Atlantic: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name = Atlantic | |name = Atlantic | ||
|nativename = otrantih; nimba otrantiha | |nativename = otrantih; nimba otrantiha | ||
|pronunciation = {{IPA|[ɔˈtrantiχ]}}<br/>{{IPA|[ˈnimba ɔˈtrantiχa]}} | |pronunciation = {{IPA|[ɔˈtrantiχ]}}<br/>{{IPA|[ˈnimba ɔˈtrantiχa]}} | ||
| | |state = Atlantic Provinces | ||
|region = Northwestern Africa | |region = Northwestern Africa | ||
|ethnicity = Atlantics (''otrantihus'') | |ethnicity = Atlantics (''otrantihus'') | ||
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|familycolor = Indo-European | |familycolor = Indo-European | ||
|fam2 = Italic | |fam2 = Italic | ||
|fam3 = Romance | |fam3 = Latino-Faliscan | ||
|ancestor | |fam4 = Romance | ||
|creator = | |ancestor = Latin | ||
|creator = User:Lili21 | |||
|created = Gen 2019 | |created = Gen 2019 | ||
|setting = Alt-Earth | |setting = Alt-Earth | ||
| | |scripts = Latin alphabet | ||
|nation = | |nation = Atlantic Provinces | ||
|map = Republic-of-Otrantiana.png | |map = Republic-of-Otrantiana.png | ||
|mapalt = Map of the Republic of | |mapalt = Map of the Republic of the Roman Atlantic Provinces. | ||
|mapcaption = Map of the Republic of | |mapcaption = Map of the Republic of the Roman Atlantic Provinces. | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Atlantic''' (natively ''otrantih'' {{IPA|[ɔˈtrantiχ]}} or ''nimba otrantiha'' {{IPA|[ˈnimba ɔˈtrantiχa]}}) also referred to as ''Rumonian'' (natively ''rumon'' {{IPA|[ruˈmɔn]}} or ''nimba rumona'' {{IPA|[ˈnimba ruˈmɔna]}}, literally "Roman" and "Roman language"<ref>Inside | '''Atlantic''' (natively ''otrantih'' {{IPA|[ɔˈtrantiχ]}} or ''nimba otrantiha'' {{IPA|[ˈnimba ɔˈtrantiχa]}}) also referred to as ''Rumonian'' (natively ''rumon'' {{IPA|[ruˈmɔn]}} or ''nimba rumona'' {{IPA|[ˈnimba ruˈmɔna]}}, literally "Roman" and "Roman language"<ref>Inside the Atlantic Provinces, "Atlantic" is commonly used as the demonym for the nation as a whole, composed of many ethnic groups. The majoritary of such groups, Romance speakers, are instead referred to (and refer to themselves) as ''rumonus'' (lit. Romans). The Roman foundation of the Atlantic state is also reflected in names such as the Republic's official name, "Republic of the Roman Atlantic Provinces" (''Rimpubriha dôs Pruvinxos Otrantihos Rumonos'') and the parliament's official name, "Senate of Atlantic Rome" (''Sinoṭ di Ruma Otrantiha''), as well as in the state motto being the Atlantic translation of SPQR (''Il Sinoṭ i lu Vulg di Ruma''). An addendum to the Constitution clarifies that the references to Rome in such names refer to Rome as a synonym for the State's name, with the Atlantic Provinces having a (currently mostly dormant) claim of being the successor state to the Roman Empire; the current Constitution makes no reference to the Romance-speaking population as Romans, mentioning instead that no person is to be discriminated for their ethnicity and that the "Atlantic, Berber, Fula, Wolof, Soninke, and Bambara languages are the official languages of the nation".</ref><ref>As a side note, in Atlantic, the adjective for people from Rome and their speech is ''rumonisc''; the one for Romansh is ''reto-rumonih''; the one for Romagnol is ''rumon-adrioṭih''; the one for Romanian is ''daxinsi'' or less commonly ''daxu-rumon'' or ''daxu-rumonih''.</ref>) is a [[w:Romance languages|Romance language]] spoken in an alternate history version of Earth in the Atlantic Provinces (''los Pruvinxos Otrantihos'' {{IPA|[lɔs pruˈvinçɵs ɔˈtrantiχɔs]}}), a country located in the northwestern corner of Africa. The country's name is a remnant of [[w:Roman Empire|Roman]] history, when the area – including the [[w:Atlas Mountains|Atlas Mountains]] as its main geographical feature – was divided in the provinces of [[w:Numidia (Roman province)|Numidia]], [[w:Mauretania Caesariensis|Mauretania Caesariensis]], and [[w:Mauretania Tingitana|Mauretania Tingitana]]. | ||
It has various dialects, usually grouped in main varieties corresponding to the main geographical and cultural areas of the country. | It has various dialects, usually grouped in main varieties corresponding to the main geographical and cultural areas of the country. In the broadest sense, there are two main varieties: ''Mauritanian'' (''moiriṭonyinsi'' {{IPA|[mwariθɔˈɲinsi]}}), the one the standard is based on, and ''Numidian'' (''numiginsi'' {{IPA|[numiˈdʑinsi]}}); sometimes distinguished are also two more variants which have more influences from the other national languages of the country: ''Teneréïc'' (''tenerinsi'' {{IPA|[tɛnɛˈrinsi]}}) and ''Senegal Riparian'' (''Niu-flumininsi'' {{IPA|[ˈniu̯ flumiˈninsi]}}). In the Atlantic Provinces, it is the native language of 63% of the population, the de facto lingua franca of the country, and one of the six official languages, sharing official status with the native languages of the remaining 37% of the population: the Berber languages in most of the country and Fula, Wolof, Soninke, and Bambara in the south. Per the 1946 Constitution, each ''vilaia'' (first-grade subdivision) of the Atlantic Provinces can declare its own official languages to be used in local acts; however, Atlantic is the only or one of the official languages in all but one (Imetɣaren Vilaia) of the 63 vilaios<ref>The four vilaios on the Senegal River are the only ones where Fula, Wolof, and Soninke are official; Bambara is only official in those four as well as neighboring Nema Vilaia.</ref>. | ||
