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{{movedon}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name          = Atlantic
|name          = Atlantic
|nativename    = otrantih; nimba otrantiha
|nativename    = otrantih; nimba otrantiha
|pronunciation = {{IPA|[ɔˈtrantiχ]}}<br/>{{IPA|[ˈnimba ɔˈtrantiχa]}}
|pronunciation = {{IPA|[ɔˈtrantiχ]}}<br/>{{IPA|[ˈnimba ɔˈtrantiχa]}}
|states (state) = Atlantiana
|state         = Atlantic Provinces
|region        = Northwestern Africa
|region        = Northwestern Africa
|ethnicity    = Atlantics (''otrantihus'')
|ethnicity    = Atlantics (''otrantihus'')
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|familycolor  = Indo-European
|familycolor  = Indo-European
|fam2          = Italic
|fam2          = Italic
|fam3          = Romance
|fam3         = Latino-Faliscan
|ancestor(2/3) = Latin
|fam4         = Romance
|creator      = [[User:Lili21|Lili21]]
|ancestor     = Latin
|creator      = User:Lili21
|created      = Gen 2019
|created      = Gen 2019
|setting      = Alt-Earth
|setting      = Alt-Earth
|script        = Latin alphabet
|scripts      = Latin alphabet
|nation        = Atlantiana
|nation        = Atlantic Provinces
|map          = Republic-of-Otrantiana.png
|map          = Republic-of-Otrantiana.png
|mapalt        = Map of the Republic of Atlantiana.
|mapalt        = Map of the Republic of the Roman Atlantic Provinces.
|mapcaption    = Map of the Republic of Atlantiana.
|mapcaption    = Map of the Republic of the Roman Atlantic Provinces.
}}
}}
'''Atlantic''' (natively ''otrantih'' {{IPA|[ɔˈtrantiχ]}} or ''nimba otrantiha'' {{IPA|[ˈnimba ɔˈtrantiχa]}}) also referred to as ''Rumonian'' (natively ''rumon'' {{IPA|[ruˈmɔn]}} or ''nimba rumona'' {{IPA|[ˈnimba ruˈmɔna]}}, literally "Roman" and "Roman language"<ref>Inside Atlantiana, "Atlantic" is commonly used as the demonym for the nation as a whole, composed of many ethnic groups. The majoritary of such groups, Romance speakers, are instead referred to (and refer to themselves) as ''rumonus'' (lit. Romans). The Roman foundation of the Atlantic state is also reflected in names such as the Republic's official name, "Republic of the Roman Atlantic Provinces" (''Rimpubriha dôs Pruvinxos Otrantihos Rumonos'') and the parliament's official name, "Senate of Atlantic Rome" (''Sinoṭ di Ruma Otrantiha''), as well as in the state motto being the Atlantic translation of SPQR (''Il Sinoṭ i lu Vulg di Ruma''). An addendum to the Constitution clarifies that the references to Rome in such names refer to Rome as a synonym for the State's name, with Atlantiana having a (currently mostly dormant) claim of being the successor state to the Roman Empire; the current Constitution makes no reference to the Romance-speaking population as Romans, mentioning instead that no person is to be discriminated for their ethnicity and that the "Atlantic, Berber, Fula, Wolof, Soninke, and Bambara languages are the official languages of the nation".</ref><ref>As a side note, in Atlantic, the adjective for people from Rome and their speech is ''rumonisc''; the one for Romansh is ''reto-rumonih''; the one for Romagnol is ''rumon-adrioṭih''; the one for Romanian is ''daxinsi'' or less commonly ''daxu-rumon'' or ''daxu-rumonih''.</ref>) is a [[w:Romance languages|Romance language]] spoken in an alternate history version of Earth in Atlantiana (''Otrantiana'' {{IPA|[ɔtranˈtjana]}}), a country located in the northwestern corner of Africa. The country's name is a remnant of [[w:Roman Empire|Roman]] history, when the area – including the [[w:Atlas Mountains|Atlas Mountains]] as its main geographical feature – was divided in the provinces of [[w:Numidia (Roman province)|Numidia]], [[w:Mauretania Caesariensis|Mauretania Caesariensis]], and [[w:Mauretania Tingitana|Mauretania Tingitana]].
