Atlantic: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language

|name = Atlantic

|nativename = otrantih; nimba otrantiha

|pronunciation = {{IPA|[ɔˈtrantiχ]}} {{IPA|[ˈnimba ɔˈtrantiχa]}}

|~~states (~~state) = ~~Atlantiana~~

|state = Atlantic Provinces

|region = Northwestern Africa

|ethnicity = Atlantics (''otrantihus'')

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|familycolor = Indo-European

|fam2 = Italic

|fam3 = Romance

|fam3 = Latino-Faliscan

|ancestor~~(2/3)~~ = Latin

|fam4 = Romance

|creator = [[User:Lili21~~|Lili21]]~~

|ancestor = Latin

|creator = User:Lili21

|created = Gen 2019

|setting = Alt-Earth

|~~script~~ = Latin alphabet

|scripts = Latin alphabet

|nation = ~~Atlantiana~~

|nation = Atlantic Provinces

|map = Republic-of-Otrantiana.png

|mapalt = Map of the Republic of ~~Atlantiana~~.

|mapalt = Map of the Republic of the Roman Atlantic Provinces.

|mapcaption = Map of the Republic of ~~Atlantiana~~.

|mapcaption = Map of the Republic of the Roman Atlantic Provinces.

}}

'''Atlantic''' (natively ''otrantih'' {{IPA|[ɔˈtrantiχ]}} or ''nimba otrantiha'' {{IPA|[ˈnimba ɔˈtrantiχa]}}) also referred to as ''Rumonian'' (natively ''rumon'' {{IPA|[ruˈmɔn]}} or ''nimba rumona'' {{IPA|[ˈnimba ruˈmɔna]}}, literally "Roman" and "Roman language"<ref>Inside ~~Atlantiana~~, "Atlantic" is commonly used as the demonym for the nation as a whole, composed of many ethnic groups. The majoritary of such groups, Romance speakers, are instead referred to (and refer to themselves) as ''rumonus'' (lit. Romans). The Roman foundation of the Atlantic state is also reflected in names such as the Republic's official name, "Republic of the Roman Atlantic Provinces" (''Rimpubriha dôs Pruvinxos Otrantihos Rumonos'') and the parliament's official name, "Senate of Atlantic Rome" (''Sinoṭ di Ruma Otrantiha''), as well as in the state motto being the Atlantic translation of SPQR (''Il Sinoṭ i lu Vulg di Ruma''). An addendum to the Constitution clarifies that the references to Rome in such names refer to Rome as a synonym for the State's name, with ~~Atlantiana~~ having a (currently mostly dormant) claim of being the successor state to the Roman Empire; the current Constitution makes no reference to the Romance-speaking population as Romans, mentioning instead that no person is to be discriminated for their ethnicity and that the "Atlantic, Berber, Fula, Wolof, Soninke, and Bambara languages are the official languages of the nation".</ref><ref>As a side note, in Atlantic, the adjective for people from Rome and their speech is ''rumonisc''; the one for Romansh is ''reto-rumonih''; the one for Romagnol is ''rumon-adrioṭih''; the one for Romanian is ''daxinsi'' or less commonly ''daxu-rumon'' or ''daxu-rumonih''.</ref>) is a [[w:Romance languages|Romance language]] spoken in an alternate history version of Earth in ~~Atlantiana~~ (''~~Otrantiana~~'' {{IPA|[~~ɔtranˈtjana~~]}}), a country located in the northwestern corner of Africa. The country's name is a remnant of [[w:Roman Empire|Roman]] history, when the area – including the [[w:Atlas Mountains|Atlas Mountains]] as its main geographical feature – was divided in the provinces of [[w:Numidia (Roman province)|Numidia]], [[w:Mauretania Caesariensis|Mauretania Caesariensis]], and [[w:Mauretania Tingitana|Mauretania Tingitana]].

'''Atlantic''' (natively ''otrantih'' {{IPA|[ɔˈtrantiχ]}} or ''nimba otrantiha'' {{IPA|[ˈnimba ɔˈtrantiχa]}}) also referred to as ''Rumonian'' (natively ''rumon'' {{IPA|[ruˈmɔn]}} or ''nimba rumona'' {{IPA|[ˈnimba ruˈmɔna]}}, literally "Roman" and "Roman language"<ref>Inside the Atlantic Provinces, "Atlantic" is commonly used as the demonym for the nation as a whole, composed of many ethnic groups. The majoritary of such groups, Romance speakers, are instead referred to (and refer to themselves) as ''rumonus'' (lit. Romans). The Roman foundation of the Atlantic state is also reflected in names such as the Republic's official name, "Republic of the Roman Atlantic Provinces" (''Rimpubriha dôs Pruvinxos Otrantihos Rumonos'') and the parliament's official name, "Senate of Atlantic Rome" (''Sinoṭ di Ruma Otrantiha''), as well as in the state motto being the Atlantic translation of SPQR (''Il Sinoṭ i lu Vulg di Ruma''). An addendum to the Constitution clarifies that the references to Rome in such names refer to Rome as a synonym for the State's name, with the Atlantic Provinces having a (currently mostly dormant) claim of being the successor state to the Roman Empire; the current Constitution makes no reference to the Romance-speaking population as Romans, mentioning instead that no person is to be discriminated for their ethnicity and that the "Atlantic, Berber, Fula, Wolof, Soninke, and Bambara languages are the official languages of the nation".</ref><ref>As a side note, in Atlantic, the adjective for people from Rome and their speech is ''rumonisc''; the one for Romansh is ''reto-rumonih''; the one for Romagnol is ''rumon-adrioṭih''; the one for Romanian is ''daxinsi'' or less commonly ''daxu-rumon'' or ''daxu-rumonih''.</ref>) is a [[w:Romance languages|Romance language]] spoken in an alternate history version of Earth in the Atlantic Provinces (''los Pruvinxos Otrantihos'' {{IPA|[lɔs pruˈvinçɵs ɔˈtrantiχɔs]}}), a country located in the northwestern corner of Africa. The country's name is a remnant of [[w:Roman Empire|Roman]] history, when the area – including the [[w:Atlas Mountains|Atlas Mountains]] as its main geographical feature – was divided in the provinces of [[w:Numidia (Roman province)|Numidia]], [[w:Mauretania Caesariensis|Mauretania Caesariensis]], and [[w:Mauretania Tingitana|Mauretania Tingitana]].