Atlantic is aesthetically inspired by selected sound changes in various other Romance languages, most notably [[w:Sicilian language|Sicilian]], [[w:Romansh language|Romansh]], [[w:French language|French]], and various dialects of [[w:Lombard language|Lombard]], especially [[w:lmo:Lombard alpin|Alpine ones<small><sup>(LMO)</sup></small>]]. It also includes some features taken by my now-abandoned former romlang projects, [[Wendlandish]] and [[/Older version|an unrelated romlang for the same setting]], as well as some unique features, such as intervocalic voiceless stops leniting to voiceless fricatives instead of voiced stops (like the [[w:Tuscan gorgia|Tuscan gorgia]], but here it's become phonemic). | Atlantic is aesthetically inspired by selected sound changes in various other Romance languages, most notably [[w:Sicilian language|Sicilian]], [[w:Romansh language|Romansh]], [[w:French language|French]], and various dialects of [[w:Lombard language|Lombard]], especially [[w:lmo:Lombard alpin|Alpine ones<small><sup>(LMO)</sup></small>]]. It also includes some features taken by my now-abandoned former romlang projects, [[Wendlandish]] and [[/Older version|an unrelated romlang for the same setting]], as well as some unique features, such as intervocalic voiceless stops leniting to voiceless fricatives instead of voiced stops (like the [[w:Tuscan gorgia|Tuscan gorgia]], but here it's become phonemic). | ||
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| ''Y'' y || ''upsilon'' {{IPA|[ˈupːisilɔn]}} || {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/ai̯/}} || upsilon || not an official letter, unassimilated loanwords only (excl. ''ly, ny'') | | ''Y'' y || ''upsilon'' {{IPA|[ˈupːisilɔn]}} || {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/ai̯/}} || upsilon || not an official letter, unassimilated loanwords only (excl. ''ly, ny'') | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''Z'' z || ''xeta'' {{IPA|[ˈçeta]}} || {{IPA|/z/}} || xeta || not an official letter, unassimilated loanwords only | | ''Z'' z || ''xeta'' {{IPA|[ˈçeta]}} || {{IPA|/z/}}, {{IPA|/s/}} || xeta || not an official letter, unassimilated loanwords only, or word-initially in some Greek roots (as in ''Zeus'', ''Zoi'', ''zoo-''). | ||
|} | |} | ||
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* Palatal sound + '''a, o, u''' → '''ch, j, x''' | * Palatal sound + '''a, o, u''' → '''ch, j, x''' | ||
* Velar sound + '''i, e''' → '''qu, gu'''; the sequences {{IPA|/χi χe/}} do not exist in Atlantic. | * Velar sound + '''i, e''' → '''qu, gu'''; the sequences {{IPA|/χi χe/}} do not exist in Atlantic. | ||
The letter '''z''', not native to the Atlantic alphabet is usually pronounced {{IPA|[z]}} in unassimilated loanwords it occurs in. However, it is found root-initially in certain Greek words, where it is pronounced {{IPA|[s]}}, e.g. in ''Zeus'' {{IPA|[ˈsɛu̯s]}} or ''Zoi'' {{IPA|[swa]}}, or ''cenozoic~cenozoïc'' {{IPA|[tɕɛnɔˈswak]}}~{{IPA|[tɕɛnɔˈsɔjk]}}. | |||
===s, x=== | ===s, x=== | ||
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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Nouns do not inflect for case, just for number, and have different pluralization patterns inherited by the Latin declensions and their various subtypes, including those for Greek nouns. Gender is not marked on the nouns themselves, but on accompanying adjectives and articles. | Nouns (''numinya'', sg. ''numi'') do not inflect for case, just for number, and have different pluralization patterns inherited by the Latin declensions and their various subtypes, including those for Greek nouns. Gender is not marked on the nouns themselves, but on accompanying adjectives and articles. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
Adjectives follow two different declensions, one with four distinct forms and another with three. Neuter nouns take masculine singular agreement when singular, and feminine singular when plural. | Adjectives (''ageitiva'', sg. ''ageitiu''; less commonly ''epiṭeta'', sg. ''epiṭetu'') follow two different declensions, one with four distinct forms and another with three. Neuter nouns take masculine singular agreement when singular, and feminine singular when plural. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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Atlantic, unlike other Romance languages, maintained the synthetic forms for comparatives and superlatives, though it still uses the common Romance analytic forms in less formal styles: | Atlantic, unlike other Romance languages, maintained the synthetic forms for comparatives and superlatives, though it still uses the common Romance analytic forms in less formal styles: | ||