'''Atlantic''' (natively ''otrantih'' {{IPA|[ɔˈtrantiχ]}} or ''nimba otrantiha'' {{IPA|[ˈnimba ɔˈtrantiχa]}}) also referred to as ''Rumonian'' (natively ''rumon'' {{IPA|[ruˈmɔn]}} or ''nimba rumona'' {{IPA|[ˈnimba ruˈmɔna]}}, literally "Roman" and "Roman language"<ref>Inside the Atlantic Provinces, "Atlantic" is commonly used as the demonym for the nation as a whole, composed of many ethnic groups. The majoritary of such groups, Romance speakers, are instead referred to (and refer to themselves) as ''rumonus'' (lit. Romans). The Roman foundation of the Atlantic state is also reflected in names such as the Republic's official name, "Republic of the Roman Atlantic Provinces" (''Rimpubriha dôs Pruvinxos Otrantihos Rumonos'') and the parliament's official name, "Senate of Atlantic Rome" (''Sinoṭ di Ruma Otrantiha''), as well as in the state motto being the Atlantic translation of SPQR (''Il Sinoṭ i lu Vulg di Ruma''). An addendum to the Constitution clarifies that the references to Rome in such names refer to Rome as a synonym for the State's name, with the Atlantic Provinces having a (currently mostly dormant) claim of being the successor state to the Roman Empire; the current Constitution makes no reference to the Romance-speaking population as Romans, mentioning instead that no person is to be discriminated for their ethnicity and that the "Atlantic, Berber, Fula, Wolof, Soninke, and Bambara languages are the official languages of the nation".</ref><ref>As a side note, in Atlantic, the adjective for people from Rome and their speech is ''rumonisc''; the one for Romansh is ''reto-rumonih''; the one for Romagnol is ''rumon-adrioṭih''; the one for Romanian is ''daxinsi'' or less commonly ''daxu-rumon'' or ''daxu-rumonih''.</ref>) is a [[w:Romance languages|Romance language]] spoken in an alternate history version of Earth in the Atlantic Provinces (''los Pruvinxos Otrantihos'' {{IPA|[lɔs pruˈvinçɵs ɔˈtrantiχɔs]}}), a country located in the northwestern corner of Africa. The country's name is a remnant of [[w:Roman Empire|Roman]] history, when the area – including the [[w:Atlas Mountains|Atlas Mountains]] as its main geographical feature – was divided in the provinces of [[w:Numidia (Roman province)|Numidia]], [[w:Mauretania Caesariensis|Mauretania Caesariensis]], and [[w:Mauretania Tingitana|Mauretania Tingitana]].


It has various dialects, usually grouped in main varieties corresponding to the main geographical and cultural areas of the country. The two main varieties are called ''Mauritanian'' (''moiriṭonyinsi'' {{IPA|[mwariθɔˈɲinsi]}}), the one the standard is based on, and ''Numidian'' (''numiginsi'' {{IPA|[numiˈdʑinsi]}}); some sources distinguish two further varieties, ''Teneréïc'' (''tenerinsi'' {{IPA|[tɛnɛˈrinsi]}}) and ''Senegal Riparian'' (''Niu-flumininsi'' {{IPA|[ˈniu̯ flumiˈninsi]}}); these two varieties are greatly influenced by the non-Romance languages they coexist with. In Atlantiana, it is the native language of about 70% of the population, the nationwide de facto lingua franca, and one of the six official languages, sharing official status with the native languages of the remaining 30% of the population: the Berber languages in most of the country and Fula, Wolof, Soninke, and Bambara in the south.
It has various dialects, usually grouped in main varieties corresponding to the main geographical and cultural areas of the country. In the broadest sense, there are two main varieties: ''Mauritanian'' (''moiriṭonyinsi'' {{IPA|[mwariθɔˈɲinsi]}}), the one the standard is based on, and ''Numidian'' (''numiginsi'' {{IPA|[numiˈdʑinsi]}}); sometimes distinguished are also two more variants which have more influences from the other national languages of the country: ''Teneréïc'' (''tenerinsi'' {{IPA|[tɛnɛˈrinsi]}}) and ''Senegal Riparian'' (''Niu-flumininsi'' {{IPA|[ˈniu̯ flumiˈninsi]}}). In the Atlantic Provinces, it is the native language of 63% of the population, the de facto lingua franca of the country, and one of the six official languages, sharing official status with the native languages of the remaining 37% of the population: the Berber languages in most of the country and Fula, Wolof, Soninke, and Bambara in the south. Per the 1946 Constitution, each ''vilaia'' (first-grade subdivision) of the Atlantic Provinces can declare its own official languages to be used in local acts; however, Atlantic is the only or one of the official languages in all but one (Imetɣaren Vilaia) of the 63 vilaios<ref>The four vilaios on the Senegal River are the only ones where Fula, Wolof, and Soninke are official; Bambara is only official in those four as well as neighboring Nema Vilaia.</ref>.


Atlantic is aesthetically inspired by selected sound changes in various other Romance languages, most notably [[w:Sicilian language|Sicilian]], [[w:Romansh language|Romansh]], [[w:French language|French]], and various dialects of [[w:Lombard language|Lombard]], especially [[w:lmo:Lombard alpin|Alpine ones<small><sup>(LMO)</sup></small>]]. It also includes some features taken by my now-abandoned former romlang projects, [[Wendlandish]] and [[/Older version|an unrelated romlang for the same setting]], as well as some unique features, such as intervocalic voiceless stops leniting to voiceless fricatives instead of voiced stops (like the [[w:Tuscan gorgia|Tuscan gorgia]], but here it's become phonemic).