It has various dialects, usually grouped in main varieties corresponding to the main geographical and cultural areas of the country. ~~The~~ two main varieties ~~are called~~ ''Mauritanian'' (''moiriṭonyinsi'' {{IPA|[mwariθɔˈɲinsi]}}), the one the standard is based on, and ''Numidian'' (''numiginsi'' {{IPA|[numiˈdʑinsi]}}); ~~some sources distinguish~~ two ~~further varieties,~~ ''Teneréïc'' (''tenerinsi'' {{IPA|[tɛnɛˈrinsi]}}) and ''Senegal Riparian'' (''Niu-flumininsi'' {{IPA|[ˈniu̯ flumiˈninsi]}})~~; these two varieties are greatly influenced by the non-Romance languages they coexist with~~. In ~~Atlantiana~~, it is the native language of ~~about 70~~% of the population, the ~~nationwide~~ de facto lingua franca, and one of the six official languages, sharing official status with the native languages of the remaining 30% of the population: the Berber languages in most of the country and Fula, Wolof, Soninke, and Bambara in the south.

It has various dialects, usually grouped in main varieties corresponding to the main geographical and cultural areas of the country. In the broadest sense, there are two main varieties: ''Mauritanian'' (''moiriṭonyinsi'' {{IPA|[mwariθɔˈɲinsi]}}), the one the standard is based on, and ''Numidian'' (''numiginsi'' {{IPA|[numiˈdʑinsi]}}); sometimes distinguished are also two more variants which have more influences from the other national languages of the country: ''Teneréïc'' (''tenerinsi'' {{IPA|[tɛnɛˈrinsi]}}) and ''Senegal Riparian'' (''Niu-flumininsi'' {{IPA|[ˈniu̯ flumiˈninsi]}}). In the Atlantic Provinces, it is the native language of 63% of the population, the de facto lingua franca of the country, and one of the six official languages, sharing official status with the native languages of the remaining 37% of the population: the Berber languages in most of the country and Fula, Wolof, Soninke, and Bambara in the south. Per the 1946 Constitution, each ''vilaia'' (first-grade subdivision) of the Atlantic Provinces can declare its own official languages to be used in local acts; however, Atlantic is the only or one of the official languages in all but one (Imetɣaren Vilaia) of the 63 vilaios<ref>The four vilaios on the Senegal River are the only ones where Fula, Wolof, and Soninke are official; Bambara is only official in those four as well as neighboring Nema Vilaia.</ref>.

Atlantic is aesthetically inspired by selected sound changes in various other Romance languages, most notably [[w:Sicilian language|Sicilian]], [[w:Romansh language|Romansh]], [[w:French language|French]], and various dialects of [[w:Lombard language|Lombard]], especially [[w:lmo:Lombard alpin|Alpine ones(LMO)]]. It also includes some features taken by my now-abandoned former romlang projects, [[Wendlandish]] and [[/Older version|an unrelated romlang for the same setting]], as well as some unique features, such as intervocalic voiceless stops leniting to voiceless fricatives instead of voiced stops (like the [[w:Tuscan gorgia|Tuscan gorgia]], but here it's become phonemic).

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| ''Y'' y || ''upsilon'' {{IPA|[ˈupːisilɔn]}} || {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/ai̯/}} || upsilon || not an official letter, unassimilated loanwords only (excl. ''ly, ny'')

|-

| ''Z'' z || ''xeta'' {{IPA|[ˈçeta]}} || {{IPA|/z/}} || xeta || not an official letter, unassimilated loanwords only

| ''Z'' z || ''xeta'' {{IPA|[ˈçeta]}} || {{IPA|/z/}}, {{IPA|/s/}} || xeta || not an official letter, unassimilated loanwords only, or word-initially in some Greek roots (as in ''Zeus'', ''Zoi'', ''zoo-'').

|}

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* Palatal sound + '''a, o, u''' → '''ch, j, x'''

* Velar sound + '''i, e''' → '''qu, gu'''; the sequences {{IPA|/χi χe/}} do not exist in Atlantic.

The letter '''z''', not native to the Atlantic alphabet is usually pronounced {{IPA|[z]}} in unassimilated loanwords it occurs in. However, it is found root-initially in certain Greek words, where it is pronounced {{IPA|[s]}}, e.g. in ''Zeus'' {{IPA|[ˈsɛu̯s]}} or ''Zoi'' {{IPA|[swa]}}, or ''cenozoic~cenozoïc'' {{IPA|[tɕɛnɔˈswak]}}~{{IPA|[tɕɛnɔˈsɔjk]}}.

===s, x===

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==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns do not inflect for case, just for number, and have different pluralization patterns inherited by the Latin declensions and their various subtypes, including those for Greek nouns. Gender is not marked on the nouns themselves, but on accompanying adjectives and articles.

Nouns (''numinya'', sg. ''numi'') do not inflect for case, just for number, and have different pluralization patterns inherited by the Latin declensions and their various subtypes, including those for Greek nouns. Gender is not marked on the nouns themselves, but on accompanying adjectives and articles.

{| class="wikitable"

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===Adjectives===

Adjectives follow two different declensions, one with four distinct forms and another with three. Neuter nouns take masculine singular agreement when singular, and feminine singular when plural.

Adjectives (''ageitiva'', sg. ''ageitiu''; less commonly ''epiṭeta'', sg. ''epiṭetu'') follow two different declensions, one with four distinct forms and another with three. Neuter nouns take masculine singular agreement when singular, and feminine singular when plural.