* Formal: | * Formal: | ||
*: ''Lucia i Tecra | *: ''Lucia i Tecra sunt oltos.'' "Lucy and Thecla are tall." | ||
*: ''Tecra ê olxura pu Lucia.'' "Thecla is taller than Lucy." | *: ''Tecra ê olxura pu Lucia.'' "Thecla is taller than Lucy." | ||
*: ''Tecra ê olxissima.'' "Thecla is the tallest one." | *: ''Tecra ê olxissima.'' "Thecla is the tallest one." | ||
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Indefinite relatives follow the noun or whatever they refer to: | Indefinite relatives follow the noun or whatever they refer to: | ||
: ''Do-m duna cupalca sit-pori-fuaril.'' "Give me any [kind of] glass/any glass you want." | : ''Do-m duna cupalca sit-pori-fuaril.'' "Give me any [kind of] glass/any glass you want." | ||
: ''Iṭurus | : ''Iṭurus sumu sit-uvi-fuaril tu viaris.'' "We will go anywhere you want." | ||
===Numerals=== | ===Numerals=== | ||
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===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
The Atlantic pronoun system has less forms than Latin does, but is still (clitic system aside) more complex than other Romance languages. A peculiarity, shared with a few languages such as older forms of Italian, is that there is an animacy distinction in the third person pronouns, with animate forms derived from the Latin demonstratives (<small>ILLUM</small>, cf. It. ''egli, ella''), and the inanimate ones derived from the emphatics (<small>IPSUM</small>, cf. It. ''esso, essa''). | The Atlantic pronoun (''prunuminya'', sg. ''prunumi'') system has less forms than Latin does, but is still (clitic system aside) more complex than other Romance languages. A peculiarity, shared with a few languages such as older forms of Italian, is that there is an animacy distinction in the third person pronouns, with animate forms derived from the Latin demonstratives (<small>ILLUM</small>, cf. It. ''egli, ella''), and the inanimate ones derived from the emphatics (<small>IPSUM</small>, cf. It. ''esso, essa''). | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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*: ''Tecra ê la arumma prus chandinta '''tras''' crassi.'' "Thecla is the best/most clever student in the class." | *: ''Tecra ê la arumma prus chandinta '''tras''' crassi.'' "Thecla is the best/most clever student in the class." | ||
*: ''Lânc faita spunsa fiarunt '''trâl''' guviarn.'' "These deeds were promised by the government." | *: ''Lânc faita spunsa fiarunt '''trâl''' guviarn.'' "These deeds were promised by the government." | ||
*: ''Lus cuḍixis | *: ''Lus cuḍixis haju aḍeut doṭ '''tras''' Mateu.'' "The books have been given to me by Matthew." | ||
*: ''Ila difusit-us surxoitoṭa '''trâ''' proṭista.'' "She was left surprised by the protest." | *: ''Ila difusit-us surxoitoṭa '''trâ''' proṭista.'' "She was left surprised by the protest." | ||
*: When the focus is on walking through something, or the means of transport is stated, the construction of a motion verb + ''tras'' + indirect object is typically replaced by the transitive verb ''trasmergiri'' "to cross": | *: When the focus is on walking through something, or the means of transport is stated, the construction of a motion verb + ''tras'' + indirect object is typically replaced by the transitive verb ''trasmergiri'' "to cross": | ||
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*: ''Inviniva nîl il curtialy, siḍ iaral '''suttu''' tistulc.'' "I couldn't find the knife, but it was under the napkin." | *: ''Inviniva nîl il curtialy, siḍ iaral '''suttu''' tistulc.'' "I couldn't find the knife, but it was under the napkin." | ||
* '''pro''' (< <small>PRŌ</small>, with pre-Atlantic shortening of the final vowel) – for, for the benefit of; for measures. Also used as a conjunction with a supine meaning (but ''ut'' is preferred in formal usage): | * '''pro''' (< <small>PRŌ</small>, with pre-Atlantic shortening of the final vowel) – for, for the benefit of; for measures. Also used as a conjunction with a supine meaning (but ''ut'' is preferred in formal usage): | ||
*: ''Lânc flura | *: ''Lânc flura sunt '''pro''' tivi.'' "These flowers are for you." | ||
*: ''Los ninyos nila cholyi cînt di trasmirgimenta '''prûs''' ambrantis.'' "The stripes in the road are called by the name of 'crossing for pedestrians'." | *: ''Los ninyos nila cholyi cînt di trasmirgimenta '''prûs''' ambrantis.'' "The stripes in the road are called by the name of 'crossing for pedestrians'." | ||
*: ''Bilyomu '''prâ''' gluria di Ruma!'' "We fight for the glory of Rome!" | *: ''Bilyomu '''prâ''' gluria di Ruma!'' "We fight for the glory of Rome!" | ||
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*: ''La leva dâ agora proposiṭ hal una lixi '''prûs''' direitus varihoṭus.'' "It seems that the left in Parliament has proposed a law for LGBT rights." | *: ''La leva dâ agora proposiṭ hal una lixi '''prûs''' direitus varihoṭus.'' "It seems that the left in Parliament has proposed a law for LGBT rights." | ||
