixudil... Ah, endolucrifen!
*durch Entfernen des Umlauts aus dem Singularstamm.


Substantive werden zumeist dekliniert wie folgt:
==Some old gibs==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style=" text-align: center;"
Neuber und Seigen driechen das Fauensammer.
! colspan="3" | Wiobische Nominalflexion
Und Pfurges ummärten den Sieberschmüstchen
|-
der Meichtel und die kreuge haben den Ofel angeschninkelt!
! style="width: 90px;" | Kasus
der Strahme der hüffneden ist an síreochta dréag agus fhóineocht.
! style="width: 150px;" | Singular
(irish gib is also easy to adapt)
!  style="width: 150px;" | Plural
Und dauchte die Miegung.
|-
Agus sráineann an mhóilte i bhfáirdeacha.
! Nominativ
An dtrídeach tú leim an mheidreach?
| [SINGULARSTAMM]''-''Ø || [PLURALSTAMM]''-''Ø
und die dréanoigh na chloiste is clóireach
|-
makk praom krenn tae leontóin agus dreangachtaí
! Akkusativ
Zohnung schweifen der mahl tröhnen
| [SINGULARSTAMM]''-e'' || [PLURALSTAMM]''-n''
Cáróidh meim fhíreasá sróidheamh táin a chúloigh a fháir a cheim
|-
sróitreáneidh na pradhaoibhiú té bheir sa dhímeá 'bhifeóirsi tha
! Genitiv
| [SINGULARSTAMM]''-''Ø || [PLURALSTAMM]''-(e)''
|-
! Dativ
| [SINGULARSTAMM]''-s'' || [PLURALSTAMM]''-ns''
|-
! Prädikativ
| [SINGULARSTAMM]''-e'' || [PLURALSTAMM]''-''Ø
|}


=====Adjektive=====
Pirandetam ver ketassinosin ket ligerinogenine
=====Verben=====
Verben haben drei Stammformen: den Präsens-Stamm, den Präteritum-Stamm und den Verbalnomen-Stamm.


Der Präsens-Stamm bildet das Präsens und den Imperativ; es ist mit dem 2. Person Singular Imperativ identisch und daher ist die Zitierform. Der Präteritum-Stamm bildet das Präteritum, das jedoch nun veraltet ist. Der Verbalnomen-Stamm ist das Verbalnomen, der die Syntagmen für das Perfekt/Retrospektiv und das Futur bildet.
Du sümmelst so gapfer an, wenn du in solch schnöpfen, geschrammten Hückeln inframierst! Ich ingräliere dir, indem ich dir einen Beschlaubszwicher antabere. Ich möchte dir einen schlaarige Garulierer anzülfen, damit du in gezührigen Anschniegsgahmen verschnülzern kannst.


======Personal-Endungen======
die Anschrängerungen verkiech die Redangierungen, indem sie deren Gespalchsfeunungen rekredabierte.
Im Altwiobischen haben Verben auch Personal-Endungen.
Der Aufschlied zwand die Mäste, um ihrer Begeifigungen zu verknieren.
Αν ο φαγγαλος τεθεγμασται την ψαθην και τον κιμαρρον!
Αναι μεν γαρ δεδαγγασμενοι ηλετησαν ινε τον φραθμον.
Ο φιστώτης και η νίψ κεκλαμμένοι εισίν.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
Sʼeik beih Đâh kglumm gnüar Haem Päh jehn knuck Lö Mott nihr ngå Pluh Reaz Sra Ksaot teap klav Waü Zeay Þael
|-
!colspan="3" | Imperativ-Endungen
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''-''
|[PRÄSENS-STAMM]''-n''
|-
!|2
|[PRÄSENS-STAMM]''-(t)''
|[PRÄSENS-STAMM]''-l''
|}


Azz kemm jick gno Sruck bâzz skång mäch dö' Lümm dak mihn mu påhng Sjä Kbael Pfeiz rao Smau tngaör zbaü lean Sek Woh tböhng sia Koas Tuah Gnüang


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
==Scope of negation==
|-
different negative markers for scope
!colspan="3" | Präsens-Endungen
|-
!style="width:  50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|[PRÄSENS-STAMM]''<sup>U</sup>-n''
|[PRÄSENS-STAMM]''-m(e)''
|-
!|2
|[PRÄSENS-STAMM]''-e''
|[PRÄSENS-STAMM]''-l''
|-
!|3.animate
|[PRÄSENS-STAMM]''-n''
|rowspan="2"|[PRÄSENS-STAMM]''<sup>U</sup>-e''
|-
!|3.inanimate
|[PRÄSENS-STAMM]''<sup>U</sup>-s''
|}


==Llanfair...gogogoch gib==
Reduplication (goch > gogogoch)


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
==Fyxámian national anthem==
|-
===Eevo===
!colspan="3" | Präteritum-Endungen
===English translation===
|-
====Verse 1====
!style="width: 50px; "|
<poem>
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
[...]
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
[...]
|-
''From antipode to antipode''
!|1
''Men of thy deeds do sing.''
|[PRÄTERITUM-STAMM]''-n''
</poem>
|[PRÄTERITUM-STAMM]''-m(e)''
====Refrain====
|-
!|2
|[PRÄTERITUM-STAMM]''-e''
|[PRÄTERITUM-STAMM]''-l''
|-
!|3.animate
|[PRÄTERITUM-STAMM]''-n''
|[PRÄTERITUM-STAMM]''<sup>U</sup>-e''
|-
!|3.inanimate
|colspan="2"|[PRÄTERITUM-STAMM]''-''Ø
|}


====Syntax====
==Book and paper titles in Eevo==
*(''A Bound for the Number of Points on Elliptic Curves over Finite Fields'')
*(''Spectral Sequences of Algebraic Varieties'')
*''Mroga-xiv ry blwhir jybinþylisár ar jonda jynéeb'' (''Zeta Functions of Algebraic Curves over Finite Fields'') (fT 2259)
*''Regular Temperaments''


<!--
==Primitive Seargais==
Neuwiobisch verfügt über ~35 Anlaute, obwohl die genaue Anzahl je nach dialekt unterschiedlich ist. Im Allgemeinen gelten die folgenden Entsprechungen zwischen den schriftlichen und den phonologischen Anlauten:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Neuwiobische Anlaute'''
! colspan="2"|
! | Labial
! | Alveolar
! | Retroflex
! | Palatal
! | Velar
! | Labiovelar
! | Glottal
|-
! rowspan="2" | Nasal
! | <small>stimmlos</small>
| '''sm''' /m̥/
| '''sn''' /n̥/
| '''smr''' /ɳ̊/
| '''smi, sni''' /ɲ̊/
|
|
|
|-
! | <small>stimmhaft</small>
| '''m, mƀ''' /m/
| '''n, nđ''' /n/
| '''mr, mƀr, nđr''' ''etc.'' /ɳ/
| '''nɟ, mƀi, nđi''' ''etc.'' /ɲ/
| '''nk, ng''' /ŋ/
| '''nqu, nw''' /ŋʷ/
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plosiv/Affrikat
! | <small>tenuis</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''t''' /t/
| '''pr, tr''' ''etc.'' /ʈʂ/
| '''z, pi, ti''' ''etc.'' /tɕ/
| '''k''' /k/
| '''qu''' /kʷ/
| /ʔ/
|-
! | <small>stimmhaft</small>
| '''mp''' /b/
| '''nt''' /d/
| '''mpr, ntr''' ''etc.'' /ɖʐ/
| '''nz, mpi, nti''' ''etc.'' /dʑ/
|
|
|
|-
! | <small>aspiriert</small>
| '''ƀ''' /pʰ/
| '''đ''' /tʰ/
| '''ƀr, đr''' ''etc.'' /ʈʂʰ/
| '''ɟ, ƀi, đi''' ''etc.'' /tɕʰ/
| '''g''' /kʰ/
| '''gu''' /kʷʰ/
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Frikativ
! | <small>stimmlos</small>
| '''f''' /f/
| '''þ, ß''' /s/
| '''fr, þr''' ''etc.'' /ʂ/
| '''s, fi, þi''' ''etc.'' /ɕ/
| '''h''' /x/
| '''ƕ''' /xʷ/
|
|-
! | <small>stimmhaft</small>
| '''V(n)f, Vƀ''' /v/
| '''V(n)þ, V(n)ß, Vđ''' /z/
| '''r, V(n)fr, V(n)þr,''' ''etc.'' /ʐ/
| '''Vs, Vns, wi,''' ''etc.'' /ʑ/
| '''V(n)h''', '''Vg''' /ɣ/
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
| '''l''' /l/
|
| '''j, li''' /j/
|
| '''w, V(n)ƕ''' /w/
|
|}