{| class="wikitable"

|-

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===Pronouns===

The Atlantic pronoun system has less forms than Latin does, but is still (clitic system aside) more complex than other Romance languages. A peculiarity, shared with a few languages such as older forms of Italian, is that there is an animacy distinction in the third person pronouns, with animate forms derived from the Latin demonstratives (ILLUM, cf. It. ''egli, ella''), and the inanimate ones derived from the emphatics (IPSUM, cf. It. ''esso, essa'').

The Atlantic pronoun (''prunuminya'', sg. ''prunumi'') system has less forms than Latin does, but is still (clitic system aside) more complex than other Romance languages. A peculiarity, shared with a few languages such as older forms of Italian, is that there is an animacy distinction in the third person pronouns, with animate forms derived from the Latin demonstratives (ILLUM, cf. It. ''egli, ella''), and the inanimate ones derived from the emphatics (IPSUM, cf. It. ''esso, essa'').

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|-

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===Verbs===

Verbs generally have six moods: three finite (indicative, subjunctive, imperative) and three non-finite ones (infinitive, participle, gerundive). Unlike other Romance languages, Atlantic did not develop a conditional mood.

Verbs (''viarba'', sg. ''viarb'') generally have six moods: three finite (indicative, subjunctive, imperative) and three non-finite ones (infinitive, participle, gerundive). Unlike other Romance languages, Atlantic did not develop a conditional mood.

The indicative and subjunctive are composed of various simple tenses plus other compound ones, while the other moods only have a few forms (the imperative) in a single tense, or have a simple tense and a compound one. The indicative simple tenses are present, imperfect, past (from the Latin perfect), and past perfect. The subjunctive only has three: present, imperfect (from the Latin past perfect subj.), and future (from Latin future perfect ind.) - the origin of the various tenses is therefore the same as in other languages like Portuguese.

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Only the first conjugation is still productive, and it is also the one with the fewest irregular verbs (most verbs in it have the same root in all principal parts).

The conjugations are often shared between the various dialects, though their semantic and syntactical usage may vary somewhat (especially for compound tenses). Note that Eastern Numidian, having not undergone the word-final '''t''' → '''l''' shift, has ''-t'' endings for the third-person forms (e.g. ''amat'' instead of ''amal'' for "he/she/it loves").

The conjugations (''conyugoxunis'', sg. ''conyugoxuni'') are often shared between the various dialects, though their semantic and syntactical usage may vary somewhat (especially for compound tenses). Note that Eastern Numidian, having not undergone the word-final '''t''' → '''l''' shift, has ''-t'' endings for the third-person forms (e.g. ''amat'' instead of ''amal'' for "he/she/it loves").

====First conjugation====

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| hav'''enti''' || haiṭ || haiṭ'''ur''' || hav'''end''' || hav'''iri'''

|}

Note that, exclusively when expressing possession, the regular verb ''tiniri'' is usually the preferred one for "to have", e.g. ''tenyu du infantis'' = ''haju du infantis'' "I have two children". However, compound tenses exclusively use forms of ''haviri''. Forms of ''haviri'' are usually pronounced without the initial consonant when used as auxiliary, e.g. ''aḍeut haju'' {{IPA|[~~aˈðɛu̯t‿ˌadʑu~~]}} "I received".

Note that, exclusively when expressing possession, the regular verb ''tiniri'' is usually the preferred one for "to have", e.g. ''tenyu du infantis'' = ''haju du infantis'' "I have two children". However, compound tenses exclusively use forms of ''haviri''. Forms of ''haviri'' are usually pronounced without the initial consonant when used as auxiliary, e.g. ''aḍeut haju'' {{IPA|[aˈðɛu̯t‿ˌadːʑu]}} "I received".

The verb ''dori'' (to give) has a monoconsonantal stem, except for 1SG present indicative which is extended like in ''siḍiri''. The subjunctive has been remodeled after the new 1SG present indicative, but the inherited forms (marked with a dagger) are attested in archaic texts:

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Purpose is expressed by subjunctive clauses introduced by '''ut''' (in formal styles) or '''pro''':

{{Gloss

| phrase = Lus partinxonus bilyoirunt ut ~~Otrantiana eleuterisoṭa fussil~~.

| phrase = Lus partinxonus bilyoirunt ut los Pruvinxos Otrantihos eleuterisoṭos fussint.

| IPA = [lus partiɲˈçɵnus biˈjwarun ~~ut‿ɔtranˈtjana ɛlɛu̯tɛriˈzɔθa ˈfusiɬ~~]

| IPA = [lus partiɲˈçɵnus biˈjwarun ut lɔs pruˈvinçɵs ɔˈtrantiχɔs ɛlɛu̯tɛriˈzɔθɔs ˈfusin]

| gloss = DEF.MASC.PL. partisan-PL. fight-IND.PAST.3PL. in_order_to. ~~Atlantiana~~.SG. free-PART.PAST.FEMM.SG. be.SUBJ.PAST.~~3SG~~.

| gloss = DEF.MASC.PL. partisan-PL. fight-IND.PAST.3PL. in_order_to. DEF.FEMM.PL. province-PL. Atlantic-PL. free-PART.PAST.FEMM.PL. be.SUBJ.PAST.3PL.

| translation = Partisans fought in order to free ~~Atlantiana~~.

| translation = Partisans fought in order to free the Atlantic Provinces.

}}

{{Gloss

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| translation = As soon as you arrive, I have to go to the shop to buy tuna and figs.

}}

===Conditional sentences===

Not having a conditional mood, unlike most other Romance languages, Atlantic uses the indicative or the subjunctive mood in conditional clauses. The if-clause is introduced by ''si'':

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|}

However, Atlantic, due to its conservativeness, maintained many Latin roots that have otherwise disappeared from Romance languages, excluding reborrowings or derivations (''~~feriri~~'' "to bring" from FERRE; ''jolb'' "yellow" from GALBUM, ''hirnya'' "jug" from HIRNEAM, ''aḍipisciri'' "to obtain, get" from ADIPISCĪ, ''foḍina'' "mine" from FODĪNAM), or shows less semantic drift (CIVITĀTEM → ''civiṭoṭi'' maintained the meaning of "country" instead of shifting to "city" as in many other related languages). Quite often, on the contrary, Atlantic also innovated its own derivations that are not shared with other Romance languages, either through unique semantic drifts (CASTRUM "military camp" → ''chastr'' "city"; ANIMAM "soul" → ''amma'' "person"; EDENDA "to be eaten" → ''iḍenda'' "food"; CŪNĀBULUM "cradle" → ''cunolb'' "childhood"; (AGENDUM) PRŌNŪNTIĀTUM → ''pronunxoṭ'' "scheme, organization, programme") or through derivations (*lucicula → ''luxirca'' "lamp"; *scriptabulu → ''scriutolb'' "office", *rẹscula → ''riscura'' "thing").