* '''groxa''' (< <small>GRĀTIĀ</small>, with pre-Atlantic shortening of the final vowel) — thanks to, because of + positive experience | * '''groxa''' (< <small>GRĀTIĀ</small>, with pre-Atlantic shortening of the final vowel) — thanks to, because of + positive experience | ||
*: ''Dinoji iv | *: ''Dinoji iv sunt miny muartis nilu cunolb '''groxa''' lus heurimenis nila iatria.'' "Today there are less [cases of] death during infancy, thanks to the discoveries in medical science." | ||
*: '''''Groxa''' lu bon etiri jari vosimu âlu mari.'' "Because of the nice weather we went to the sea yesterday." | *: '''''Groxa''' lu bon etiri jari vosimu âlu mari.'' "Because of the nice weather we went to the sea yesterday." | ||
*: ''Inteligi-su '''groxa''' stuxa ma.'' "I understand it because of my studies/what I studied." | *: ''Inteligi-su '''groxa''' stuxa ma.'' "I understand it because of my studies/what I studied." | ||
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*: ''Lûnc ê '''estra''' ofixa ta.'' "This isn't part of your duties (lit. "this is outside your duties")." | *: ''Lûnc ê '''estra''' ofixa ta.'' "This isn't part of your duties (lit. "this is outside your duties")." | ||
* '''adrint''' (< <small>ADHÆRENTEM</small>), meaning "near" (in space or time) | * '''adrint''' (< <small>ADHÆRENTEM</small>), meaning "near" (in space or time) | ||
*: ''Lus missus | *: ''Lus missus sunt '''adrint''' monxuni ma.'' "The post office is near my house." | ||
*: '' | *: ''Sumu '''adrintâ''' Risureuxuni.'' "We are close to Easter. / Easter is near." | ||
*: ''Midran siṭ ê '''adrintil''' nimiṭi hilviṭih.'' "Milan is close to the border with Switzerland." | *: ''Midran siṭ ê '''adrintil''' nimiṭi hilviṭih.'' "Milan is close to the border with Switzerland." | ||
* '''controri''' (< <small>CONTRĀRIUM</small>) means "against", or "opposite to" when used with places: | * '''controri''' (< <small>CONTRĀRIUM</small>) means "against", or "opposite to" when used with places: | ||
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*: ''Monxuni ma ê '''controri''' la supirtaviarna.'' "My house is opposite the supermarket." | *: ''Monxuni ma ê '''controri''' la supirtaviarna.'' "My house is opposite the supermarket." | ||
* '''difaxi''' (< <small>DĒ FACIĒ (AD)</small>) means "next to": | * '''difaxi''' (< <small>DĒ FACIĒ (AD)</small>) means "next to": | ||
*: ''Lus missus | *: ''Lus missus sunt '''difaxâ''' supirtaviarna.'' "The post office is next to the supermarket." | ||
*: ''Ilu tutijurn seḍil '''difaxi''' mi.'' "He always sits next to me." | *: ''Ilu tutijurn seḍil '''difaxi''' mi.'' "He always sits next to me." | ||
* '''circ''' (< <small>CIRCUM</small>), meaning "around": | * '''circ''' (< <small>CIRCUM</small>), meaning "around": | ||
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*: '''''Circ''' los curios dil guviarn fuch una massa di pirsunos cu aḍ proṭistori.'' "Around the governmental offices there was a crowd of people protesting." | *: '''''Circ''' los curios dil guviarn fuch una massa di pirsunos cu aḍ proṭistori.'' "Around the governmental offices there was a crowd of people protesting." | ||
* '''siny''' (< <small>SINE</small>), meaning "without". The ''siḍiri + siny'' structure (to be without) is frequently used where English prefers "to have no": | * '''siny''' (< <small>SINE</small>), meaning "without". The ''siḍiri + siny'' structure (to be without) is frequently used where English prefers "to have no": | ||
*: ''Lânc caramela | *: ''Lânc caramela sunt '''siny''' sucar.'' "These sweets are sugar-free (lit. "without sugar"). | ||
*: ''Possun nîl viviri '''siny''' tivi!'' "I can't live without you!" | *: ''Possun nîl viviri '''siny''' tivi!'' "I can't live without you!" | ||
*: ''Sungu '''siny''' pihunya.'' "I have no money (lit. "I am without money")." | *: ''Sungu '''siny''' pihunya.'' "I have no money (lit. "I am without money")." | ||
*: ''Barban meu ê '''siny''' infantis.'' "My uncle has no children." | *: ''Barban meu ê '''siny''' infantis.'' "My uncle has no children." | ||
* '''cis''' (< <small>CIS</small>), meaning "before", also introducing subordinate clauses with subjunctive. | * '''cis''' (< <small>CIS</small>), meaning "before", also introducing subordinate clauses with subjunctive. | ||
*: ''Lus missus | *: ''Lus missus sunt '''cîsa''' taviarna.'' "The post office is before the shop." | ||
*: ''Fuṭur ê '''cîsa''' dominiha.'' "It will be/happen before Sunday." | *: ''Fuṭur ê '''cîsa''' dominiha.'' "It will be/happen before Sunday." | ||
*: ''Faxi-su '''cis''' nus rivirtomu!'' "Do it before we come back!" | *: ''Faxi-su '''cis''' nus rivirtomu!'' "Do it before we come back!" | ||
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Verbs generally have six moods: three finite (indicative, subjunctive, imperative) and three non-finite ones (infinitive, participle, gerundive). Unlike other Romance languages, Atlantic did not develop a conditional mood. | Verbs (''viarba'', sg. ''viarb'') generally have six moods: three finite (indicative, subjunctive, imperative) and three non-finite ones (infinitive, participle, gerundive). Unlike other Romance languages, Atlantic did not develop a conditional mood. | ||