Derivationsmorphologischer Anlautwechsel ist häufig, produktiv ist er aber nicht: z. B. ''ƀiul'' /pʰjə̄w/ 'gerecht' : ''iƀiul'' /ˈī.vjə̄w/ 'ungerecht' : ''ƀeƀiul'' /vjə̄w/ 'gerade machen, ordnen'
<poem>
long vowels:
a: e: i: o: u: æ: ø: y: from
broad á aí/ai/oi oí/uí/ui ó/ao ú/ua/ui ái ói/aío/aoi úi/oío/uío/uai
slender eá ei/éi/éa í/ia/iai eo iú/io/iu ea/éa/eai/eái eoi iúi/ío


====Reime====
éa becomes æ: before broad d, n, l and r, and e: elsewhere
Die Beziehung zwischen orthographischen und gesprochenen Reimen ist noch komplizierter...
ui becomes u: before broad d, n, l and r, and i: elsewhere


Nur die folgenden Konsonanten dürfen am Ende einer Silbe stehen: [p t k m n ŋ j w]
short vowels:
a e i o u -> a ʲa ʲɨ a ɨ


====Töne====
changes from proto seargais to seargais
high vowels move one POA
(u -> ü, ü -> i but aü stays put)
there's the merger
now o becomes u to fill in the gap, a becomes o and æ becomes a
a e i o u æ ø y ->
o e i u y a ø i
e -> ə
which triggers i -> ia, ia -> e, y -> i, u -> ɨ, o -> u, a -> ua, ua -> o
so i get
a e i o u æ ø y ia ua ai au ay ->
o e i u y a ø i ia ua ai au ay ->
u ə ia ɨ i ua _ ia e o ai au _
ø -> ɛ -> a while ay -> aɨ
u ə ia ɨ i ua a ia e o ai au aɨ (i now have all the vowels!)
breathy voice ablaut patterns:
e/i/ai -> ə/ia/ai
o/u/au -> ɨ/i/au
ö/ü/aü -> a/ia/aɨ
chaotic!


===Substantive===
a/ua -> u/o
===Verben===
ä/ia -> ua/e
===Syntax===
:'''''me Đrott himm liuwes nükksen, geto uom meß ƕoleme.'''''
:<small>PROX-SG.NOM Dieb-NOM 2PL-DAT gestern stehlen-3SG.AN hier 1EX.NOM PROX.ACC sehen-1EX</small>
:''Hier sahen wir den Dieb, der gestern Euch bestohlen hat.''


:'''''geto uom himm liuwes nükksen Đrotteß ƕoleme.'''''
spelling: a e i o u y w = /a e i o u ə ɨ/
:<small>hier 1EX.NOM 2PL-DAT gestern stehlen-3SG.AN Dieb-SG.ACC sehen-1EX</small>
:''Hier sahen wir den Dieb, der gestern Euch bestohlen hat.''


:'''''geto uom ƕoleme gaß nükksen liuwes himm gaß Đrotteß.'''''
short a -> y
:<small>hier 1EX.NOM sehen-1EX DEF-SG.ACC stehlen-3SG.AN 2PL-DAT gestern DEF-SG.ACC Dieb-SG.ACC</small>
short ɨ -> w (very few modern Seargais speakers make the distinction between the short vowels using y for both)
:''Hier sahen wir den Dieb, der gestern Euch bestohlen hat.''
</poem>
===Seargais superstrate===
<poem>
same breathy voice pattern except there's a GVS
a e i o u ä ö ü ua ia ai au aü ->
o i ai u au e ü aü uo ie ä a a
compare
u ə ia ɨ i ua a ia e o ai au aɨ
these are heard by seargais speakers as
o i ai u au ə ɨ aɨ e o e a a
</poem>
===Seargais consonants===
<poem>
p t q pʰ tʰ χ m n w θ ʟ r tɬ ɬ (broad)
f ts k f ts kʰ m n j s ɬ r tʃ ʃ (slender)


===Dialekte===
Urú'ed:
-->
m n ʟ mʰ nʰ χ m n pf θ ʟ r nl tɬ (broad)
m n ŋ mʰ nʰ ŋʰ m n f ts ɬ r n tʃ (slender)
the combined set of phonemes:
p pʰ t tʰ k kʰ q
f θ s ɬ ʃ χ
pf ts tɬ tʃ
m mʰ n nʰ ŋ ŋʰ nl
j w ʟ r
h is missing
broad sm and sn can become h
urúing to tʰ
actually it should stay as θm and θn
θm -> voiceless m -> h also works
it doesn't impact the morphology


==Modern Wiobian==
</poem>
{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize =
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = Modern Standard Wiobian
|nativename = ''Wioƀþnuß''
|pronunciation= /ʑu&#768; nwə&#768;/
|region = Wioƀermin
|speakers = 70 million
|date = 2200 v.C.
|familycolor=raxo-talsmic
|fam1= [[Gamedan languages|Gamedan]]
|fam2= [[Jankeric languages|Jankeric]]
|fam3= [[Wiobian language|Wiobian]]
|script=Wiobian script
|iso3=qwb
|notice=IPA
}}
'''Modern Wiobian''' (''Wioƀþnuß'' /ʑu&#768; nwə&#768;/) is the most widely spoken form of the Wiobian languages. The written language is based on Classical Wiobian and is highly conservative. Spoken Wiobian diverged rapidly from written Wiobian starting from the fall of classical Wioƀermin.


===Todo===
==Huichaltzah's alien language==
*Translate a poem from Old Wiobian into Modern Wiobian. A Bach cantata too
p pʰ t tʰ ts tsʰ tɬ tɬʰ k kʰ kʟ kʟʰ
===Historical phonology===
s ɬ x h
====Initials====
m n ŋ
*{{recon|V-C[+plosive +voiced]-}} > {{recon|V-C[+fricative +voiced]}} (i.e. voiced plosive initials lenite after a prefix vowel. The prefix is later dropped.)
l ʟ w j
**Initial alternations: ''ƀiul'' /pʰjə̄w/ 'just' : ''iƀiul'' /ˈī.vjə̄w/ 'unjust' : ''ƀeƀiul'' /vjə̄w/ 'straighten, put in order'
a e i o ar er ir or (rhotic vowels)
*{{recon|VN-C[+plosive]-}} > {{recon|V-C[+nasal]}} (i.e. plosive initials nasalize after a nasal)
*{{recon|V(N)-C[+fricative +voiced]}} > {{recon|V-C[+fricative +voiced]}} (i.e. fricative initials become voiced after a prefix)
*voiced initials > aspirated initials
*{{recon|C[+coronal]r}} > {{recon|C[+retroflex]}}


====Rimes====
Grammar: Rhotic vowel harmony, CW with many cases
*''-l'' [-l] > [-w]
**''Zall'' 'man' /cal/ > /tɕə&#772;w/
*''-r'' [-r] > [-ː]
*-VC[+fricative] > -V[+breathy tone] > -V[+low tone]
**''Zall(e)ß'' 'man (accusative)' /cals/ > ''Zallß'' /tɕə̀w/
*-VC[+fricative]C[+plosive] > -V[+low tone]C[+plosive]
**''Raßt'' 'power' /rast/ > /ʐɛ&#768;t/
*-VC[+plosive] > -V[+glottalized tone] > -V[+high tone]
*-VC[+nasal]C[+plosive] > -VC[+nasal, +homorganic][+high tone]
*-VC[+nasal]-C[+plosive]V > -VC[+nasal, +homorganic][+mid tone]
*-VC[+nasal]C[+plosive]C[+fricative] > -VC[+nasal, +homorganic][+low tone]
*Trochees become monosyllables
**''Janker'' 'ocean' [ˈjaŋkər] > /jɔ&#772;ŋ/
*Trisyllables in the form [stem]-suffix-[stem] become trochees


===Phonology===
==Bändli==
====Phonotactics====
Zulu pseudo-gib
(C)V(C)<sup>T</sup>


Words are mainly monosyllabic, occasionally trochees.
===Initials===


Compounds are left-headed and trochaic.
schm, m > m, mh


====Initials====
schn, n > n, nh
Modern Wiobian syllables may begin with one of ~40 possible consonants, though the exact number may vary by dialect. The following mapping generally holds in the standard language:


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
schng/kn, ng > ng, ngh
|+ '''Modern Standard Wiobian initials'''
! colspan="2"|
! | Labial
! | Alveolar
! | Lateral
! | Retroflex
! | Palatal
! | Velar
! | Glottal
|-
! rowspan="2" | Nasal
! | <small>voiceless</small>
| '''sm, hm''' /m̥/
| '''sn, hn''' /n̥/
|
| '''smr''' /ɳ̊/
| '''smi, sni, hmi, hni''' /ɲ̊/
| '''hng''' /ŋ̊/*
|
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| '''m, mƀ''' /m/
| '''n, nđ''' /n/
| '''ml, mƀl, ngl''' ''etc.'' /nˡ/
| '''mr, mƀr, nđr''' ''etc.'' /ɳ/
| '''nɟ, mƀi, nđi''' ''etc.'' /ɲ/
| '''nk, ng, nqu, nw''' /ŋ/
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plosive/Affricate
! | <small>plain</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''t''' /t/
| '''pl, kl''' /tɬ/
| '''pr, tr''' ''etc.'' /ʈʂ/
| '''z, pi, ti''' ''etc.'' /tɕ/
| '''k, qu''' /k/
| /ʔ/
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| '''mp''' /b/
| '''nt''' /d/
| '''mpl, nkl''' /dɮ/
| '''mpr, ntr, nkr''' ''etc.'' /ɖʐ/
| '''nz, mpi, nti''' ''etc.'' /dʑ/
|
|
|-
! | <small>aspirated</small>
| '''ƀ''' /pʰ/
| '''đ''' /tʰ/
| '''ƀl, gl''' /tɬʰ/
| '''ƀr, đr, gr''' ''etc.'' /ʈʂʰ/
| '''ɟ, ƀi, đi''' ''etc.'' /tɕʰ/
| '''g, gu''' /kʰ/
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
! | <small>voiceless</small>
| '''f, sw''' /f/
| '''þ, ß''' /s/
| '''fl, hl''' ''etc.'' /ɬ/
| '''fr, þr''' ''etc.'' /ʂ/
| '''s, fi, þi''' ''etc.'' /ɕ/
| '''h, ƕ''' /x/
|
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| '''V(n)f, Vƀ''' /v/
| '''V(n)þ, V(n)ß, Vđ''' /z/
|
| '''r, V(n)fr, V(n)þr,''' ''etc.'' /ʐ/
| '''Vs, Vns, wi,''' ''etc.'' /ʑ/
| '''V(n)h''', '''Vg''' /ɣ/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
| '''w, V(n)ƕ''' /w/
|
| '''l, V(n)fl,''' ''etc.'' /l/
|
| '''j, li''' /j/
|
|
|}


<nowiki>*</nowiki> Only in loanwords.
sp, p, b, gep/geb > p, ph, bh, b


Lots of alternation between initials; some consonants arose entirely from alternation.
st, t, d, get/ged > t, th, dh, d


====Rimes====
ŧ, sŧ, đ, geŧ/geđ > qh, q, nqh, gq
Only the following final coda consonants may occur: [p t k m n ŋ j w].


====Tones====
k, g, gek/geg > kh, gh, g
Syllables may have high, mid and low tones.


===Nouns===
r > hh
The written language has 4 cases. Case markers are restricted to articles only.


===Adjectives===
f, w > f, v
===Verbs===
Personal endings are obsolete. Most Wiobian speakers perceive the personal endings as archaic without knowing what personal ending is appropriate for a given subject.


Verb stems for present and past exist but are often supplemented with auxiliaries.
fl, kl, schl > hl


===Dialects===
bl, gl > dl
Wiobian dialects vary the most in their degree of phonological conservatism and sound changes from Classical Wiobian. They are often not mutually intelligible, whence the policy that aggressively standardized the language and discouraged use of the dialects. Ironically this has had the effect of some un-etymological back-formations being used in the spellings of some words.


==Classical Wiobian==
pfr, fr, tr, kr, schr > kl /x~kx/
===Introduction===
'''Classical Wiobian''' (/ˈwiːbiən/ or /ˈwiːɵbiən/ Classical Wiobian: ''wiöƀeme nuß'') is a highly divergent Gamedan language spoken in Wiober in the Jankmin area. (cf. Wiobian ''Janker'' 'ocean' < PJank {{recon|''jenkār''}} 'ibid.' (< PGmd {{recon|''wjénq-''}} 'water') + {{recon|''-ōr''}} 'collective suffix') Modern Wiobian is written following Old Wiobian orthographical conventions, but is pronounced much differently than Old Wiobian. Wiobians are notable for their monotheistic faith, whose religious text motivated them to preserve the classical orthography even in the wake of stark sound changes.


Classical Wiobian has a grammarian, '''Niumer Kait''' (Niumer is the surname and Kait is a male given name).
br, dr, gr > gl /ɣ~gɣ/


Todo:
j > y
*Translate some Bach cantatas


===Historical phonology===
schw > f
*PGam {{recon|''h-''}} > {{recon|0}}
*PGam {{recon|''z''}} > {{recon|''s''}}
*Lateral obstruents become palatal obstruents
*PGam plain stops become fricatives
*PGam voiced stops become aspirated stops
*PGam ejective stops become implosive stops


===Phonology of Classical Wiobian===
z, s, sch > s, z, sh
====Phonotactics====
(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)
====Consonants====
Classical Wiobian features a greatly simplified system of ~22 consonants (comparable to [[Themsarian]], with 22 consonants).


Voiceless plosives are not aspirated.
ent- > prenasalization


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
===Consonants===
|+ '''Classical Wiobian consonants'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2"|
|-
! | Labial
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! | Dental
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! | Alveolar
! colspan="2" | Alveolar
! | Palatal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! | Velar
! rowspan="2" | Velar
! | Labiovelar
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
! | Glottal
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
! central
| '''m''' /m/
! lateral
|-
! rowspan="4" | Click
! plain
|
|
| '''n''' /n/
|  
| [ɲ]
|  
| '''ng''' /ŋ/
| {{IPA|ǃ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! aspirated
! | <small>voiceless</small>
|
| '''p''' /p/
|
|  
| {{IPA|ǃʰ}}
|
|
|
| '''t''' /t/
| '''z''' /c/
| '''k''' /k/
| '''qu''' /kʷ/
| /ʔ/
|-
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
! nasalised
| '''ƀ''' /b/
|
|  
|  
|  
| '''đ''' /d/
| {{IPA|ᵑǃ}}
| '''ɟ''' /ɟ/
|
| '''g''' /ɡ/
|
|-
! breathy nasalised
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
| {{IPA|ᶢǃʱ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Nasal
! plain
| {{IPA|m}}
| {{IPA|n}}
|
|
| ŋ
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
! breathy
| '''f''' /f~v/
| {{IPA|mʱ}}
| '''þ''' /θ~ð/
| {{IPA|nʱ}}
| '''ß''' /s~z/
|  
| '''s''' /ç~ʝ/
|  
| '''h, ch''' /x~ɣ/
| {{IPA|ŋʱ}}
| '''ƕ''' /xʷ~w/
|  
|  
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
! rowspan="4" | Stop
! voiceless
| {{IPA|p}}
| {{IPA|t}}
|
|
|
|
| '''r''' /r/
|  
|
|
|-
! aspirated
| {{IPA|pʰ}}
| {{IPA|tʰ}}
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA|kʰ}}
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
! breathy
| {{IPA|b}}
| {{IPA|d}}
|
|
|
|
| '''l''' /l/
| {{IPA|ɡ}}
| '''j''' /j/
|
| '''w''' /w/
|
|
|}
Plosives are devoiced and unreleased syllable-finally.
====Vowels====
The vowel system is more complex.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Classical Wiobian vowels'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="width: 90px; "|
! implosive
! colspan="4" style="width: 180px; " |Front
| {{IPA|ɓ}}
! rowspan="3" style="width: 90px; " |Central
| ɗ
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|
|-
|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
| ɠ
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|
|-
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
! voiceless
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
| {{IPA|f}}
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
| {{IPA|s}}
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
| {{IPA|ɬ}}
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
| {{IPA|ʃ}}
| x
| {{IPA|h}}
|-
|-
! style="" |Close
! breathy
| '''i''' /i/
| {{IPA|v}}
| '''i''' /iː/
| {{IPA|z}}
| '''ü''' /y/
| {{IPA|ɮ}}
| '''ü''' /yː/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
| ɣ
| '''u''' /uː/
| {{IPA|ɦ}}
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
| '''e''' /e/
| '''e''' /eː/
| '''ö''' /ø/
| '''ö''' /øː/
| '''e''' /ə/
| '''o''' /o/
| '''o''' /oː/
|-
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
! rowspan="2" | Approximant
| '''ä''' /ɛ/
! plain
| '''ä''' /ɛː/
|
|
|
|
|
| '''å''' /ɔ/
| {{IPA|l}}
| '''å''' /ɔː/
| {{IPA|j}}
|-
! style="" |Open
| '''a''' /a/
| '''a''' /aː/
|  
|  
|
|
|
|
|
|}
|}


Diphthongs: '''au aü ei ia ie io iö iu uo üö''', pronounced as expected.
===Vowels===
 
i ï u e ë o ä a /i ɨ u e ə o æ ɑ/
====Stress====
The first syllable of the root was heavily stressed, at the expense of prefixes and endings.