However, Atlantic, due to its conservativeness, maintained many Latin roots that have otherwise disappeared from Romance languages, excluding reborrowings or derivations (''fiariri'' "to bring" from FERRE; ''jolb'' "yellow" from GALBUM, ''hirnya'' "jug" from HIRNEAM, ''aḍipisciri'' "to obtain, get" from ADIPISCĪ, ''foḍina'' "mine" from FODĪNAM), or shows less semantic drift (CIVITĀTEM → ''civiṭoṭi'' maintained the meaning of "country" instead of shifting to "city" as in many other related languages). Quite often, on the contrary, Atlantic also innovated its own derivations that are not shared with other Romance languages, either through unique semantic drifts (CASTRUM "military camp" → ''chastr'' "city"; ANIMAM "soul" → ''amma'' "person"; EDENDA "to be eaten" → ''iḍenda'' "food"; CŪNĀBULUM "cradle" → ''cunolb'' "childhood"; (AGENDUM) PRŌNŪNTIĀTUM → ''pronunxoṭ'' "scheme, organization, programme") or through derivations (*lucicula → ''luxirca'' "lamp"; *scriptabulu → ''scriutolb'' "office", *rẹscula → ''riscura'' "thing").

As far as borrowings are concerned, the primary sources of borrowings into Atlantic are Arabic (which was the administrative and cultural languages in the Atlantic Provinces from the 8th to the 15th century) and the Berber languages it has always coexisted with. Arabic borrowings are very common in the sphere of nature and food (''barcuga'' "plum", ''dilfa'' "oleander", ''nilufar'' "water lily", ''mausa'' "banana", ''xarab'' "drink"), geography and especially navigation (the four cardinal points: ''xamal'' "North", ''xarc'' "East", ''janub'' "South", ''garb'' "West"; ''vadi'' "stream"; ''buhaira'' "lagoon"), science and certain crafts (''hicaiat'' "folklore", ''caraba'' "amber", ''quitab'' "scientific text", ''nafi'' "stove", ''quirtan'' "tar"), certain activities and places, especially related to positions of power (''malic'' "king", ''cadi'' "judge", ''said'' "Mr.", ''vasir'' "minister", ''suc'' "market", ''hasis'' "luxury"), while Berber borrowings are more limited to daily life and certain natural formations (''igrem'' "village", ''agadir'' "castle", ''lala'' "Madam", ''tamasirt'' "belongings", ''idurar'' "mountain chain", ''reg'' "rocky desert", ''aga'' "bucket", ''tavalt'' "juniper", ''tasart'' "fig"). Other languages of the Atlantic provinces are mostly represented by borrowings related to nature, as with words such as ''cacatar'' "chameleon", ''gnas'' "measles", ''guende'' "lion" or ''guilem'' "camel", all from Wolof.  Direct borrowings from other Romance languages are very limited and mostly from Sicilian (''taliori'' "to look at", ''scros'' "unripe", possibly at an earlier time ''charus'' "boy") or Neapolitan (''cucori'' "to lie down", ''turquin'' "light blue, turquoise"), while others are less represented (as with ''avantaix'' "advantage" or ''hostaria'' "bar"<ref>Cf. native ''hospitolc'', which retained the meaning of "inn".</ref> from French; ''trubori'' "to sing" from Occitan; ''galaria'' "gallery" from Italian). Numidian dialects have more lexical influences from the languages of Southern Italy, resulting in forms such as ''previti'' "priest" or ''picirily'' "small" (cf. Neap. ''prévëtë, piccirillë'') instead of standard (Mauritanian) ''prestri, minuṭ''.

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All dates are read with ordinal numerals preceded by the masculine article ''il'' (standing for ''il jurn'' "the day") followed by ''di'' plus the definite article of the month name. Thus, June 23 is ''il vixisim tiarx dil santjoni'', August 9 is ''il nunim dâ sunxuni'', or September 30 is ''il trixisim dû chafutany''. In the Atlantic calendar, it has remained customary to use ''charenda'' (a retroformation from lat. ''Kalendæ'') for the first day of the month and ''idus'' (plurale tantum, masculine unlike in Latin) for the thirteenth one (generalized also to those months whose Ides were on the fifteenth day in the Roman calendar). So for example February 1 is ''la charenda dil firvori'' and October 13 is ''lus idus dâ nurtixuni''.

The main festivities (excluding those of other ethnic groups) in ~~Atlantiana~~ are the following ones, mostly related to Catholic tradition:

The main festivities (excluding those of other ethnic groups) in the Atlantic Provinces are the following ones, mostly related to Catholic tradition:

* ''los Charendos'' (New Year's Day - January 1)

* ''la Epifanya'' (Epiphany - January 6)