The indicative and subjunctive are composed of various simple tenses plus other compound ones, while the other moods only have a few forms (the imperative) in a single tense, or have a simple tense and a compound one. The indicative simple tenses are present, imperfect, past (from the Latin perfect), and past perfect. The subjunctive only has three: present, imperfect (from the Latin past perfect subj.), and future (from Latin future perfect ind.) - the origin of the various tenses is therefore the same as in other languages like Portuguese. | The indicative and subjunctive are composed of various simple tenses plus other compound ones, while the other moods only have a few forms (the imperative) in a single tense, or have a simple tense and a compound one. The indicative simple tenses are present, imperfect, past (from the Latin perfect), and past perfect. The subjunctive only has three: present, imperfect (from the Latin past perfect subj.), and future (from Latin future perfect ind.) - the origin of the various tenses is therefore the same as in other languages like Portuguese. | ||
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Only the first conjugation is still productive, and it is also the one with the fewest irregular verbs (most verbs in it have the same root in all principal parts). | Only the first conjugation is still productive, and it is also the one with the fewest irregular verbs (most verbs in it have the same root in all principal parts). | ||
The conjugations are often shared between the various dialects, though their semantic and syntactical usage may vary somewhat (especially for compound tenses). Note that Eastern Numidian, having not undergone the word-final '''t''' → '''l''' shift, has ''-t'' endings for the third-person forms (e.g. ''amat'' instead of ''amal'' for "he/she/it loves"). | The conjugations (''conyugoxunis'', sg. ''conyugoxuni'') are often shared between the various dialects, though their semantic and syntactical usage may vary somewhat (especially for compound tenses). Note that Eastern Numidian, having not undergone the word-final '''t''' → '''l''' shift, has ''-t'' endings for the third-person forms (e.g. ''amat'' instead of ''amal'' for "he/she/it loves"). | ||
====First conjugation==== | ====First conjugation==== | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ "To have", simple tenses: ''haviri, | |+ "To have", simple tenses: ''haviri, haju, hoibi, haiṭ'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | Person !! colspan=4 | Indicative !! colspan=3 | Subjunctive !! rowspan=2 | Imperative | ! rowspan=2 | Person !! colspan=4 | Indicative !! colspan=3 | Subjunctive !! rowspan=2 | Imperative | ||
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| hav'''enti''' || haiṭ || haiṭ'''ur''' || hav'''end''' || hav'''iri''' | | hav'''enti''' || haiṭ || haiṭ'''ur''' || hav'''end''' || hav'''iri''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Note that, exclusively when expressing possession, the regular verb ''tiniri'' is usually the preferred one for "to have", e.g. ''tenyu du infantis'' = ''haju du infantis'' "I have two children". However, compound tenses exclusively use forms of ''haviri''.<br/>Forms of ''haviri'' are usually pronounced without the initial consonant when used as auxiliary, e.g. ''aḍeut haju'' {{IPA|[ | Note that, exclusively when expressing possession, the regular verb ''tiniri'' is usually the preferred one for "to have", e.g. ''tenyu du infantis'' = ''haju du infantis'' "I have two children". However, compound tenses exclusively use forms of ''haviri''.<br/>Forms of ''haviri'' are usually pronounced without the initial consonant when used as auxiliary, e.g. ''aḍeut haju'' {{IPA|[aˈðɛu̯t‿ˌadːʑu]}} "I received". | ||
The verb ''dori'' (to give) has a monoconsonantal stem, except for 1SG present indicative which is extended like in ''siḍiri''. The subjunctive has been remodeled after the new 1SG present indicative, but the inherited forms (marked with a dagger) are attested in archaic texts: | The verb ''dori'' (to give) has a monoconsonantal stem, except for 1SG present indicative which is extended like in ''siḍiri''. The subjunctive has been remodeled after the new 1SG present indicative, but the inherited forms (marked with a dagger) are attested in archaic texts: | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 1PL | ! 1PL | ||
| memin'''umu''' || mimin'''ivomu''' || mimintus | | memin'''umu''' || mimin'''ivomu''' || mimintus sumu || mimintus iromu || miminentis simu || mimintus fussimu || miminturus simu<br/>miminturus firimu || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2PL | ! 2PL | ||
| memin'''iṭi''' || mimin'''ivoṭi''' || mimintus | | memin'''iṭi''' || mimin'''ivoṭi''' || mimintus siṭi || mimintus iroṭi || miminentis siṭi || mimintus fussiṭi || miminturus siṭi<br/>miminturus firiṭi || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3PL | ! 3PL | ||