Atlantic is aesthetically inspired by selected sound changes in various other Romance languages, most notably [[w:Sicilian language|Sicilian]], [[w:Romansh language|Romansh]], [[w:French language|French]], and various dialects of [[w:Lombard language|Lombard]], especially [[w:lmo:Lombard alpin|Alpine ones<small><sup>(LMO)</sup></small>]]. It also includes some features taken by my now-abandoned former romlang projects, [[Wendlandish]] and [[/Older version|an unrelated romlang for the same setting]], as well as some unique features, such as intervocalic voiceless stops leniting to voiceless fricatives instead of voiced stops (like the [[w:Tuscan gorgia|Tuscan gorgia]], but here it's become phonemic).


It aims to be an extremely conservative Romance language in its morphology, with many irregularities directly deriving from Latin, and with little analogical levelling; for example, the different ways to build the perfect are maintained almost without change for nearly every inherited verb except for those in the productive first conjugation. The development of the various synthetic tenses is however almost identical to that of Portuguese, except for the innovative future and conditional which are respectively different and non-existant in Atlantic. It also maintains neuter nouns as distinct from the other two genders. It is not meant to fit with existing Romance languages in the sense I purposely took as inspirations various features from all over the Romance-speaking world, and therefore does not fit in any subgrouping.
It aims to be an extremely conservative Romance language in its morphology, with many irregularities directly deriving from Latin, and with little analogical levelling; for example, the different ways to build the perfect are maintained almost without change for nearly every inherited verb except for those in the productive first conjugation. The development of the various synthetic tenses is however almost identical to that of Portuguese, except for the innovative future and conditional which are respectively different and non-existant in Atlantic. It also maintains neuter nouns as distinct from the other two genders. It is not meant to fit with existing Romance languages in the sense I purposely took as inspirations various features from all over the Romance-speaking world, and therefore does not fit in any subgrouping; therefore, it is not to be taken as a historically plausible African Romance language.


==Development==
==Development==
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*: Lat. <small>TERRAM, PORTAM</small> → '''tiara, puarta''' (cf. Fr. ''terre, porte''; Lom. ''terra, porta''; It. ''terra, porta''; Sp. ''tierra, puerta''; Pt. ''terra, porta'')
*: Lat. <small>TERRAM, PORTAM</small> → '''tiara, puarta''' (cf. Fr. ''terre, porte''; Lom. ''terra, porta''; It. ''terra, porta''; Sp. ''tierra, puerta''; Pt. ''terra, porta'')
Dialectally, vowel breaking was more widespread. In Numidia, it remained productive late enough to affect original ''ul'' (see above), but not original ''al'' or even long ''a'' (which remained *ɑ(l) for longer) - as in ''fualmin'' for standard ''folmin''. This usage extended to later loanwords, as in ''arbialg'' "hotel" for standard ''arbelg'' (Medieval Latin <small>HARIBERGUM</small>), or in the given name doublet ''Albert'' and ''Albiart'' (← <small>ALBERTUM</small>). In Western Mauritania and Numidia, it affected vowels after velars too (see Western Mauritanian ''cuardi'', Numidian ''cuari'' for Standard/general Mauritanian ''cordi'' "heart", or both W.Mauritanian and Numidian ''cuarnu'' for Std. ''cornu'' (← <small>CORNŪ</small>)) and also vowels before ''n'' as in ''buan'' for Std. ''bon'' "good" (← <small>BONUM</small>). The fact these dialects break vowels before ''n'', but still only when stressed, creates even more stem alternations in the conjugation of some verbs compared to standard Atlantic, such as ''spuandi, spondimu'' for Std. ''spondi, spondimu'' "I declare, we declare" (← <small>SPONDEŌ, SPONDĒMUS</small>).<br/>
Dialectally, vowel breaking was more widespread. In Numidia, it remained productive late enough to affect original ''ul'' (see above), but not original ''al'' or even long ''a'' (which remained *ɑ(l) for longer) - as in ''fualmin'' for standard ''folmin''. This usage extended to later loanwords, as in ''arbialg'' "hotel" for standard ''arbelg'' (Medieval Latin <small>HARIBERGUM</small>), or in the given name doublet ''Albert'' and ''Albiart'' (← <small>ALBERTUM</small>). In Western Mauritania and Numidia, it affected vowels after velars too (see Western Mauritanian ''cuardi'', Numidian ''cuari'' for Standard/general Mauritanian ''cordi'' "heart", or both W.Mauritanian and Numidian ''cuarnu'' for Std. ''cornu'' (← <small>CORNŪ</small>)) and also vowels before ''n'' as in ''buan'' for Std. ''bon'' "good" (← <small>BONUM</small>). The fact these dialects break vowels before ''n'', but still only when stressed, creates even more stem alternations in the conjugation of some verbs compared to standard Atlantic, such as ''spuandi, spondimu'' for Std. ''spondi, spondimu'' "I declare, we declare" (← <small>SPONDEŌ, SPONDĒMUS</small>).<br/>
Reborrowings or learned words, especially Biblical proper nouns, often created doublets, as in the given name "Peter" being usually ''Piatr'' {{IPA|[ˈpjatar]}}, but ''Petrus'' {{IPA|[ˈpɛtrus]}} when referring to Saint Peter<ref>See Matthew 16, 18: ''I eu dihu-t: Tu iaris Petrus, i incopa lânc piarta eḍifihoṭur sungu ma Ircexa.''</ref>.