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+{{movedon}}
 {{Infobox language
 |name          = Atlantic
 |nativename    = otrantih; nimba otrantiha
 |pronunciation = {{IPA|[ɔˈtrantiχ]}}<br/>{{IPA|[ˈnimba ɔˈtrantiχa]}}
-|states (state) = Atlantiana
+|state         = Atlantic Provinces
 |region        = Northwestern Africa
 |ethnicity     = Atlantics (''otrantihus'')
@@ Line 10: / Line 11: @@
 |familycolor   = Indo-European
 |fam2          = Italic
-|fam3          = Romance
+|fam3          = Latino-Faliscan
-|ancestor(2/3) = Latin
+|fam4          = Romance
-|creator       = [[User:Lili21|Lili21]]
+|ancestor      = Latin
+|creator       = User:Lili21
 |created       = Gen 2019
 |setting       = Alt-Earth
-|script        = Latin alphabet
+|scripts       = Latin alphabet
-|nation        = Atlantiana
+|nation        = Atlantic Provinces
 |map           = Republic-of-Otrantiana.png
-|mapalt        = Map of the Republic of Atlantiana.
+|mapalt        = Map of the Republic of the Roman Atlantic Provinces.
-|mapcaption    = Map of the Republic of Atlantiana.
+|mapcaption    = Map of the Republic of the Roman Atlantic Provinces.
 }}
-'''Atlantic''' (natively ''otrantih'' {{IPA|[ɔˈtrantiχ]}} or ''nimba otrantiha'' {{IPA|[ˈnimba ɔˈtrantiχa]}}) also referred to as ''Rumonian'' (natively ''rumon'' {{IPA|[ruˈmɔn]}} or ''nimba rumona'' {{IPA|[ˈnimba ruˈmɔna]}}, literally "Roman" and "Roman language"<ref>Inside Atlantiana, "Atlantic" is commonly used as the demonym for the nation as a whole, composed of many ethnic groups. The majoritary of such groups, Romance speakers, are instead referred to (and refer to themselves) as ''rumonus'' (lit. Romans). The Roman foundation of the Atlantic state is also reflected in names such as the Republic's official name, "Republic of the Roman Atlantic Provinces" (''Rimpubriha dôs Pruvinxos Otrantihos Rumonos'') and the parliament's official name, "Senate of Atlantic Rome" (''Sinoṭ di Ruma Otrantiha''), as well as in the state motto being the Atlantic translation of SPQR (''Il Sinoṭ i lu Vulg di Ruma''). An addendum to the Constitution clarifies that the references to Rome in such names refer to Rome as a synonym for the State's name, with Atlantiana having a (currently mostly dormant) claim of being the successor state to the Roman Empire; the current Constitution makes no reference to the Romance-speaking population as Romans, mentioning instead that no person is to be discriminated for their ethnicity and that the "Atlantic, Berber, Fula, Wolof, Soninke, and Bambara languages are the official languages of the nation".</ref><ref>As a side note, in Atlantic, the adjective for people from Rome and their speech is ''rumonisc''; the one for Romansh is ''reto-rumonih''; the one for Romagnol is ''rumon-adrioṭih''; the one for Romanian is ''daxinsi'' or less commonly ''daxu-rumon'' or ''daxu-rumonih''.</ref>) is a [[w:Romance languages|Romance language]] spoken in an alternate history version of Earth in Atlantiana (''Otrantiana'' {{IPA|[ɔtranˈtjana]}}), a country located in the northwestern corner of Africa. The country's name is a remnant of [[w:Roman Empire|Roman]] history, when the area – including the [[w:Atlas Mountains|Atlas Mountains]] as its main geographical feature – was divided in the provinces of [[w:Numidia (Roman province)|Numidia]], [[w:Mauretania Caesariensis|Mauretania Caesariensis]], and [[w:Mauretania Tingitana|Mauretania Tingitana]].
+'''Atlantic''' (natively ''otrantih'' {{IPA|[ɔˈtrantiχ]}} or ''nimba otrantiha'' {{IPA|[ˈnimba ɔˈtrantiχa]}}) also referred to as ''Rumonian'' (natively ''rumon'' {{IPA|[ruˈmɔn]}} or ''nimba rumona'' {{IPA|[ˈnimba ruˈmɔna]}}, literally "Roman" and "Roman language"<ref>Inside the Atlantic Provinces, "Atlantic" is commonly used as the demonym for the nation as a whole, composed of many ethnic groups. The majoritary of such groups, Romance speakers, are instead referred to (and refer to themselves) as ''rumonus'' (lit. Romans). The Roman foundation of the Atlantic state is also reflected in names such as the Republic's official name, "Republic of the Roman Atlantic Provinces" (''Rimpubriha dôs Pruvinxos Otrantihos Rumonos'') and the parliament's official name, "Senate of Atlantic Rome" (''Sinoṭ di Ruma Otrantiha''), as well as in the state motto being the Atlantic translation of SPQR (''Il Sinoṭ i lu Vulg di Ruma''). An addendum to the Constitution clarifies that the references to Rome in such names refer to Rome as a synonym for the State's name, with the Atlantic Provinces having a (currently mostly dormant) claim of being the successor state to the Roman Empire; the current Constitution makes no reference to the Romance-speaking population as Romans, mentioning instead that no person is to be discriminated for their ethnicity and that the "Atlantic, Berber, Fula, Wolof, Soninke, and Bambara languages are the official languages of the nation".</ref><ref>As a side note, in Atlantic, the adjective for people from Rome and their speech is ''rumonisc''; the one for Romansh is ''reto-rumonih''; the one for Romagnol is ''rumon-adrioṭih''; the one for Romanian is ''daxinsi'' or less commonly ''daxu-rumon'' or ''daxu-rumonih''.</ref>) is a [[w:Romance languages|Romance language]] spoken in an alternate history version of Earth in the Atlantic Provinces (''los Pruvinxos Otrantihos'' {{IPA|[lɔs pruˈvinçɵs ɔˈtrantiχɔs]}}), a country located in the northwestern corner of Africa. The country's name is a remnant of [[w:Roman Empire|Roman]] history, when the area – including the [[w:Atlas Mountains|Atlas Mountains]] as its main geographical feature – was divided in the provinces of [[w:Numidia (Roman province)|Numidia]], [[w:Mauretania Caesariensis|Mauretania Caesariensis]], and [[w:Mauretania Tingitana|Mauretania Tingitana]].