===Orthography===
===Tones===
''All and only'' nouns are capitalized.
No tone


===Nouns===
==Some Clofablang==
5 cases:
*Vowels: æ ɪ i ʌ ə ʊ ʉ
*nominative
*Vowel harmony groups:
*accusative
**high tense: i ʉ
*genitive
**high lax: ɪ ʊ
*dative
**low: æ ʌ
*predicative
**ə is neutral


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="width: 270px; text-align: center;"
==Russo-Salish==
! colspan="3" | Indefinite article
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
! style="width: 90px;" | Singular
!colspan="2" | Labial
! style="width: 90px;" | Plural
!colspan="2" | Alveolar
!rowspan="2" | Retroflex
!colspan="2" | Velar
!rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
|-
! Nominative
! <small>hard</small>
| ''ƕieme, me'' ||
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
|-
|-
! Accusative
!rowspan="2"| Nasal
| ''ƕiemeß, meß'' ||
!<small>glottalized</small>
| ||
| n̪ʼ || nʲʼ
|  
| ŋʲʼ
| ŋʼ
|  
|-
|-
! Genitive
!<small>plain</small>
| ''ƕiemeþ, meþ'' ||
| m || mʲ
| n̪ || nʲ
|
| ŋʲ
| ŋ
|  
|-
|-
! Dative
!rowspan="3" | Stop
| ''ƕiemes, mes'' ||
!<small>plain</small>
|-
| ||  
! Predicative
| t̪ || tʲ
| ''ƕiem'' ||  
|  
|}
| kʲ
 
| k
 
| ʔ
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="width: 270px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''Hiul'' - wind
|-
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
!<small>ejective</small>
! style="width: 90px;" | Singular
| ||
!  style="width: 90px;" | Plural
| t̪ʼ || tʲʼ
|
| kʲʼ
| kʼ
|  
|-
|-
! Nominative
!<small>voiced</small>
| ''Hiul'' || ''Hiule''
| b || bʲ
| d̪ || dʲ
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! Accusative
!rowspan="3" | Affricate
| ''Hiuleß'' || ''Hiulen''
!<small>plain</small>
| ||
| ts || tsʲ
| tʂ
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
! Genitive
!<small>ejective</small>
| ''Hiuleþ'' || ''Hiule''
| ||  
| tsʼ || tsʲʼ
| tʂʼ
|
|
|
|-
|-
! Dative
!<small>voiced</small>
| ''Hiules'' || ''Hiulens''
| ||
|-
| dz || dzʲ
! Predicative
| dʐ
| ''Hiule'' || ''Hiule''
|  
|}
|  
 
|  
===Verbs===
Subject pronouns are not dropped.
 
*''<sup>U</sup>-en'': 1st person singular
*''-eß'': 2nd person singular
*''-en'': 3rd person singular animate
*''-e'': 3rd person singular inanimate
*''-eme'': 1st person plural exclusive
*''-en'': 1st person plural inclusive
*''-el'': 2nd person plural
*''<sup>U</sup>-e'': 3rd person plural
 
Many verbs have a past tense stem distinct from the present tense stem. However auxiliary constructions are necessary to unambiguously indicate tense.
 
Present tense reduplicated stem ''pep-~piep-'':
*''inn piepen Zalleß'' 'I love the man'
*''ie'' (m.)/''wie'' (f.) ''pepeß'' 'thou lovest'
*''þa pepen'' 's/he loves'
*''þan pepe'' 'it loves'
*''uom pepeme'' 'we (exc.) love'
*''ƕind pepen'' 'we (inc.) love'
*''lind pepel'' 'ye love'
*''þute piepe'' 'they love'
 
Imperative is formed with the present tense stem:
*''pep!'' 'love (thou)!'
*''pepen!'' 'let us love!'
*''pepel!'' 'love (ye)!'
 
Past tense stem ''pie-'':
*''inn pien'' 'I loved'
*''ie'' (m.)/''wie'' (f.) ''pieß'' 'thou lovedst'
*''þa pien'' 's/he loved'
*''þan pie'' 'it loved'
*''om pien/pieme'' 'we loved'
*''lind piel'' 'ye loved'
*''þute pie'' 'they loved'
 
===Syntax===
 
====Relative clauses====
 
:'''''na Đrott himm liuwes nükksen, geto uom naß huoleme.'''''
:<small>ANA-SG.NOM thief-NOM 2PL-DAT yesterday steal-3SG.AN here 1EX.NOM ANA.ACC see-1EX</small>
:''This is where we saw the thief that robbed you yesterday.'' (Note that the demonstrative ''na'' both marks the relativized noun and refers to it.)
 
:'''''geto uom himm liuwes nükksen Đrotteß huoleme.'''''
:<small>here 1EX.NOM 2PL-DAT yesterday steal-3SG.AN thief-SG.ACC see-1EX</small>
:''This is where we saw the thief that robbed you yesterday.''
 
:'''''geto uom huoleme gaß nükksen liuwes himm gaß Đrotteß.'''''
:<small>here 1EX.NOM see-1EX DEF-SG.ACC steal-3SG.AN 2PL-DAT DEF-SG.ACC thief-SG.ACC</small>
:''This is where we saw the thief that robbed you yesterday.''
 
===Derivational morphology===
*''<sup>U</sup>(-n)'': nominalization
*''ƀe-'': transitive verb prefix
*''đen-/đer-'': causative
*''en-'': collective
*''i-'' (< PJank {{recon|''ī''}} < PGam {{recon|''hiz''}}): negative
*''-n'': collective, nominalization
*''ner-'': causative
*''uo-'' (< PJank {{recon|''ā''}} < PGam {{recon|''ʔāz-''}}): augmentative
**''Uores'' 'wolf' < euphemistically derived from ''Rüös'' 'dog'
*''wen-'': perfective/telic
 
==Semitic notes==
 
u/i merge: Ge'ez; a/i merge: (kinda) Hebrew; a/u merge: (kinda) Socovíc as of 3/16/2015
 
==Or maybe settle for this==
{{cardo|iómo, ióma, ióme, iomúma, iomíma, iomíma<br/>
léla, léla, léla, leláto, leláte, leláte}}
 
 
{{cardo|ásmoro, ásmor; tásmoro, tásmor; tásmori; iásmoro, iásmor; iásmori; násmoro, násmor; tásmoru; iásmoru}}
 
==North Semlang 2nd try==
*still want conditional a/u merger and nasal Vs
*i-umlaut
**a, u > ø / _Ci
**ā > é / _Ci
**u > ø / _Ci
**ū > ý / _Ci
**aw > ǿ / _Ci
**ay > í / _Ci
*need to start from triptotic declension here:
 
===PNSem===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| f || fʲ
| s || sʲ
| ʂ
| xʲ
| x
| h
|-
|-
! Nominative
!<small>voiced</small>
| ''yawmu'' || ''yawmā(mi)'' || ''yawmū(ma)''
| v || vʲ
| z || zʲ
| ʐ
| ɣʲ
| ɣ
|  
|-
|-
! Accusative
!rowspan=2| Approximant
| ''yawma'' || ''yawmay(mi)'' || ''yawmī(ma)''
!<small>glottalized</small>
| ||
| lˠʼ || lʲʼ
|  
| jʼ
|  
|  
|-
|-
! Genitive
!<small>plain</small>
| ''yawmi'' || ''yawmay(mi)'' || ''yawmī(ma)''
| ||
| lˠ || lʲ
| 
| j
|
|
|}
|}