Reborrowings or learned words, especially Biblical proper nouns, often created doublets, as in the given name "Peter" being usually ''Piatr'' {{IPA|[ˈpjatar]}}, but ''Petrus'' {{IPA|[ˈpɛtrus]}} when referring to Saint Peter<ref>See Matthew 16, 18: ''I eu dihu-t: Tu iaris Petrus, i incopa lânc piarta eḍifihoṭur sungu ma Ircexa.''</ref>.<br/>Vowel breaking was analogically extended in derivational morphology (but not inflectional) to the same root in unstressed positions, unless the two words had since diverged in meaning; for example, <small>TERRAM</small> and <small>TERRŌSUM</small> regularly gave ''tiara'' and ''tirus'', but the latter fell from usage sometime around the 16-17th century in favour of ''tiarus''. The same did not happen with e.g. ''virbus'' from <small>VERBŌSUM</small> "wordy", as the root word ''viarb'' from <small>VERBUM</small> shifted to the more limited usage, as in English and most European languages, of "verb".


Note that original Latin long ''a'' only merged with ''o'' later, and never underwent vowel breaking.
Note that original Latin long ''a'' only merged with ''o'' later, and never underwent vowel breaking.
Also note that certain prefixes, most notably original <small>CON-</small> and <small>TRĀNS-</small>, show apparently unexpected reflexes due to analogy with other forms with different vowels. In the case of <small>TRĀNS-</small>, the preposition shortened the vowel and all verbal forms have the reflex of the short vowel. In the case of <small>CON-</small>, the different vowel in the preposition <small>CUM</small> (whence Atl. ''cu'') triggered an analogical change throughout the lexicon, but this did not reach all words so that there are forms with ''cun/cum-'' and forms with ''con-/com-'', e.g. ''cuntornori'' (to turn around, move around, encircle), ''cundunori'' (to forgive), but ''comeiri'' (to eat), ''condimmori'' (to condemn), ''compuṭori'' (to count).<br/>Similarly, <small>PRŌ</small> was shortened as a preposition and the same shortening is reflected in all verbal forms and most nouns using it, like ''propuniri'' (to propose), ''proḍuxiri'' (to produce), or ''proviniri'' (to come from), but some nouns maintained the long vowel an have therefore a different reflex, e.g. ''prutixuni'' (protection), ''pruvisuri'' (sentinel).


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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In standard Atlantic, voiced stops are allophonically geminated after a stressed vowel, e.g. in ''pubric'' "public" {{IPA|/ˈpubrik/ [ˈpubːrik]}}, ''abidihu'' "I decline" {{IPA|/ˈabidiχu/ [ˈabːidiχu]}}, or ''Vurubiri'' "Volubilis" {{IPA|/vuˈrubiri/ [vuˈrubːiri]}}.
In standard Atlantic, voiced stops are allophonically geminated after a stressed vowel, e.g. in ''pubric'' "public" {{IPA|/ˈpubrik/ [ˈpubːrik]}}, ''abidihu'' "I decline" {{IPA|/ˈabidiχu/ [ˈabːidiχu]}}, or ''Vurubiri'' "Volubilis" {{IPA|/vuˈrubiri/ [vuˈrubːiri]}}.


{{IPA|/ŋ/}} is a marginal phoneme, limited to the {{IPA|/ŋn/}} sequence, written as '''mm'''<ref>Excluding, as often happens, proper names like ''Bonnunx'' (archaic term for "Gospel") {{IPA|/bɔŋˈnunuç/}}), or etymological spellings of function words such as ''nyentminy'' "nevertheless" {{IPA|/ɲɛŋˈniɲ/}}).</ref>  as in ''amma'' {{IPA|/ˈaŋna/}} "person", ''ommisantor'' {{IPA|/oŋnizanˈtɔr/}} "November", or ''limmi'' {{IPA|/ˈliŋni/}} "brown"; due to spelling pronunciation, nativized loanwords with written ''mm'' are typically pronounced with this sequence, such as the name ''Emma'' {{IPA|/ˈɛŋna/}}.<br/>The sequence {{IPA|/ŋɡ/}} is, in Numidia, often realized as {{IPA|[ŋn]}}, which leads to it being written as '''mm''' by less educated speakers. Examples include ''sungu'' {{IPA|[ˈsuŋɡu ~ ˈsuŋnu]}} "I am" or ''Hungariha'' {{IPA|[χuŋˈɡariχa ~ χuŋˈnariχa]}} "Hungary".