-It has various dialects, usually grouped in main varieties corresponding to the main geographical and cultural areas of the country. The two main varieties are called ''Mauritanian'' (''moiriṭonyinsi'' {{IPA|[mwariθɔˈɲinsi]}}), the one the standard is based on, and ''Numidian'' (''numiginsi'' {{IPA|[numiˈdʑinsi]}}); some sources distinguish two further varieties, ''Teneréïc'' (''tenerinsi'' {{IPA|[tɛnɛˈrinsi]}}) and ''Senegal Riparian'' (''Niu-flumininsi'' {{IPA|[ˈniu̯ flumiˈninsi]}}); these two varieties are greatly influenced by the non-Romance languages they coexist with. In Atlantiana, it is the native language of about 70% of the population, the nationwide de facto lingua franca, and one of the six official languages, sharing official status with the native languages of the remaining 30% of the population: the Berber languages in most of the country and Fula, Wolof, Soninke, and Bambara in the south.
+It has various dialects, usually grouped in main varieties corresponding to the main geographical and cultural areas of the country. In the broadest sense, there are two main varieties: ''Mauritanian'' (''moiriṭonyinsi'' {{IPA|[mwariθɔˈɲinsi]}}), the one the standard is based on, and ''Numidian'' (''numiginsi'' {{IPA|[numiˈdʑinsi]}}); sometimes distinguished are also two more variants which have more influences from the other national languages of the country: ''Teneréïc'' (''tenerinsi'' {{IPA|[tɛnɛˈrinsi]}}) and ''Senegal Riparian'' (''Niu-flumininsi'' {{IPA|[ˈniu̯ flumiˈninsi]}}). In the Atlantic Provinces, it is the native language of 63% of the population, the de facto lingua franca of the country, and one of the six official languages, sharing official status with the native languages of the remaining 37% of the population: the Berber languages in most of the country and Fula, Wolof, Soninke, and Bambara in the south. Per the 1946 Constitution, each ''vilaia'' (first-grade subdivision) of the Atlantic Provinces can declare its own official languages to be used in local acts; however, Atlantic is the only or one of the official languages in all but one (Imetɣaren Vilaia) of the 63 vilaios<ref>The four vilaios on the Senegal River are the only ones where Fula, Wolof, and Soninke are official; Bambara is only official in those four as well as neighboring Nema Vilaia.</ref>.
 Atlantic is aesthetically inspired by selected sound changes in various other Romance languages, most notably [[w:Sicilian language|Sicilian]], [[w:Romansh language|Romansh]], [[w:French language|French]], and various dialects of [[w:Lombard language|Lombard]], especially [[w:lmo:Lombard alpin|Alpine ones<small><sup>(LMO)</sup></small>]]. It also includes some features taken by my now-abandoned former romlang projects, [[Wendlandish]] and [[/Older version|an unrelated romlang for the same setting]], as well as some unique features, such as intervocalic voiceless stops leniting to voiceless fricatives instead of voiced stops (like the [[w:Tuscan gorgia|Tuscan gorgia]], but here it's become phonemic).
@@ Line 205: / Line 207: @@
 | ''Y'' y || ''upsilon'' {{IPA|[ˈupːisilɔn]}} || {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/ai̯/}} || upsilon || not an official letter, unassimilated loanwords only (excl. ''ly, ny'')
 |-
-| ''Z'' z || ''xeta'' {{IPA|[ˈçeta]}} || {{IPA|/z/}} || xeta || not an official letter, unassimilated loanwords only
+| ''Z'' z || ''xeta'' {{IPA|[ˈçeta]}} || {{IPA|/z/}}, {{IPA|/s/}} || xeta || not an official letter, unassimilated loanwords only, or word-initially in some Greek roots (as in ''Zeus'', ''Zoi'', ''zoo-'').
 |}
@@ Line 216: / Line 218: @@
 * Palatal sound + '''a, o, u''' → '''ch, j, x'''
 * Velar sound + '''i, e''' → '''qu, gu'''; the sequences {{IPA|/χi χe/}} do not exist in Atlantic.
+The letter '''z''', not native to the Atlantic alphabet is usually pronounced {{IPA|[z]}} in unassimilated loanwords it occurs in. However, it is found root-initially in certain Greek words, where it is pronounced {{IPA|[s]}}, e.g. in ''Zeus'' {{IPA|[ˈsɛu̯s]}} or ''Zoi'' {{IPA|[swa]}}, or ''cenozoic~cenozoïc'' {{IPA|[tɕɛnɔˈswak]}}~{{IPA|[tɕɛnɔˈsɔjk]}}.
 ===s, x===
@@ Line 243: / Line 247: @@
 ==Morphology==
 ===Nouns===
-Nouns do not inflect for case, just for number, and have different pluralization patterns inherited by the Latin declensions and their various subtypes, including those for Greek nouns. Gender is not marked on the nouns themselves, but on accompanying adjectives and articles.
+Nouns (''numinya'', sg. ''numi'') do not inflect for case, just for number, and have different pluralization patterns inherited by the Latin declensions and their various subtypes, including those for Greek nouns. Gender is not marked on the nouns themselves, but on accompanying adjectives and articles.
 {| class="wikitable"
@@ Line 287: / Line 291: @@
 ===Adjectives===
-Adjectives follow two different declensions, one with four distinct forms and another with three. Neuter nouns take masculine singular agreement when singular, and feminine singular when plural.
+Adjectives (''ageitiva'', sg. ''ageitiu''; less commonly ''epiṭeta'', sg. ''epiṭetu'') follow two different declensions, one with four distinct forms and another with three. Neuter nouns take masculine singular agreement when singular, and feminine singular when plural.
 {| class="wikitable"
 |-
@@ Line 529: / Line 533: @@
 ===Pronouns===