===Early===
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
! style="" |Close
| i
|  
| u
|-
|-
! Nominative
! style="" |Mid
| ''jóm'' || ''jómá(mi)'' || ''jómú(m)''
|  
| ə
|  
|-
|-
! Accusative
! style="" |Open
| ''jóm''~''jómi'' || ''jómé(mi)'' || ''jómí(m)''
|  
|-
| a
! Genitive
|  
| ''jómi'' || ''jómé(mi)'' || ''jómí(m)''
|}
|}


==Judeo-Indo-Aryan==
==Salish + Old Chinese==
A modern Indo-Aryan language spoken by Jews in India.
m n ŋ ŋʷ
 
mʼ nʼ ŋʼ ŋʷʼ
*Use Babylonian Hebrew, not Tiberian Hebrew
p t ts k kʷ q qʷ ʔ
*Differs more from Hindustani than Yiddish does from German
pʼ tʼ tsʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ
*Lot of additional palatalization
b d dz g gʷ ɢ ɢʷ
 
s r rʼ l lʼ (+ phar'd versions of each)
==Atzòpic==
a e i o u ə
{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize =
|name = Atzòpic
|nativename = hìzbut atzòpį
|pronunciation= [atsəˈpĩ]
|region =
|extinct =
|fam1=Zachydic
|fam2=Raxo-Talsmic
|fam3=Ractamic
|familycolor=zachydic
|ancestor=Old Atzòpic
|script= Raxic script
|iso3=
|notice=IPA
}}
 
''Neguąsitł Linguifeczix, acthìzbutètł dǫsix uicìx!''
 
Motivated by Raxic C[+ejective]V > Atzòpic C[-ejective]V[+creaky] - Hence the ejectives disappear.
 
/ks/ > /xs/ > /ʃ/
 
Seven cases:


*nominative -Ø
==CW language sketch==
*accusative ''-z''
m n
*genitive ''-c'' (animate sg.?)/''-z'' (inanimate sg.?)/''-u'' (animate pl.?)
p t ts k q
*dative ''-tł''
b d dz g
*locative-comitative ''-x''
s h ʀ
*ablative ''-ː~'' (nasalized vowel)
w l r j
*instrumental ''-ːl''


Vowels change according to historical stress positions as well as historical ejective consonants. The Ractamic stress/vowel system start out similarly to Latin, but develop in very different directions.
i u
e o
æ a


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
==Some auxlang?==
! colspan="10" | Consonants
===Consonants===
|-
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 136px; "|
|+ '''Consonants'''
! rowspan="2" style="width: 68px; " |Labial
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" style="width: 136px; " |Coronal
! |Labial
! rowspan="2" style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! |Coronal
! colspan="2" style="width: 136px; " |Velar
! |Palatal
! rowspan="2" style="width: 68px; " |Uvular
! |Velar
! rowspan="2" style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
! |Glottal
|-
! style="width:68px;" |<small>central</small>
! style="width:68px;" |<small>lateral</small>
! style="width:68px;" |<small>plain</small>
! style="width:68px;" |<small>labialized</small>
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
Line 1,245: Line 741:
| '''n''' /n/
| '''n''' /n/
|  
|  
|  
| '''ŋ''' /ŋ/
| <span style="color:gray;">[ŋ]</span>
|
|
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" style=""  |Plosive
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! |<small>tenuis</small>
! |<small>unaspirated</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''b''' /p/
| '''t''' /t/
| '''d''' /t/
| '''j''' /tɕ/
| '''g''' /k/
|  
|  
|
| '''c''' /k/
| '''qu''' /kʷ/
|
| '''h''' /ʔ/
|-
|-
! |<small>aspirated</small>
! |<small>aspirated</small>
| '''b''' /pʰ/
| '''p''' /pʰ/
| '''d''' /tʰ/
| '''t''' /tʰ/
|
| '''ch''' /tɕʰ/
|
| '''k''' /kʰ/
| '''g''' /kʰ/
| '''gu''' /kʷʰ/
|
|  
|  
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
| '''f''' /f/
| '''f''' /f/
| '''z''' /s~z/
| '''s''' /s/
| '''ł''' /ɬ/
| '''sh''' /ɕ/
| '''x''' /ʃ/
| '''kh''' /x/
|
| '''h''' /h/
|
|
|<span style="color:gray;">[ʰ~ɦ]</span>
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Affricate
! colspan="2" |Approximant
! |<small>tenuis</small>
| '''w''' /w~v/
| '''l''' /l/; '''r''' /r/
| '''y''' /j/
|  
|  
| '''tz''' /ts/
| '''tł''' /tɬ/
| '''tx''' /tʃ/
|
|
|  
|  
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
|  
|  
|-
| '''r''' /r/
! |<small>aspirated</small>
|  
|  
| '''dz''' /tsʰ/
| '''dł''' /tɬʰ/
| '''dx''' /tʃʰ/
|
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
|}
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Vowels'''
|-
!  style="width: 60px; "|
!  style="width: 60px; " |Front
!  style="width: 60px; " |Central
!  style="width: 60px; " |Back
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Approximant
! style="" |Close
|
| '''i''' /i/
| '''s''' /ɹ/
| '''l''' /l/
| '''y''' /j/
|
| '''u''' /w/
|
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /e/
| '''ə''' /ø~ə~ɤ/
| '''o''' /o/
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Trill
! style="" |Open
|  
|  
| '''r''' /r/
| '''a''' /a/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
|}


==Tīzian==
Diphthongs: '''ai ao''' /ai au/
Another Ractamic/Neo-Raxic thing
 
===Phonotactics===
Consonant clusters are disallowed, except medial geminates and -NC- sequences. Only /p t k m n ŋ/ can come in word-final position.


==Music theory terminology==
==Σȣομʚ==
*blackwood[10] major: ''rāmáth'' 'diurnal'
*blackwood[10] minor: ''mináth'' 'nocturnal'
*the different ways of subtly tuning/i.e. well-temperaments are called 'seasons' (that lengthen or shorten the day and night).


==Juttjick Kâmrâ' Waong==
Καʚκκʚ ʚⱶμʚσετ συντυϝητ ϝαπαʚνα ια τασαϝερταʚσʚνα αρϝολτααν ια οʚκεȣκσʚλτααν. Ⱶεʚλλε ον αννεττȣ ιηρκʚ ια οματȣντο, ια ⱶεʚδην ον τοʚμʚτταϝα τοʚσʚααν κοⱶτααν ϝελιευδεν ⱶεγγεσση.
'''I.'''


''Juttjick Kâmrâ' Waong,''<br/>
==Qe!==
''Ngüe Quur fâm'oy Plaong;''<br/>
Jāheqozron vemālaerus qe doñanqerosy.
''Zott Mâmzäk prâbeis''<br/>
''Loch lea Dâmgnenn Zweis!''<br/>
''Wnirr Jâmtâmlech ngou,''<br/>
''Feytaön zitt zâ Smou''<br/>
''Möt målei Jimkbael,''<br/>
''Seüruz daodue hael''<br/>


==Pristac Guanorliviroc==


<poem>
<poem>
An ever-present companion,
Leißelbeiger Glündesschnock,
S/he sought us out in our distress,
bhfaoigh na dhruisce leis an ngloc,
с куздом твачу зблодащок,
pristac guanorliviroc!
 
Tyűlöszöbbes hávaltok,
ṇentronné veux mains du roque,
geuteureun madeul ryeonmok,
pristac guanorliviroc!
 
Iūcullātur plexē hoc,
Takzitxerri ezbantzok,
Ηζειν ευθρασιν στουροκ,
pristac guanorliviroc!
 
Nguyết sảnh xưa nỡn hầng màu trọc,
Cuālliquimeh huixōtloc,
tʰˁawk pgəts məlˁaj n̊əŋs qʷʰˁraʔ tkʰˁens nˁrok,
pristac guanorliviroc!
 
Raamaanujanniaviusuq-
qanngutsijałłaumiartuq,
Post hoc ergo propter hoc,
pristac guanorliviroc!
 
Zíj phlàa vîek rang dèt Bangkok,
Satthayaarongsamphonnok,
Pikna la-magtef litzmok,
pristac guanorliviroc!
</poem>
</poem>


==Talsmic==
==Finno-Arabic==
===Themsarian===
/t tˁ k q ʔ f s sˁ x χ h m n l r w j a aa ə əə i ii u uu ai au əi əu ia ua iə uə/
In Themsarian the topic is NOT prominent - the topic comes immediately after the verb most of the time?
 