{{IPA|/ŋ/}} is a marginal phoneme, limited to the {{IPA|/ŋn/}} sequence, written as '''mm'''<ref>Excluding, as often happens, proper names like ''Bonnunx'' (archaic term for "Gospel") {{IPA|/bɔŋˈnunuç/}}), or etymological spellings of function words such as ''nyentminy'' "nevertheless" {{IPA|/ɲɛŋˈniɲ/}}).</ref>  as in ''amma'' {{IPA|/ˈaŋna/}} "person", ''ommisantor'' {{IPA|/oŋnizanˈtɔr/}} "November", or ''limmi'' {{IPA|/ˈliŋni/}} "brown"; due to spelling pronunciation, nativized loanwords with written ''mm'' are typically pronounced with this sequence, such as the name ''Emma'' {{IPA|/ˈɛŋna/}}, with the exception of ''mm'' in Greek-derived words in ''gramm-'' (''γράμμ-''), where the sequence represents {{IPA|/m/}} as if it were a single letter.<br/>The sequence {{IPA|/ŋɡ/}} is, in Numidia, often realized as {{IPA|[ŋn]}}, which leads to it being written as '''mm''' by less educated speakers. Examples include ''sungu'' {{IPA|[ˈsuŋɡu ~ ˈsuŋnu]}} "I am" or ''Hungariha'' {{IPA|[χuŋˈɡariχa ~ χuŋˈnariχa]}} "Hungary".


{{IPA|/θ ð/}} are extremely common in native words (continuing intervocalic Latin {{IPA|/t d/}} respectively), however, due to their origin, they never appear word-initially in inherited words. Instances of word-initial {{IPA|/θ ð/}} are thus limited to loanwords, such as ''ṭalj''{{IPA|[ˈθaladʑ]}} "frost" (< Ar. ثلج) or ''ḍil'' {{IPA|[ðiɬ]}} "ghost" (< Ar. ظل).
{{IPA|/θ ð/}} are extremely common in native words (continuing intervocalic Latin {{IPA|/t d/}} respectively), however, due to their origin, they never appear word-initially in inherited words. Instances of word-initial {{IPA|/θ ð/}} are thus limited to loanwords, such as ''ṭalj''{{IPA|[ˈθaladʑ]}} "frost" (< Ar. ثلج) or ''ḍil'' {{IPA|[ðiɬ]}} "ghost" (< Ar. ظل).
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==Orthography==
==Orthography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! Name !! IPA !! Spelling alphabet !! Notes
|-
| '''A''' a || ''a'' {{IPA|[ˈa]}} || {{IPA|/a/}} || A di Agripa ||
|-
| '''B''' b || ''bi'' {{IPA|[ˈbi]}} || {{IPA|/b/}} || B di Bereniqui ||
|-
| '''C''' c || ''ci'' {{IPA|[ˈtɕi]}} || {{IPA|/k/}}, {{IPA|/tɕ/}} || C di Cixiruni ||
|-
| ''Ch'' ch || ''ci-ha'' {{IPA|[ˌtɕiˈχa]}} || {{IPA|/tɕ/}} || — || not a separate letter
|-
| '''D''' d || ''di'' {{IPA|[ˈdi]}} || {{IPA|/d/}} || D di Deura ||
|-
| '''Ḍ''' ḍ || ''di cû punt'' {{IPA|[ˈdi ku ˈpun]}} || {{IPA|/ð/}} || di cû punt ||
|-
| '''E''' e || ''e'' {{IPA|[ˈɛ]}} || {{IPA|/ɛ/}} || E di Euclidi ||
|-
| '''F''' f || ''ef'' {{IPA|[ˈɛf]}} || {{IPA|/f/}} || F di Francisc ||
|-
| '''G''' g || ''ga'' {{IPA|[ˈɡa]}} || {{IPA|/ɡ/}}, {{IPA|/dʑ/}} || G di Gluria ||
|-
| ''Gn'' gn || ''ga-en'' {{IPA|[ˌgaˈɁɛn]}} || {{IPA|/ŋn/}} || — || not a separate letter
|-
| ''Gu''' gu || ''ga-u'' {{IPA|[ˌɡaˈɁu]}} || {{IPA|/ɡ/}} || — || not a separate letter
|-
| '''H''' h || ''ha'' {{IPA|[ˈχa]}} || {{IPA|/χ/}}, {{IPA|/ç/}} || H di Heleni ||
|-
| '''I''' i || ''i'' {{IPA|[ˈi]}} || {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/j/}} || I di Isabela ||
|-
| '''J''' j || ''gi'' {{IPA|[ˈdʑi]}} || {{IPA|/dʑ/}} || J di Jussef ||
|-
| ''K'' k || ''capa'' {{IPA|[ˈkapa]}} || {{IPA|/k/}} || capa || not an official letter, unassimilated loanwords only
|-
| '''L''' l || ''el'' {{IPA|[ˈɛɬ]}} || {{IPA|/l/}} || L di Loirenx ||
|-