-The Atlantic pronoun system has less forms than Latin does, but is still (clitic system aside) more complex than other Romance languages. A peculiarity, shared with a few languages such as older forms of Italian, is that there is an animacy distinction in the third person pronouns, with animate forms derived from the Latin demonstratives (<small>ILLUM</small>, cf. It. ''egli, ella''), and the inanimate ones derived from the emphatics (<small>IPSUM</small>, cf. It. ''esso, essa'').
+The Atlantic pronoun (''prunuminya'', sg. ''prunumi'') system has less forms than Latin does, but is still (clitic system aside) more complex than other Romance languages. A peculiarity, shared with a few languages such as older forms of Italian, is that there is an animacy distinction in the third person pronouns, with animate forms derived from the Latin demonstratives (<small>ILLUM</small>, cf. It. ''egli, ella''), and the inanimate ones derived from the emphatics (<small>IPSUM</small>, cf. It. ''esso, essa'').
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
 |-
@@ Line 754: / Line 758: @@
 ===Verbs===
-Verbs generally have six moods: three finite (indicative, subjunctive, imperative) and three non-finite ones (infinitive, participle, gerundive). Unlike other Romance languages, Atlantic did not develop a conditional mood.
+Verbs (''viarba'', sg. ''viarb'') generally have six moods: three finite (indicative, subjunctive, imperative) and three non-finite ones (infinitive, participle, gerundive). Unlike other Romance languages, Atlantic did not develop a conditional mood.
 The indicative and subjunctive are composed of various simple tenses plus other compound ones, while the other moods only have a few forms (the imperative) in a single tense, or have a simple tense and a compound one. The indicative simple tenses are present, imperfect, past (from the Latin perfect), and past perfect. The subjunctive only has three: present, imperfect (from the Latin past perfect subj.), and future (from Latin future perfect ind.) - the origin of the various tenses is therefore the same as in other languages like Portuguese.
@@ Line 762: / Line 766: @@
 Only the first conjugation is still productive, and it is also the one with the fewest irregular verbs (most verbs in it have the same root in all principal parts).
-The conjugations are often shared between the various dialects, though their semantic and syntactical usage may vary somewhat (especially for compound tenses). Note that Eastern Numidian, having not undergone the word-final '''t''' → '''l''' shift, has ''-t'' endings for the third-person forms (e.g. ''amat'' instead of ''amal'' for "he/she/it loves").
+The conjugations (''conyugoxunis'', sg. ''conyugoxuni'') are often shared between the various dialects, though their semantic and syntactical usage may vary somewhat (especially for compound tenses). Note that Eastern Numidian, having not undergone the word-final '''t''' → '''l''' shift, has ''-t'' endings for the third-person forms (e.g. ''amat'' instead of ''amal'' for "he/she/it loves").
 ====First conjugation====
@@ Line 995: / Line 999: @@
 | hav'''enti''' || haiṭ || haiṭ'''ur''' || hav'''end''' || hav'''iri'''
 |}
-Note that, exclusively when expressing possession, the regular verb ''tiniri'' is usually the preferred one for "to have", e.g. ''tenyu du infantis'' = ''haju du infantis'' "I have two children". However, compound tenses exclusively use forms of ''haviri''.<br/>Forms of ''haviri'' are usually pronounced without the initial consonant when used as auxiliary, e.g. ''aḍeut haju'' {{IPA|[aˈðɛu̯t‿ˌadʑu]}} "I received".
+Note that, exclusively when expressing possession, the regular verb ''tiniri'' is usually the preferred one for "to have", e.g. ''tenyu du infantis'' = ''haju du infantis'' "I have two children". However, compound tenses exclusively use forms of ''haviri''.<br/>Forms of ''haviri'' are usually pronounced without the initial consonant when used as auxiliary, e.g. ''aḍeut haju'' {{IPA|[aˈðɛu̯t‿ˌadːʑu]}} "I received".
 The verb ''dori'' (to give) has a monoconsonantal stem, except for 1SG present indicative which is extended like in ''siḍiri''. The subjunctive has been remodeled after the new 1SG present indicative, but the inherited forms (marked with a dagger) are attested in archaic texts:
@@ Line 1,311: / Line 1,315: @@
 Purpose is expressed by subjunctive clauses introduced by '''ut''' (in formal styles) or '''pro''':
 {{Gloss
-| phrase = Lus partinxonus bilyoirunt ut Otrantiana eleuterisoṭa fussil.
+| phrase = Lus partinxonus bilyoirunt ut los Pruvinxos Otrantihos eleuterisoṭos fussint.
-| IPA = [lus partiɲˈçɵnus biˈjwarun ut‿ɔtranˈtjana ɛlɛu̯tɛriˈzɔθa ˈfusiɬ]
+| IPA = [lus partiɲˈçɵnus biˈjwarun ut lɔs pruˈvinçɵs ɔˈtrantiχɔs ɛlɛu̯tɛriˈzɔθɔs ˈfusin]
-| gloss = <small>DEF.MASC.PL</small>. partisan-<small>PL</small>. fight-<small>IND.PAST.3PL</small>. in_order_to. Atlantiana.<small>SG</small>. free-<small>PART.PAST.FEMM.SG</small>. be.<small>SUBJ.PAST.3SG</small>.
+| gloss = <small>DEF.MASC.PL</small>. partisan-<small>PL</small>. fight-<small>IND.PAST.3PL</small>. in_order_to. <small>DEF.FEMM.PL</small>. province-<small>PL</small>. Atlantic-<small>PL</small>. free-<small>PART.PAST.FEMM.PL</small>. be.<small>SUBJ.PAST.3PL</small>.
-| translation = Partisans fought in order to free Atlantiana.
+| translation = Partisans fought in order to free the Atlantic Provinces.
 }}
 {{Gloss
@@ Line 1,328: / Line 1,332: @@
 | translation = As soon as you arrive, I have to go to the shop to buy tuna and figs.
 }}
 ===Conditional sentences===
 Not having a conditional mood, unlike most other Romance languages, Atlantic uses the indicative or the subjunctive mood in conditional clauses. The if-clause is introduced by ''si'':
@@ Line 1,492: / Line 1,497: @@
 |}
