Sharqi: Difference between revisions
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Stem 1==== | ====Stem 1==== | ||
Stem 1 is the base form of a verb. The citation form is the 3rd person singular masculine perfect. | Stem 1 is the base form of a verb. <!--The citation form is the 3rd person singular masculine perfect.--> | ||
*''F-C-L'' is used as the generic verb stem (with ''qadal'' "kill" as the example verb). | *''F-C-L'' is used as the generic verb stem (with ''qadal'' "kill" as the example verb). | ||
**''F'': first root consonant | **''F'': first root consonant | ||
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*If ''F'' is:- | *If ''F'' is:- | ||
**w: | **w: | ||
***''i'' becomes ''u'' before ''w'', with ''uw'' becoming ''uu'' before a consonant. If the following syllable has the vowel ''i'', it also | ***''i'' becomes ''u'' before ''w'', with ''uw'' becoming ''uu'' before a consonant. If the following syllable has the vowel ''i'', it also becomes ''u'' - e.g. ''al yuudud'' "he does not love" (from ''*yiwdid''). | ||
***The sequence ''uwa'' is further simplified to ''oo'' - e.g. ''yoodad'' "he loves" (from ''*yuwadad'' < ''*yiwadad''). | ***The sequence ''uwa'' is further simplified to ''oo'' - e.g. ''yoodad'' "he loves" (from ''*yuwadad'' < ''*yiwadad''). | ||
**y: | **y: | ||
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***The sequence ''iya'' is simplified to ''ee'' - e.g. ''teebas'' "she/it dries" (from ''*tiyabas''). | ***The sequence ''iya'' is simplified to ''ee'' - e.g. ''teebas'' "she/it dries" (from ''*tiyabas''). | ||
**Ø: preceding ''i'' becomes ''a'' in the imperfect and lengthened in the subjunctive/jussive - e.g. ''yaahal'' "it is enough" (from ''*yiØahal''), ''ay yiíhal'' "let it not be enough" (from *''yíØhal''). | **Ø: preceding ''i'' becomes ''a'' in the imperfect and lengthened in the subjunctive/jussive - e.g. ''yaahal'' "it is enough" (from ''*yiØahal''), ''ay yiíhal'' "let it not be enough" (from *''yíØhal''). | ||
**A guttural letter (''G'': ', h, c, x): when intervocalic, preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel - e.g. ''yaxamal'' "he carries" (from ''*yixamal'')<!--, ''ay tácraf'' "don't rest" (from ''tícraf'')-->. | **A guttural letter (''G'': ', h, c, x): when intervocalic, a preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel - e.g. ''yaxamal'' "he carries" (from ''*yixamal'')<!--, ''ay tácraf'' "don't rest" (from ''tícraf'')-->. | ||
*If ''C'' is:- | *If ''C'' is:- | ||
**y, yC, or Cy: | **y, yC, or Cy: | ||
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**G: | **G: | ||
***''aGii'' in gerundive becomes ''iGii'' - e.g. ''mixíiraw'' "him being kind/merciful"--> | ***''aGii'' in gerundive becomes ''iGii'' - e.g. ''mixíiraw'' "him being kind/merciful"--> | ||
***When intervocalic, preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel. | ***When intervocalic, a preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel. | ||
*If ''L'' is:- | *If ''L'' is:- | ||
**y: | **y: | ||
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**w: | **w: | ||
***''(a)wa(w)'' becomes ''aw'' - e.g. ''cafawd'' "she forgave" (from ''*cafwad''). | ***''(a)wa(w)'' becomes ''aw'' - e.g. ''cafawd'' "she forgave" (from ''*cafwad''). | ||
***''(a)way'' becomes '' | ***''(a)way'' becomes ''oy'' - e.g. ''cafoy'' "I forgave" (from ''*cafway''). | ||
***Final ''iw'' becomes ''u'' (''uu'' before a consonant) and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'' - e.g. ''cufu'' "forgive" (from ''*cifiw''). | ***Final ''iw'' becomes ''u'' (''uu'' before a consonant) and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'' - e.g. ''cufu'' "forgive" (from ''*cifiw''). | ||
***''wu(u)'' becomes ''u(u)'' after a consonant - e.g. ''yacafúun'' "they forgive" (from ''*yicafwúun''). | ***''wu(u)'' becomes ''u(u)'' after a consonant - e.g. ''yacafúun'' "they forgive" (from ''*yicafwúun''). | ||
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***Final ''iØ'' becomes ''i'' (''ii'' before a consonant) - e.g. ''níshi'' "take/lift" (from ''*níshiØ''). | ***Final ''iØ'' becomes ''i'' (''ii'' before a consonant) - e.g. ''níshi'' "take/lift" (from ''*níshiØ''). | ||
***''Øu(u)'' becomes ''u(u)'' after a consonant - e.g. ''yinashúun'' "they take/lift" (from ''*yinashØúun''). | ***''Øu(u)'' becomes ''u(u)'' after a consonant - e.g. ''yinashúun'' "they take/lift" (from ''*yinashØúun''). | ||
***''aØu(u)'' becomes ''ow'' - e.g. '' | ***''aØu(u)'' becomes ''ow'' - e.g. ''yooddówn'' "they finish" (from ''*yiwaddaØúun'') | ||
***''iØuu'' becomes ''uu'' e.g. ''al tinshúun'' "you ''(pl.)'' do not take/lift" (from ''*tinshiØúun'') | ***''iØuu'' becomes ''uu'' e.g. ''al tinshúun'' "you ''(pl.)'' do not take/lift" (from ''*tinshiØúun'') | ||
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