| memin'''irunt''' || mimin'''ivant''' || mimintus | | memin'''irunt''' || mimin'''ivant''' || mimintus sunt || mimintus iarant || miminentis sint || mimintus fussint || miminturus sint<br/>miminturus fiarint || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | !! Pres. participle !! Past participle !! Future participle !! Gerundive !! Infinitive !! colspan=3 rowspan=2 | | ! rowspan=2 | !! Pres. participle !! Past participle !! Future participle !! Gerundive !! Infinitive !! colspan=3 rowspan=2 | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 1PL | ! 1PL | ||
| possumu || poṭiromu || potiṭus | | possumu || poṭiromu || potiṭus sumu || potiṭus iromu || poṭentis simu || potiṭus fussimu || potiṭurus simu<br/>potiṭus firimu || – | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2PL | ! 2PL | ||
| poṭesti || poṭiroṭi || potiṭus | | poṭesti || poṭiroṭi || potiṭus siṭi || potiṭus iroṭi || poṭentis siṭi || potiṭus fussiṭi || potiṭurus siṭi<br/>potiṭus firiṭi || – | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3PL | ! 3PL | ||
| possunt || poṭiarant || potiṭus | | possunt || poṭiarant || potiṭus sunt || potiṭus iarant || poṭentis sint || potiṭus fussint || potiṭurus sint<br/>potiṭus fiarint || – | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | !! Pres. participle !! Past participle !! Future participle !! Gerundive !! Infinitive !! colspan=3 rowspan=2 | | ! rowspan=2 | !! Pres. participle !! Past participle !! Future participle !! Gerundive !! Infinitive !! colspan=3 rowspan=2 | | ||
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*: e.g. ''trubanti iara'' "I was singing" | *: e.g. ''trubanti iara'' "I was singing" | ||
* Past reportative (for most verbs) / simple past (for formerly deponent verbs): past participle + present of ''haviri'' <small>(transitive verbs)</small>/''siḍiri'' <small>(intransitive)</small> | * Past reportative (for most verbs) / simple past (for formerly deponent verbs): past participle + present of ''haviri'' <small>(transitive verbs)</small>/''siḍiri'' <small>(intransitive)</small> | ||
*: e.g. ''truboṭ hal'' "[it's said that] (s)he sang" — ''aḍeut | *: e.g. ''truboṭ hal'' "[it's said that] (s)he sang" — ''aḍeut haju'' "I got" — ''iṭ ê'' "[it's said that] (s)he went" | ||
* Pluperfect reportative (for most verbs) / pluperfect (for formerly deponent verbs): past participle + imperfect of ''haviri'' <small>(transitive verbs)</small>/''siḍiri'' <small>(intransitive)</small> | * Pluperfect reportative (for most verbs) / pluperfect (for formerly deponent verbs): past participle + imperfect of ''haviri'' <small>(transitive verbs)</small>/''siḍiri'' <small>(intransitive)</small> | ||
*: e.g. ''truboṭ hival'' "[it's said that] (s)he had sung" — ''aḍeut hiva'' "I had got" — ''iṭ iaral'' "[it's said that] (s)he had gone" | *: e.g. ''truboṭ hival'' "[it's said that] (s)he had sung" — ''aḍeut hiva'' "I had got" — ''iṭ iaral'' "[it's said that] (s)he had gone" | ||
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*: e.g. ''truboṭur iṭur/fuṭur sungu'' "I will have sung" | *: e.g. ''truboṭur iṭur/fuṭur sungu'' "I will have sung" | ||
In the dialects of Eastern Numidia and coastal Central Numidia, the future is built the same way as in Sicilian and Sardinian, with ''haviri aḍ'' plus the infinitive: | In the dialects of Eastern Numidia and coastal Central Numidia, the future is built the same way as in Sicilian and Sardinian, with ''haviri aḍ'' plus the infinitive: | ||
* '' | * ''haju aḍ trubori'' = ''truboṭur sungu'' | ||
* '' | * ''haju aḍ haviri truboṭ'' = ''truboṭur iṭur sungu'' | ||
The passive forms are also formed periphrastically, with a passive participle and the corresponding forms of ''siḍiri'': | The passive forms are also formed periphrastically, with a passive participle and the corresponding forms of ''siḍiri'': | ||
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* Present: ''aḍipiscu doṭ'' "it is given [to me]" | * Present: ''aḍipiscu doṭ'' "it is given [to me]" | ||
* Imperfect: ''aḍipisciva doṭ'' "it was given [to me]" | * Imperfect: ''aḍipisciva doṭ'' "it was given [to me]" | ||
* Past: '' | * Past: ''haju aḍeut doṭ'' "it has been/was given [to me]" | ||
* Pluperfect: ''hiva aḍeut doṭ'' "it was been given [to me]" | * Pluperfect: ''hiva aḍeut doṭ'' "it was been given [to me]" | ||
* Future: ''aḍeutur sungu doṭ'' "it will be given [to me]" | * Future: ''aḍeutur sungu doṭ'' "it will be given [to me]" | ||
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* ''Apirunt-us di tria quilugrama di orisa.'' "Three kilograms of rice are bought." | * ''Apirunt-us di tria quilugrama di orisa.'' "Three kilograms of rice are bought." | ||
* ''Apisiṭ fui dil pon tras mama ma.'' "I have been bought the bread by mom." | * ''Apisiṭ fui dil pon tras mama ma.'' "I have been bought the bread by mom." | ||
* ''Il pon | * ''Il pon haju aḍeut apisiṭ tras mama ma.'' "The bread has been bought for me by mom." | ||
Epistemic modality is expressed through four different constructions, with either the infinitive or a content clause. In order of probability, they are ''possiviri ê'', ''poṭ siḍiri'', ''proisiviri ê'', and ''divil siḍiri'': | Epistemic modality is expressed through four different constructions, with either the infinitive or a content clause. In order of probability, they are ''possiviri ê'', ''poṭ siḍiri'', ''proisiviri ê'', and ''divil siḍiri'': | ||