-However, Atlantic, due to its conservativeness, maintained many Latin roots that have otherwise disappeared from Romance languages, excluding reborrowings or derivations (''feriri'' "to bring" from <small>FERRE</small>; ''jolb'' "yellow" from <small>GALBUM</small>, ''hirnya'' "jug" from <small>HIRNEAM</small>, ''aḍipisciri'' "to obtain, get" from <small>ADIPISCĪ</small>, ''foḍina'' "mine" from <small>FODĪNAM</small>), or shows less semantic drift (<small>CIVITĀTEM</small> → ''civiṭoṭi'' maintained the meaning of "country" instead of shifting to "city" as in many other related languages). Quite often, on the contrary, Atlantic also innovated its own derivations that are not shared with other Romance languages, either through unique semantic drifts (<small>CASTRUM</small> "military camp" → ''chastr'' "city";  <small>ANIMAM</small> "soul" → ''amma'' "person"; <small>EDENDA</small> "to be eaten" → ''iḍenda'' "food"; <small>CŪNĀBULUM</small> "cradle" → ''cunolb'' "childhood"; <small>(AGENDUM) PRŌNŪNTIĀTUM</small> → ''pronunxoṭ'' "scheme, organization, programme") or through derivations (*lucicula → ''luxirca'' "lamp"; *scriptabulu → ''scriutolb'' "office", *rẹscula → ''riscura'' "thing").
+However, Atlantic, due to its conservativeness, maintained many Latin roots that have otherwise disappeared from Romance languages, excluding reborrowings or derivations (''fiariri'' "to bring" from <small>FERRE</small>; ''jolb'' "yellow" from <small>GALBUM</small>, ''hirnya'' "jug" from <small>HIRNEAM</small>, ''aḍipisciri'' "to obtain, get" from <small>ADIPISCĪ</small>, ''foḍina'' "mine" from <small>FODĪNAM</small>), or shows less semantic drift (<small>CIVITĀTEM</small> → ''civiṭoṭi'' maintained the meaning of "country" instead of shifting to "city" as in many other related languages). Quite often, on the contrary, Atlantic also innovated its own derivations that are not shared with other Romance languages, either through unique semantic drifts (<small>CASTRUM</small> "military camp" → ''chastr'' "city";  <small>ANIMAM</small> "soul" → ''amma'' "person"; <small>EDENDA</small> "to be eaten" → ''iḍenda'' "food"; <small>CŪNĀBULUM</small> "cradle" → ''cunolb'' "childhood"; <small>(AGENDUM) PRŌNŪNTIĀTUM</small> → ''pronunxoṭ'' "scheme, organization, programme") or through derivations (*lucicula → ''luxirca'' "lamp"; *scriptabulu → ''scriutolb'' "office", *rẹscula → ''riscura'' "thing").
 As far as borrowings are concerned, the primary sources of borrowings into Atlantic are Arabic (which was the administrative and cultural languages in the Atlantic Provinces from the 8th to the 15th century) and the Berber languages it has always coexisted with. Arabic borrowings are very common in the sphere of nature and food (''barcuga'' "plum", ''dilfa'' "oleander", ''nilufar'' "water lily", ''mausa'' "banana", ''xarab'' "drink"), geography and especially navigation (the four cardinal points: ''xamal'' "North", ''xarc'' "East", ''janub'' "South", ''garb'' "West"; ''vadi'' "stream"; ''buhaira'' "lagoon"), science and certain crafts (''hicaiat'' "folklore", ''caraba'' "amber", ''quitab'' "scientific text", ''nafi'' "stove", ''quirtan'' "tar"), certain activities and places, especially related to positions of power (''malic'' "king", ''cadi'' "judge", ''said'' "Mr.", ''vasir'' "minister", ''suc'' "market", ''hasis'' "luxury"), while Berber borrowings are more limited to daily life and certain natural formations (''igrem'' "village", ''agadir'' "castle", ''lala'' "Madam", ''tamasirt'' "belongings", ''idurar'' "mountain chain", ''reg'' "rocky desert", ''aga'' "bucket", ''tavalt'' "juniper", ''tasart'' "fig"). Other languages of the Atlantic provinces are mostly represented by borrowings related to nature, as with words such as ''cacatar'' "chameleon", ''gnas'' "measles", ''guende'' "lion" or ''guilem'' "camel", all from Wolof.<br/> Direct borrowings from other Romance languages are very limited and mostly from Sicilian (''taliori'' "to look at", ''scros'' "unripe", possibly at an earlier time ''charus'' "boy") or Neapolitan (''cucori'' "to lie down", ''turquin'' "light blue, turquoise"), while others are less represented (as with ''avantaix'' "advantage" or ''hostaria'' "bar"<ref>Cf. native ''hospitolc'', which retained the meaning of "inn".</ref> from French; ''trubori'' "to sing" from Occitan; ''galaria'' "gallery" from Italian).<br/>Numidian dialects have more lexical influences from the languages of Southern Italy, resulting in forms such as ''previti'' "priest" or ''picirily'' "small" (cf. Neap. ''prévëtë, piccirillë'') instead of standard (Mauritanian) ''prestri, minuṭ''.
@@ Line 1,574: / Line 1,579: @@
 All dates are read with ordinal numerals preceded by the masculine article ''il'' (standing for ''il jurn'' "the day") followed by ''di'' plus the definite article of the month name. Thus, June 23 is ''il vixisim tiarx dil santjoni'', August 9 is ''il nunim dâ sunxuni'', or September 30 is ''il trixisim dû chafutany''. In the Atlantic calendar, it has remained customary to use ''charenda'' (a retroformation from lat. ''Kalendæ'') for the first day of the month and ''idus'' (plurale tantum, masculine unlike in Latin) for the thirteenth one (generalized also to those months whose Ides were on the fifteenth day in the Roman calendar). So for example February 1 is ''la charenda dil firvori'' and October 13 is ''lus idus dâ nurtixuni''.
-The main festivities (excluding those of other ethnic groups) in Atlantiana are the following ones, mostly related to Catholic tradition:
+The main festivities (excluding those of other ethnic groups) in the Atlantic Provinces are the following ones, mostly related to Catholic tradition:
 * ''los Charendos'' (New Year's Day - January 1)
 * ''la Epifanya'' (Epiphany - January 6)