==Irish with pharyngealized consonants==
 
 
/a/: a ea ae eae
/e/: oeu eu oe e
/i/: ai ia aia i
/o/: o uo uea ue
/u/: aua ua au u
 
==Uncanny valley Korean==
Consonants: /m n ŋ bʰ dʰ dzʰ gʰ p t ts k f s fʰ sʰ h w j r ʔ/
 
Postvocalic /ʔ/ may be realized as creaky voice.
 
Vowels:  /i ɨ u e ə o ɛ ɔ æ a/
 
==Proto-Eomujic==
*ä, a, e, o
*eu, i <- syllabic resonants


===Old Vernacular Talsmic===
*p t k p’ t’ k’ b d g
Old Vernacular Talsmic dialects are largely similar to Noble Themsarian, but there are grammatical, lexical and stylistic differences:
*s z ts ts’ ʂ ʐ ʈʂ ʈʂ’
*Using the subject-infinitive more and more, eventually to express various aspectual and modal meanings.
*m n ŋ r l ʀ w j h
**The synthetic preterite falls into disuse, being supplanted by the "after {{sc|infinitive-subject}}" construction.
==Gleb phonologies==
*Collapses all state distinctions in adjectives (into the former predicative form)
===SEA-esque===
*The dual is often not used, except for emphasis or stylistic reasons.
m̥ m n̻̥ n̻ ɲ̥ ɲ
mb mɓ̰ nd̻ nɗ̰̻ nɗ̱̰ nd͡ʒ
pʰ p b ɓ̰ tʰ̻ t̻ d̻ ɗ̰̻ t͡s̻ ɗ̱̰ t͡ʃʰ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ kʰ k
ɸ β s̻ z̻ ʃ ʒ x h
l̻ j w


i iː ɨ ɨː u uː
e eː ɘ ɘː o oː
ɛ ɛː ɜ ɜː ɔ ɔː
a aː
===Indic-esque===
m̥ m n̥ n ɳ̥ ɳ ɲ̥ ɲ
pʰ p b tʰ t d ʈʰ ʈ ɖ t͡ʃʰ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ kʰ k g ʔ
f v s z ʂ ʐ ʃ ʒ x ɣ h
r ɽ j
i u
ɪ ʊ
ɑ


Given topic prominence and topicalization = fronting, new (discourse-new) subject is fronted, since it is new topic. Then this becomes a topic prominent/V2 language as in vernacular Talsmic. Relative clauses are by default VSO but can undergo fronting for focus. Discourse-new object is fronted as well.


===Qelorian===
(C1)V(C2)
*The subject of a relative clause is indexed by adding a pronominal suffix on the head (if they are different)


===Núrian===
C1: a consonant
"Double Irish" aesthetic? Namely, fricatives 'h' + aspiration written with 'h'. The same could be accomplished with slenderness with...?


==Diachronics lab==
V: a vowel
Pluractionality ≈ antipassive


we exc/inc > we formal/intimate
C2: a non-palatal consonant other than a postalveolar consonant or one of /d g z ɣ/; i.e. one of /m̥ m n̥ n pʰ p b tʰ t kʰ k ʔ f v s x h r/


Demonstrative/definite affix > construct state: PL-clam-those [of the] man > PL-clam-CONST man
===Pseudo-Polynesian===


Classifiers are in construct state
m n̻ p b t̻ d̻ k g l̻ j w i u ɪ ʊ e o ɛ ɔ a


this CL NOUN > the.GENDER NOUN
(C)V


apposition NOUN-1SG NOUN > CL-1SG NOUN > of_i-1SG NOUN_i
C: a consonant


PREP-3SG NOUN > CASE.SG-NOUN
V: a vowel


CONJ VERB NOUN > PREP NOUN
Gleb seed 1516956979


evidential-marking "because" or "therefore", as opposed to the protasis verb
===Liquidless pseudo-French===
m n̻ ṉ p b t̻ d̻ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ k g f v s̻ z̻ ʃ ʒ h w i y u ɛ ɛ̃ œ œ̃ ɔ ɔ̃ a ã


feminine > abstract > honorific
(C1)V(C2)


==Dili==
C1: a consonant
'''Dili''' ('''diḷi khokši''') is a Bonzic language using sizable clitic complexes.


*Relative clauses occur before the noun. There is no marking save the order.
V: a vowel


==Witcanese==
C2: a consonant
Wetcanese is a mainly agglutinative, head-final language.


:''Kòtih wanaih kèpwanchè.''
Gleb seed 1601724777
::<small>1SG.GEN-ERG mother-ERG 1SG.ABS-hate-WIT</small>
::My mother used to hate me.
===Phonology===
Wetcanese has a simple syllable structure relative to most European languages. Permissible syllable shapes are V, CV, VC, CVC, CGV, and CGVC where G is a glide.


===Grammar===
===A nice one===
====Nouns====
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="5"| '''Noun Declension'''
|-
!scope="row" width="110px"|Number→<br/>Case↓
!colspan="2" width="165px" scope="col"|Singular
!colspan="2" width="165px" scope="col"|Plural
|-
!scope="row"|Absolutive
|colspan="2"|''-0''
|colspan="2"|''-w'', ''-u''
|-
!scope="row"|Ergative
|colspan="2"|''-ih''
|colspan="2"|''-wih''
|-
!scope="row"|Dative
|colspan="2"|''-af''
|colspan="2"|''-waf''
|-
!scope="row"|Locative
|colspan="2"|''-him''
|colspan="2"|''-uhim'', ''-whim''
|-
!scope="row"|Ablative
|colspan="2"|''-chay''
|colspan="2"|''-uchay'', ''-wchay''
|-
!scope="row"|Comitative
|colspan="2"|''-yã''
|colspan="2"|''-uyã'', ''-wyã''
|-
!scope="row"|Instrumental
|colspan="2"|''-run''
|colspan="2"|''-urun'', ''-wrun''
|-
!scope="row"|Essive
|colspan="2"|''-hòg''
|colspan="2"|''-uhòg'', ''-whòg''
|-
!scope="row"|Genitive
|colspan="4"|''-t-'' (see Genitive declension)
|-
|}


====Adjectives and Genitives====
m n̻ nʲ̻ tʰ̻ t̻ kʰ k kʷ f s̻ l̻ i iː u uː ɛ ɛː ɛ̃ ɛ̃ː ɔ ɔː ɔ̃ ɔ̃ː a aː ã ãː
Adjectives (including genitives) agree with the noun in case and number. Adjectives take the same endings as nouns. However, many adjectives are genitive adjectives formed form nouns, corresponding to the adjectival suffix in other languages.


(C1)V(C2)


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
C1: a consonant
|-
! colspan="5"| '''Genitive Declension'''
|-
!scope="row" width="110px"|Number→<br/>Case↓
!colspan="2" width="165px" scope="col"|Singular
!colspan="2" width="165px" scope="col"|Plural
|-
!scope="row"|Absolutive
|colspan="2"|''-t''
|colspan="2"|''-tèw''
|-
!scope="row"|Ergative
|colspan="2"|''-tih''
|colspan="2"|''-twih''
|-
!scope="row"|Dative
|colspan="2"|''-taf''
|colspan="2"|''-twaf''
|-
!scope="row"|Locative
|colspan="2"|''-thim''
|colspan="2"|''-tuhim''
|-
!scope="row"|Ablative
|colspan="2"|''-tchay''
|colspan="2"|''-tuchay''
|-
!scope="row"|Comitative
|colspan="2"|''-tyã''
|colspan="2"|''-tuyã''
|-
!scope="row"|Instrumental
|colspan="2"|''-tèrun''
|colspan="2"|''-turun''
|-
!scope="row"|Essive
|colspan="2"|''-thòg''
|colspan="2"|''-tuhòg''
|-
!scope="row"|Genitive
|colspan="4"|''-tèt-''
|-
|}


====Verbs====
V: a vowel
Verbs in Wetcanese have no tense or aspect inflection; instead, there is evidentiality and mood which can do double duty as certain tenses The irrealis is the default, unmarked mood/evidentiality, serving the role of the infinitive or the future in other languages.