| ''Ly'' ly || ''el-upsilon'' {{IPA|[ˌɛl‿ˈupːisilɔn]}} || {{IPA|/j/}}, dial. {{IPA|/ʎ/}}  || — || not a separate letter
|-
| '''M''' m || ''em'' {{IPA|[ˈɛm]}} || {{IPA|/m/}} || M di Maria ||
|-
| ''mm'' || ''em dulpa'' {{IPA|[ˌɛm ˈduɬpa]}} || {{IPA|/ŋn/}}, exceptionally {{IPA|/m/}} || — || not a separate letter, word-medial only
|-
| '''N''' n || ''en'' {{IPA|[ˈɛn]}} || {{IPA|/n/}} || N di Numiari ||
|-
| ''Ny'' ny || ''en-upsilon'' {{IPA|[ˌɛn‿ˈupːisilɔn]}} || {{IPA|/ɲ/}} || — || not a separate letter
|-
| '''O''' o || ''o'' {{IPA|[ˈɔ]}} || {{IPA|/ɔ/}} || O di Ostin ||
|-
| ''Oi'' oi || ''o-i'' {{IPA|[ˌɔˈɁi]}} || {{IPA|/wa/}}, dial. {{IPA|/ɔi̯/}} || — || not a separate letter
|-
| '''P''' p || ''pi'' {{IPA|[ˈpi]}} || {{IPA|/p/}} || P di Pubri ||
|-
| '''Q''' q || ''cu'' {{IPA|[ˈku]}} || {{IPA|/k/}} || Q di Quiora || in native words, only in the digraph '''qu'''
|-
| '''R''' r || ''er'' {{IPA|[ˈɛr]}} || {{IPA|/r/}} || R di Rahel ||
|-
| '''S''' s || ''es'' {{IPA|[ˈɛs]}} || {{IPA|/s/}}, {{IPA|/z/}} || S di Sofia ||
|-
| ''ss'' || ''es dulpa'' {{IPA|[ˌɛs ˈduɬpa]}} || {{IPA|/s/}} || — || not a separate letter, word-medial only
|-
| '''T''' t || ''ti'' {{IPA|[ˈti]}} || {{IPA|/t/}} || T di Troion ||
|-
| '''Ṭ''' ṭ || ''ti cû punt'' {{IPA|[ˈti ku ˈpun]}} || {{IPA|/θ/}} || ti cû punt ||
|-
| '''U''' u || ''u'' {{IPA|[ˈu]}} || {{IPA|/u/}}, {{IPA|/w/}} || U di Umbiart ||
|-
| '''V''' v || ''vi'' {{IPA|[ˈvi]}} || {{IPA|/v/}} || V di Vinxenx ||
|-
| ''W'' w || ''vi dulpa'' {{IPA|[ˌvi ˈduɬpa]}} || {{IPA|/v/}}, {{IPA|/w/}} || vi dulpa || not an official letter, unassimilated loanwords only
|-
| '''X''' x || ''xi'' {{IPA|[ˈçi]}} || {{IPA|/ç/}}, dial. {{IPA|/ɕ/}}; {{IPA|/ks/}} || X di Xarvi ||
|-
| ''Y'' y || ''upsilon'' {{IPA|[ˈupːisilɔn]}} || {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/ai̯/}} || upsilon || not an official letter, unassimilated loanwords only (excl. ''ly, ny'')
|-
| ''Z'' z || ''xeta'' {{IPA|[ˈçeta]}} || {{IPA|/z/}}, {{IPA|/s/}} || xeta || not an official letter, unassimilated loanwords only, or word-initially in some Greek roots (as in ''Zeus'', ''Zoi'', ''zoo-'').
|}
===c, g, h===
===c, g, h===
The letters '''c, g, h''' have different pronunciations depending on the following vowel:
The letters '''c, g, h''' have different pronunciations depending on the following vowel:
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* Palatal sound + '''a, o, u''' → '''ch, j, x'''
* Palatal sound + '''a, o, u''' → '''ch, j, x'''
* Velar sound + '''i, e''' → '''qu, gu'''; the sequences {{IPA|/χi χe/}} do not exist in Atlantic.
* Velar sound + '''i, e''' → '''qu, gu'''; the sequences {{IPA|/χi χe/}} do not exist in Atlantic.
The letter '''z''', not native to the Atlantic alphabet is usually pronounced {{IPA|[z]}} in unassimilated loanwords it occurs in. However, it is found root-initially in certain Greek words, where it is pronounced {{IPA|[s]}}, e.g. in ''Zeus'' {{IPA|[ˈsɛu̯s]}} or ''Zoi'' {{IPA|[swa]}}, or ''cenozoic~cenozoïc'' {{IPA|[tɕɛnɔˈswak]}}~{{IPA|[tɕɛnɔˈsɔjk]}}.


===s, x===
===s, x===
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* ''nunc'' "now" {{IPA|/ˈnunk/ [ˈnunuk]}}
* ''nunc'' "now" {{IPA|/ˈnunk/ [ˈnunuk]}}
Note, as for {{IPA|/nC/}} finals, that ''adrint'' "close to" does have a pronounced {{IPA|[t]}} when before the indefinite articles ''un'' and ''una''.