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Purpose is expressed by subjunctive clauses introduced by '''ut''' (in formal styles) or '''pro''': | Purpose is expressed by subjunctive clauses introduced by '''ut''' (in formal styles) or '''pro''': | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
| phrase = Lus partinxonus bilyoirunt ut | | phrase = Lus partinxonus bilyoirunt ut los Pruvinxos Otrantihos eleuterisoṭos fussint. | ||
| IPA = [lus partiɲˈçɵnus biˈjwarun | | IPA = [lus partiɲˈçɵnus biˈjwarun ut lɔs pruˈvinçɵs ɔˈtrantiχɔs ɛlɛu̯tɛriˈzɔθɔs ˈfusin] | ||
| gloss = <small>DEF.MASC.PL</small>. partisan-<small>PL</small>. fight-<small>IND.PAST.3PL</small>. in_order_to. | | gloss = <small>DEF.MASC.PL</small>. partisan-<small>PL</small>. fight-<small>IND.PAST.3PL</small>. in_order_to. <small>DEF.FEMM.PL</small>. province-<small>PL</small>. Atlantic-<small>PL</small>. free-<small>PART.PAST.FEMM.PL</small>. be.<small>SUBJ.PAST.3PL</small>. | ||
| translation = Partisans fought in order to free | | translation = Partisans fought in order to free the Atlantic Provinces. | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
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| translation = As soon as you arrive, I have to go to the shop to buy tuna and figs. | | translation = As soon as you arrive, I have to go to the shop to buy tuna and figs. | ||
}} | }} | ||
===Conditional sentences=== | ===Conditional sentences=== | ||
Not having a conditional mood, unlike most other Romance languages, Atlantic uses the indicative or the subjunctive mood in conditional clauses. The if-clause is introduced by ''si'': | Not having a conditional mood, unlike most other Romance languages, Atlantic uses the indicative or the subjunctive mood in conditional clauses. The if-clause is introduced by ''si'': | ||
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|} | |} | ||
However, Atlantic, due to its conservativeness, maintained many Latin roots that have otherwise disappeared from Romance languages, excluding reborrowings or derivations ('' | However, Atlantic, due to its conservativeness, maintained many Latin roots that have otherwise disappeared from Romance languages, excluding reborrowings or derivations (''fiariri'' "to bring" from <small>FERRE</small>; ''jolb'' "yellow" from <small>GALBUM</small>, ''hirnya'' "jug" from <small>HIRNEAM</small>, ''aḍipisciri'' "to obtain, get" from <small>ADIPISCĪ</small>, ''foḍina'' "mine" from <small>FODĪNAM</small>), or shows less semantic drift (<small>CIVITĀTEM</small> → ''civiṭoṭi'' maintained the meaning of "country" instead of shifting to "city" as in many other related languages). Quite often, on the contrary, Atlantic also innovated its own derivations that are not shared with other Romance languages, either through unique semantic drifts (<small>CASTRUM</small> "military camp" → ''chastr'' "city"; <small>ANIMAM</small> "soul" → ''amma'' "person"; <small>EDENDA</small> "to be eaten" → ''iḍenda'' "food"; <small>CŪNĀBULUM</small> "cradle" → ''cunolb'' "childhood"; <small>(AGENDUM) PRŌNŪNTIĀTUM</small> → ''pronunxoṭ'' "scheme, organization, programme") or through derivations (*lucicula → ''luxirca'' "lamp"; *scriptabulu → ''scriutolb'' "office", *rẹscula → ''riscura'' "thing"). | ||
As far as borrowings are concerned, the primary sources of borrowings into Atlantic are Arabic (which was the administrative and cultural languages in the Atlantic Provinces from the 8th to the 15th century) and the Berber languages it has always coexisted with. Arabic borrowings are very common in the sphere of nature and food (''barcuga'' "plum", ''dilfa'' "oleander", ''nilufar'' "water lily", ''mausa'' "banana", ''xarab'' "drink"), geography and especially navigation (the four cardinal points: ''xamal'' "North", ''xarc'' "East", ''janub'' "South", ''garb'' "West"; ''vadi'' "stream"; ''buhaira'' "lagoon"), science and certain crafts (''hicaiat'' "folklore", ''caraba'' "amber", ''quitab'' "scientific text", ''nafi'' "stove", ''quirtan'' "tar"), certain activities and places, especially related to positions of power (''malic'' "king", ''cadi'' "judge", ''said'' "Mr.", ''vasir'' "minister", ''suc'' "market", ''hasis'' "luxury"), while Berber borrowings are more limited to daily life and certain natural formations (''igrem'' "village", ''agadir'' "castle", ''lala'' "Madam", ''tamasirt'' "belongings", ''idurar'' "mountain chain", ''reg'' "rocky desert", ''aga'' "bucket", ''tavalt'' "juniper", ''tasart'' "fig"). Other languages of the Atlantic provinces are mostly represented by borrowings related to nature, as with words such as ''cacatar'' "chameleon", ''gnas'' "measles", ''guende'' "lion" or ''guilem'' "camel", all from Wolof.<br/>