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 275px; text-align: center;"
C2: a consonant other than /nʲ̻/
|-
! colspan="2"| '''Wetcanese mood/evidentiality affixes'''
|-
! width="110px"|irrealis
| width="165px"|''-Ø''
|-
!|witness
|''-chè''
|-
!|emphatic
|''-kòd''
|-
!|jurative
|''-tèmuh''
|-
!|quotative
|''-sha''
|-
!|mirative
|''-quh''
|-
!|hearsay
|''-ot''
|-
!|inferential
|''-eq''
|-
!|assumptive
|''-rwè''
|-
!|optative
|''-mes''
|-
!|imperative
|''-wõ''
|-
!|potential
|''-hiw''
|-
!|desiderative
|''-pãs''
|-
!|admonitive
|''-ay''
|-
!|permissive
|''-hyè''
|}


:''Phátu nuku'''chè'''...''
Gleb seed 1364524938
::''When did I last see it... (lit. When it was_located-I saw...)''


The mirative marks new information that the speaker is witnessing. It often corresponds to present tense. In narratives it is used to exhort the listener for attention.
===vaguely Clofab===
consonants:


:''Qayòlih milám huga'''quh'''.''
m n mb nd ndz ŋg p b t d ts dz k g mv nz f v s z h r w
::''Hey, the demon's chasing the dog!/Behold, the demon chased the dog.''


The quotative is used for information from third-party sources deemed to be authoritative. As such it is the evidential most often encountered in narratives.
vowels:


:''Qayòlih milám huga'''sha'''.''
a e i o u
::''The demon chased the dog. (narrative)''


The admonitive is used in prohibitions and warnings, and for negative purpose clauses.
syllable structure: (C)V


:''Phi qhashãs'''ay'''''
Gleb seed 1390372573
::''Do not wander around''
:''ha ãbè mòsip'''ay'''''
::''lest this be forgotten''


Wetcanese makes use of verbal affixes, instead of intonation (like English) or word order (as in some European languages and Celtic/Hebrew), in order to focus a constituent.
===Liquidless phonology===
m̥ m n̥ n ŋ̥ ŋ mpʰ mb ntʰ nd ŋkʰ pʰ p b tʰ t d kʰ k ʔ f s x


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 275px; text-align: center;"
a e ɛ i o ɔ u
|-
! colspan="2"| '''Focus prefixes'''
|-
! width="110px"|absolutive
| width="165px"|''ne-''
|-
!|ergative
|''hin-''
|-
!|beneficiary
|''mac-''
|-
!|instrument
|''qo-''
|-
!|location
|''ya-''
|-
!|source
|''hòt-''
|-
!|goal
|''up-''
|-
!|time
|''al-''
|}


==TAM session==
(C)V(N)
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="2"| '''Aspect-mood clitics'''
|-
|Ø
|aorist
|-
|''d(i)-''
|progressive
|-
|
|prospective
|-
|
|inceptive
|-
|
|continuative
|-
|
|pausative
|-
|
|resumptive
|-
|
|cessative
|-
|
|retrospective
|}


C: a consonant


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
V: a vowel
|-
! colspan="9"| '''Person-tense clitics'''
|-
!scope="row"|Number→<br/>Person↓
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Singulative
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Generic/Partitive
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Plurative
|-
! colspan="9"| '''Present'''
|-
!scope="row"|1
|colspan="2"|''*na-''
|colspan="4"|''*xa-'' (exclusive); ''*ŋe-'' (inclusive)
|-
!scope="row"|2
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="4"|''*sa-''
|-
!scope="row"|3
|colspan="2"|''*zə-''
|colspan="2"|''*cə-''
|colspan="2"|''*za-''
|-
! colspan="9"| '''Past'''
|-
!scope="row"|1
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="4"|
|-
!scope="row"|2
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="4"|
|-
!scope="row"|3
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
! colspan="9"| '''Future'''
|-
!scope="row"|1
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="4"|
|-
!scope="row"|2
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="4"|
|-
!scope="row"|3
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
! colspan="9"| '''Jussive'''
|-
!scope="row"|1
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="4"|
|-
!scope="row"|2
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="4"|
|-
!scope="row"|3
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|}


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
N: a nasal; i.e. one of /m̥ m n̥ n ŋ̥ ŋ/
|-
! colspan="9"| '''Person enclitics'''
|-
!scope="row"|Number→<br/>Person↓
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Singulative
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Generic/Partitive
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Plurative
|-
!scope="row"|1
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="4"|
|-
!scope="row"|2
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="4"|
|-
!scope="row"|3
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|}


===Nominal declension===
Gleb seed 1408165181


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
==A Damin==
|-
*Nasals: ɱ n̼ ɳ ɲ
! colspan="17"| '''Declension'''
*Plosives: d̼ ʈ c'
|-
*Affricates: tθ ʡħ
!scope="row"|Number→
*Fricatives: ð̼ θ̱ ç
!colspan="2" rowspan="2" scope="col"|Generic
*Clicks: ʞ
!colspan="4" scope="col"|Partitive
*Liquids: ʙ ʟ ʢ
!colspan="4" scope="col"|Singulative
*vowels: y ɤ æ
!colspan="4" scope="col"|Plurative
|-
!scope="row"|Definiteness→
!colspan="2"|<small>'''Indefinite'''</small>
!colspan="2"|<small>'''Definite'''</small>
!colspan="2"|<small>'''Indefinite'''</small>
!colspan="2"|<small>'''Definite'''</small>
!colspan="2"|<small>'''Indefinite'''</small>
!colspan="2"|<small>'''Definite'''</small>
|-
!scope="row"|Unpossessed
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|1sg
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|2sg
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|3sg.animate
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|3sg.inanimate
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|1ex
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|1in
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|2pl
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|3pl.animate
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|3pl.inanimate
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|Impersonal
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|Partitive
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|}


==No idea if this will work==
==from An Bhlaoighne==
<poem>
big: go qhéith
small: go mionn (from Latin "minimus")
long: go mheal
short: go laomh
wide: go raoi
narrow: go cuachar
thick: go scúil
thin: go h-ádh
woman: an fháixe, na bhfáixe
man: an beathra, na mbeathra
child: an stíotha, na stíotha
mother: an feadhan-fháixe?
father: an feadhan-beathra?
na bhfeadhan-fháixe, na bhfeadhan-beathra
wife: an sleith-fháixe
husband: an sleith-beathra
na dhsleith-fháixe, na dhsleith-beathra
fish: an déimhe, na dhéimhe
bird: an chuar, na cuar
(all these are from the bhadhagha gib)
dog: an lior, na lior
louse: an h-úmha, na n-úmha
snake: an bhfaost, na faost
worm: an ghean, na ngean
tree: an daodha, na dhaodha
forest: an ríne, na ríne
stick: an cuath, na chuath
fruit: an thamha, na dtamha
seed: an páile, na páile
leaf: an fhuix, na bhfuix
root: an dhóife, na dhóife
bark: an cior, na cior
flower: an qeógh, na qheógh
grass: an rúiche, na rúiche
rope: an mbuad, na bhuad
skin: an geabh, na gheabh
meat: an ceith, na gceith
blood: an dhséabha, na dhséabha
bone: an reist, na reist
fat: an xuile, na xuile
egg: an qé, na qhé *hmoob intensifies*
horn: an n-aire, na h-aire
tail: an h-aoi, na h-aoi
feather: an gcoít, na choít
hair: an núcha, na núcha
head: an snith, na snith
ear: an dtiocha, na tiocha
eye: an fheirn, na bhfeirn
nose: an gaoine, na ngaoine
mouth: an cnuile, na chnuile
tooth: an iacha, na h-iacha
tongue: an bhlaoighne? 😀
fingernail: an sciofhth, na sciofhth
foot: an reithe, na reithe
leg: an ndeocha reith, na dheocha reith
knee: an xionn reith, na dhxionn reith
hand: flúin
an bhflúin, na fhlúin
arm: an ndeocha bhflúin, na dheocha bhflúin
elbow: an xionn bhflúin, na dhxionn bhflúin
wing: an ceamh, na gceamh
belly: an táile, na tháile
guts: an nquinneach, na quinneach
neck: an xaoiphe, na xaoiphe
back: an mbíolbh, na bíolbh
breast: an dhsracht, na sracht
heart: an luisc, na luisc
liver: an steóisc, na dhsteóisc
go neábha 'to drink'
go séic 'to eat'
go xumhadh 'to bite'
go scéimh 'to suck'
go fiara 'to spit, to eject'
go fiara an néitheasach 'to vomit'
go fíoxa 'to blow'
go stúimhe 'to breathe'
go sraoth 'to laugh'
go bhfeirthe 'to see'
go dtiodh 'to hear'
go xeólaigh 'to know'
go bhrainne 'to think'