Note, as for {{IPA|/nC/}} finals, that ''adrint'' "close to" does have a pronounced {{IPA|[t]}} when before the indefinite articles ''un'' and ''una''.
Stop+stop or stop+fricative clusters at morpheme boundaries or Greek loanwords also get an epenthetic vowel, but it is usually considered to be phonemic, and it is almost always {{IPA|/i/}}. Examples include ''adviniri'' "to come" {{IPA|/adiviˈniri/}}, ''abcumandori'' "to outsource" {{IPA|/abikumanˈdɔri/}}, ''pterodactil'' "pterodactyl" {{IPA|/pitɛrɔˈda(ki)til/}}, ''psicologia'' "psychology" {{IPA|/pisikɔlɔˈdʑi.a/}}. Word-initially, written stop+nasal clusters also have this phonemic epenthesis, e.g. ''pneumatih'' "tyre" {{IPA|/pinɛu̯ˈmatiχ/}}.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Nouns do not inflect for case, just for number, and have different pluralization patterns inherited by the Latin declensions and their various subtypes, including those for Greek nouns. Gender is not marked on the nouns themselves, but on accompanying adjectives and articles.
Nouns (''numinya'', sg. ''numi'') do not inflect for case, just for number, and have different pluralization patterns inherited by the Latin declensions and their various subtypes, including those for Greek nouns. Gender is not marked on the nouns themselves, but on accompanying adjectives and articles.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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| -ira || neuter || || 3rd declension neuters || ''laṭ'' → ''laṭira'' (side(s)) (n)<ref>And ''iṭir'' → ''iṭinira'' "adventure(s)"</ref>
| -ira || neuter || || 3rd declension neuters || ''laṭ'' → ''laṭira'' (side(s)) (n)<ref>And ''iṭir'' → ''iṭinira'' "adventure(s)"</ref>
|-
|-
| -u || -a || neuter || || 4th declension (n. nouns)<br/>2nd declension Greek neuters || ''cornu'' → ''corna'' (horn(s)) (n)<br/>''ṭeatru'' → ''ṭeatra'' (theatre(s))
| -u || -a || neuter || || 4th declension (n. nouns)<br/>2nd declension Greek neuters || ''cornu'' → ''corna'' (horn(s)) (n)<br/>''ṭeatru'' → ''ṭeatra'' (theatre(s)) (n)
|}
|}


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===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Adjectives follow two different declensions, one with four distinct forms and another with three. Neuter nouns take masculine singular agreement when singular, and feminine singular when plural.
Adjectives (''ageitiva'', sg. ''ageitiu''; less commonly ''epiṭeta'', sg. ''epiṭetu'') follow two different declensions, one with four distinct forms and another with three. Neuter nouns take masculine singular agreement when singular, and feminine singular when plural.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
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Atlantic, unlike other Romance languages, maintained the synthetic forms for comparatives and superlatives, though it still uses the common Romance analytic forms in less formal styles:
Atlantic, unlike other Romance languages, maintained the synthetic forms for comparatives and superlatives, though it still uses the common Romance analytic forms in less formal styles:
* Formal:
* Formal:
*: ''Lucia i Tecra funt oltos.'' "Lucy and Thecla are tall."
*: ''Lucia i Tecra sunt oltos.'' "Lucy and Thecla are tall."
*: ''Tecra ê olxura pu Lucia.'' "Thecla is taller than Lucy."
*: ''Tecra ê olxura pu Lucia.'' "Thecla is taller than Lucy."
*: ''Tecra ê olxissima.'' "Thecla is the tallest one."
*: ''Tecra ê olxissima.'' "Thecla is the tallest one."
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The remaining possessives (''eiu, ilur, ilor, ipsur, ipsor''), which derive from genitive forms, are not inflected.
The remaining possessives (''eiu, ilur, ilor, ipsur, ipsor''), which derive from genitive forms, are not inflected.


In informal writing and speech, the articles are typically reduced, with definite articles losing the initial ''l'' (''il'' remains the same) and indefinite ''una'' becoming ''na''; indefinite plural articles are not used in informal speech, with ''arpol'' ("some", from Latin <small>ALIQUOD</small>) being used instead.
In informal writing and speech, the articles are typically reduced, with definite articles losing the initial ''l'' (''il'' remains the same) and indefinite ''una'' becoming ''na''; indefinite plural articles are not used in informal speech, with ''arpol'' ("some", from Latin <small>ALIQUOD</small>) being used instead.<br/>In eastern Mauritania and bordering parts of Numidia, ''il'' becomes ''r'', with an unwritten prosthetic {{IPA|[i]}} or {{IPA|[e]}} before consonants, e.g. ''r om'' "the man" {{IPA|[ˈrɔm]}}, ''r chat'' "the cat" {{IPA|[er‿ˈtɕat]}} for standard ''il om'', ''il chat'' {{IPA|[(i)ɬ‿ˈɔm], [iɬ‿ˈtɕat]}}.