Direct borrowings from other Romance languages are very limited and mostly from Sicilian (''taliori'' "to look at", ''scros'' "unripe", possibly at an earlier time ''charus'' "boy") or Neapolitan (''cucori'' "to lie down", ''turquin'' "light blue, turquoise"), while others are less represented (as with ''avantaix'' "advantage" or ''hostaria'' "bar"<ref>Cf. native ''hospitolc'', which retained the meaning of "inn".</ref> from French; ''trubori'' "to sing" from Occitan; ''galaria'' "gallery" from Italian).<br/>Numidian dialects have more lexical influences from the languages of Southern Italy, resulting in forms such as ''previti'' "priest" or ''picirily'' "small" (cf. Neap. ''prévëtë, piccirillë'') instead of standard (Mauritanian) ''prestri, minuṭ''. | As far as borrowings are concerned, the primary sources of borrowings into Atlantic are Arabic (which was the administrative and cultural languages in the Atlantic Provinces from the 8th to the 15th century) and the Berber languages it has always coexisted with. Arabic borrowings are very common in the sphere of nature and food (''barcuga'' "plum", ''dilfa'' "oleander", ''nilufar'' "water lily", ''mausa'' "banana", ''xarab'' "drink"), geography and especially navigation (the four cardinal points: ''xamal'' "North", ''xarc'' "East", ''janub'' "South", ''garb'' "West"; ''vadi'' "stream"; ''buhaira'' "lagoon"), science and certain crafts (''hicaiat'' "folklore", ''caraba'' "amber", ''quitab'' "scientific text", ''nafi'' "stove", ''quirtan'' "tar"), certain activities and places, especially related to positions of power (''malic'' "king", ''cadi'' "judge", ''said'' "Mr.", ''vasir'' "minister", ''suc'' "market", ''hasis'' "luxury"), while Berber borrowings are more limited to daily life and certain natural formations (''igrem'' "village", ''agadir'' "castle", ''lala'' "Madam", ''tamasirt'' "belongings", ''idurar'' "mountain chain", ''reg'' "rocky desert", ''aga'' "bucket", ''tavalt'' "juniper", ''tasart'' "fig"). Other languages of the Atlantic provinces are mostly represented by borrowings related to nature, as with words such as ''cacatar'' "chameleon", ''gnas'' "measles", ''guende'' "lion" or ''guilem'' "camel", all from Wolof.<br/>
Direct borrowings from other Romance languages are very limited and mostly from Sicilian (''taliori'' "to look at", ''scros'' "unripe", possibly at an earlier time ''charus'' "boy") or Neapolitan (''cucori'' "to lie down", ''turquin'' "light blue, turquoise"), while others are less represented (as with ''avantaix'' "advantage" or ''hostaria'' "bar"<ref>Cf. native ''hospitolc'', which retained the meaning of "inn".</ref> from French; ''trubori'' "to sing" from Occitan; ''galaria'' "gallery" from Italian).<br/>Numidian dialects have more lexical influences from the languages of Southern Italy, resulting in forms such as ''previti'' "priest" or ''picirily'' "small" (cf. Neap. ''prévëtë, piccirillë'') instead of standard (Mauritanian) ''prestri, minuṭ''. | ||
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All dates are read with ordinal numerals preceded by the masculine article ''il'' (standing for ''il jurn'' "the day") followed by ''di'' plus the definite article of the month name. Thus, June 23 is ''il vixisim tiarx dil santjoni'', August 9 is ''il nunim dâ sunxuni'', or September 30 is ''il trixisim dû chafutany''. In the Atlantic calendar, it has remained customary to use ''charenda'' (a retroformation from lat. ''Kalendæ'') for the first day of the month and ''idus'' (plurale tantum, masculine unlike in Latin) for the thirteenth one (generalized also to those months whose Ides were on the fifteenth day in the Roman calendar). So for example February 1 is ''la charenda dil firvori'' and October 13 is ''lus idus dâ nurtixuni''. | All dates are read with ordinal numerals preceded by the masculine article ''il'' (standing for ''il jurn'' "the day") followed by ''di'' plus the definite article of the month name. Thus, June 23 is ''il vixisim tiarx dil santjoni'', August 9 is ''il nunim dâ sunxuni'', or September 30 is ''il trixisim dû chafutany''. In the Atlantic calendar, it has remained customary to use ''charenda'' (a retroformation from lat. ''Kalendæ'') for the first day of the month and ''idus'' (plurale tantum, masculine unlike in Latin) for the thirteenth one (generalized also to those months whose Ides were on the fifteenth day in the Roman calendar). So for example February 1 is ''la charenda dil firvori'' and October 13 is ''lus idus dâ nurtixuni''. | ||
The main festivities (excluding those of other ethnic groups) in | The main festivities (excluding those of other ethnic groups) in the Atlantic Provinces are the following ones, mostly related to Catholic tradition: | ||
* ''los Charendos'' (New Year's Day - January 1) | * ''los Charendos'' (New Year's Day - January 1) | ||
* ''la Epifanya'' (Epiphany - January 6) | * ''la Epifanya'' (Epiphany - January 6) | ||
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===UDHR Article 1=== | ===UDHR Article 1=== | ||
: ''Tuṭos los ammos noscunt eleuteros i iforos in dinyiṭoṭi i direitus.'' | : ''Tuṭos los ammos noscunt eleuteros i iforos in dinyiṭoṭi i direitus.'' | ||
: ''Duṭoṭos | : ''Duṭoṭos sunt di raxuni i cunxenxa i divint feriri-s cul oltr seu nun spiriṭ di froltiriṭoṭi.'' | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||