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
to smell: go mbuir
|-
fear: an xaoithe, na dhxaoithe
! colspan="9"| '''Conjugation'''
to sleep: go h-uaileas
|-
to live: go chaith
! colspan="3"| '''Infinitive'''
</poem>
| colspan="4"|
|-
! colspan="3"| '''Active participle'''
| colspan="4"|
|-
! colspan="3"| '''Antipassive participle'''
| colspan="4"|
|-
!scope="row"|Number→<br/>Person↓
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Singulative
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Collective/Partitive
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Plurative
|-
! colspan="9"| '''Aorist'''
|-
! colspan="9"| '''Active voice'''
|-
!scope="row"|1
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="4"|
|-
!scope="row"|2
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="4"|
|-
!scope="row"|3
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
! colspan="9"| '''Passive voice'''
|-
!scope="row"|1
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="4"|
|-
!scope="row"|2
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="4"|
|-
! colspan="9"| '''Antipassive voice'''
|-
!scope="row"|3
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
! colspan="9"| '''Imperfect'''
|-
! colspan="9"| '''Active voice'''
|-
!scope="row"|1
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="4"|
|-
!scope="row"|2
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="4"|
|-
!scope="row"|3
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
! colspan="9"| '''Passive voice'''
|-
!scope="row"|1
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="4"|
|-
!scope="row"|2
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="4"|
|-
! colspan="9"| '''Antipassive voice'''
|-
!scope="row"|3
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
! colspan="9"| '''Imperative'''
|-
! colspan="9"| '''Active voice'''
|-
!scope="row"|1
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="4"|
|-
!scope="row"|2
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="4"|
|-
!scope="row"|3
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|}


dance: from An Bhlaoighne "dannsa" (to move to a beat), from "dann" (beat; imitative of a drum) + -tha/-the verbalizer (-nnth- becomes -nns-)


{{gloss
==Long German gibby word==
|phrase=plân tròung '''''or''''' tròung plân
Brüschlingssträpfchenentzürmungsdreicherwildeleischenerbröpflichkeitsspülzergebraußerspeichelsmäudsgrefferklittenwertsbrimmendlicherungsschnäfternascherndräckelbassungsbärzenherdlichengerützelbeunungströtterbeteibertenspründerschlettengeschärtungsentdraufengeschiemlichkeitsneftertreuenhauscheraufstrüpfenanwadlungsstaufengrammlermeitscherluchseneinstrupfungsgeweidsschmesserdornenbekeifersträmpferentblüstungsgefrützerhaumenrießenschweiherbockerschaftsbedeuferungsbezandlungsgestürdenscheuchterdachsergeisterzerbrüttungsfrätterschoffergriedenteckenschwindsgemerzenheitsbrauftenscharnesspeizendentkremmensielesstrüstergezwohrenenvergräuferspeilenhuftschuckerverwaftungsschmagenentdränzerwinkenmeundenbielerglüftenverzäumlichkeitspfarnengortenspahlenentschrangenkrindenschufendriechengreierschnockenwiegerwungenschieberdähmenstuchtgejästnisgräbenspunkereienschneiligungsspürzenknafterschaumenbrußenbedreuernisjackerkeldungsheidenschmüsselnzudrenkenrumpferleigungsbehedigungsschweiterwackengesteckerbeizerwendungsfrüchlingszweibenseiderschangenhubergeidengemermlichkeitsgelechterschlammengogengettenberzlerfiegenlundenbädelnspanderquändelerbeichenstahrgebütenhenerbluhnenentzängerbreumenbefärzigergampfendreigenschaftszerbrenklungsgebrohungsschmindlergaftengaufsgekemmtenbräuzchenzerkreinerndenschleitenhaufsdröffernzerschwällenzwünderdreisungsenttrebenpflingergreuferschmaunenverrümmerkreibenquängerheitsschmatterverzwenkerungsflebereibenguftenjangereideldreibengangenbleizerbehürberschierdequammerhüngenbrössenbekleiterzwandengemiegerzeistigungsbegählnisberachtungsschwadenkrütteranklaumenschweicherleinerbröhnungsneidelnkufenschrankenziederdrabenschöhlerbruhnspeutscherentgäumungsvergürblichungsverweidnisglündergehuhmendreucherbeibengreusteszwerterschründereienbücklingserstorchenspienerhetschergohrenausschweislichkeitenlemdengetranderschrifferbeschlecherlingswingerkrantengedärzerzärncheneinfleuderhackerstälzenbriednisseigerungsverdraußerräuchselstommerfrätzelschlünterstürglingszwätcheneinblittsgespüßenentdriedenschwünterheibenstalerfernersteilendrüßentrachersträtzgeschwiebendeineslorteskehrwarteurendspannwachenblatzstaufentreischentraubengetöhlerbaußenhauerdinzenbeklaunerwießenkeitsbeschärfigungsgewichtsbraudenwederklaumsbefritzenscheiberdänzelungsmeitelwischerbeschorkenklubenwunderzäugswögerblüschenbenäudigungsheibenentpfeischerlammenwiedenbewegsweitchenläumlichkeitsgrüberdraßterwallenheuertriebenentpfernerkreidenlächtnisstreußerentrüchelvermaußerheitsverbrüschenwerdenwolderschrahnenzäudsgemischerpflechtsschreuerkrüßenpfeischenlangenläubgeschlindersträuelheitsschreberkäuftigkeitsmeierwünnenbäserhattenkraufengeschreudsentwerdsbeeigenbrännenbrauerbrindenschannenklüserwächtsweugenklagergessenbeienrüchtsraußenbewindenschlafterheitsentreffenschmeierlachtwießerschrupfenbeschwündsverziechengeschlächerlauferzernessenheitsgraußenschlöderleinswangenkehrenberaußwischerleitenracherschwegerfäudlichenzabenwündenerkrufenhaubswaudendissengäuberlampfenschrümberfiedsgräubenbedachenmahrenschreudsverschmaßenheitssprüngenentwöhlerbeschluntenhübenreunsbeneifsverzöhnenbeleifernempfäusungswichtheitsgederfsschwermenlückenanzweißenlauschungsfriegschwipferlangsberüngenschehnenblöckenzärferlachsgewindenmaubennaubenpaubentaubenkaubenbaubendaubengaubenpfaubenzaubentschaubensaubenschaubenfaubenwaubenjaubenhaubenlaubenraubenpraubentraubenkraubenbraubendraubengraubenpfraubenfraubenplaubenklaubenblaubenglaubenpflaubenflaubenknaubengnaubenstaubenspaubenschmaubenschnaubenschlaubenschraubenschwaubenstraubenspraubenmausennausenpausentausenkausenbausendausengausenpfausenzausentschausensausenschausenfausenwausenjausenhausenlausenrausenprausentrausenkrausenbrausendrausengrausenpfrausenfrausenplausenklausenblausenglausenpflausenflausenknausengnausenstausenspausenschmausenschnausenschlausenschrausenschwausenstrausensprausenmaumennaumenpaumentaumenkaumenbaumendaumengaumenpfaumenzaumentschaumensaumenschaumenfaumenwaumenjaumenhaumenlaumenraumenpraumentraumenkraumenbraumendraumengraumenpfraumenfraumenplaumenklaumenblaumenglaumenpflaumenflaumenknaumengnaumenstaumenspaumenschmaumenschnaumenschlaumenschraumenschwaumenstraumenspraum
|IPA=/pˤán ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ/ or /ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ pˤán/
|morphemes=plân tròung/tròung plân
|gloss=teacher house/house teacher
|translation=The teacher's house}}
{{gloss
|phrase=plân {{green|mā}} tròung '''''or''''' tròung {{green|mā}} plân
|IPA=/pˤán ma̤ ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ/ or /ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ ma̤ pˤán/
|morphemes=plân {{green|mā}} tròung/tròung {{green|mā}} plân
|gloss=teacher {{green|INV}} house/house {{green|INV}} teacher
|translation=The teacher of the house}}
{{gloss
|phrase=plân mā srâlk tròung
|IPA=/pˤán ma̤ kˤī ʂákˤ ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ/
|morphemes=plân mā srâkl tròung
|gloss=teacher INV pure house
|translation=The house of the teacher of purity}}
{{gloss
|phrase=plân mā {{green|kli}} srâlk tròung
|IPA=/pˤán ma̤ kˤī ʂákˤ ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ/
|morphemes=plân mā {{green|kli}} srâkl tròung
|gloss=teacher INV {{green|DELIM}} pure house
|translation=The teacher of the house of purity}}
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