Demonstratives are more complex as they vary dialectally. Standard Atlantic, Mauritania, western Numidia (as far east as Cartennae), almost all of the Sahara, and the Senegal river region use forms unique in the Romance-speaking world, derived from <small>ILLE</small> and <small>HUNC, HANC, HŌS, HĀS</small> for the non-distal and <small>ILLIC</small> for the distal; the remaining areas use forms in common with other Romance languages, from Vulgar Latin *eccu + <small>ISTE</small> for the non-distal and <small>ILLE</small> for the distal one. The forms of those pronouns vary according to the region; the areas around [[w:Djelfa|Fallaba]], in southern Numidia, maintain the animacy distinction of the pronouns even in the demonstratives.
Demonstratives are more complex as they vary dialectally. Standard Atlantic, Mauritania, western Numidia (as far east as Cartennae), almost all of the Sahara, and the Senegal river region use forms unique in the Romance-speaking world, derived from <small>ILLE</small> and <small>HUNC, HANC, HŌS, HĀS</small> for the non-distal and <small>ILLIC</small> for the distal; the remaining areas use forms in common with other Romance languages, from Vulgar Latin *eccu + <small>ISTE</small> for the non-distal and <small>ILLE</small> for the distal one. The forms of those pronouns vary according to the region; the areas around [[w:Djelfa|Fallaba]], in southern Numidia, maintain the animacy distinction of the pronouns even in the demonstratives.
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Indefinite relatives follow the noun or whatever they refer to:
Indefinite relatives follow the noun or whatever they refer to:
: ''Do-m duna cupalca sit-pori-fuaril.'' "Give me any [kind of] glass/any glass you want."
: ''Do-m duna cupalca sit-pori-fuaril.'' "Give me any [kind of] glass/any glass you want."
: ''Iṭurus fimu sit-uvi-fuaril tu viaris.'' "We will go anywhere you want."
: ''Iṭurus sumu sit-uvi-fuaril tu viaris.'' "We will go anywhere you want."


===Numerals===
===Numerals===
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===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
The Atlantic pronoun system has less forms than Latin does, but is still (clitic system aside) more complex than other Romance languages. A peculiarity, shared with a few languages such as older forms of Italian, is that there is an animacy distinction in the third person pronouns, with animate forms derived from the Latin demonstratives (<small>ILLUM</small>, cf. It. ''egli, ella''), and the inanimate ones derived from the emphatics (<small>IPSUM</small>, cf. It. ''esso, essa'').
The Atlantic pronoun (''prunuminya'', sg. ''prunumi'') system has less forms than Latin does, but is still (clitic system aside) more complex than other Romance languages. A peculiarity, shared with a few languages such as older forms of Italian, is that there is an animacy distinction in the third person pronouns, with animate forms derived from the Latin demonstratives (<small>ILLUM</small>, cf. It. ''egli, ella''), and the inanimate ones derived from the emphatics (<small>IPSUM</small>, cf. It. ''esso, essa'').
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|-
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The accusative and indirect forms most commonly used are the clitic ones. The full forms are used for emphasis and after prepositions.
The accusative and indirect forms most commonly used are the clitic ones. The full forms are used for emphasis and after prepositions.
* ''Heri viḍi-'''ru''''' "I saw him yesterday"
* ''Jari viḍi-'''ru''''' "I saw him yesterday"
* ''Heri viḍi-'''ra''''' "I saw her yesterday"
* ''Jari viḍi-'''ra''''' "I saw her yesterday"
* ''Heri viḍis-'''lu''''' "You saw him yesterday"
* ''Jari viḍis-'''lu''''' "You saw him yesterday"
* ''Cros daṭur'''-um''' iaris dil cuḍixi?'' "Will you give me the book tomorrow?" (note that Atlantic is secundative!)
* ''Cros daṭur'''-um''' iaris dil cuḍixi?'' "Will you give me the book tomorrow?" (note that Atlantic is secundative!)
* ''Cros daṭur'''-li''' iaris?'' "Will you give that tomorrow?"
* ''Cros daṭur'''-li''' iaris?'' "Will you give that tomorrow?"
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* '''e''' (< <small>EX</small>) — expresses motion from (ablative), as well as "from" when referring to a time back in the past. It is also used for derivation or specifying a material, as well as translating "of" when it implies the ''result'' of something:
* '''e''' (< <small>EX</small>) — expresses motion from (ablative), as well as "from" when referring to a time back in the past. It is also used for derivation or specifying a material, as well as translating "of" when it implies the ''result'' of something:
*: ''Fuara voḍu '''êxa''' staxuni.'' "I go out of the station."
*: ''Fuara voḍu '''êxa''' staxuni.'' "I go out of the station."
*: ''Cros rivertu '''e''' Londiny.'' "I'm coming back from London tomorrow."
*: ''Cros riviartu '''e''' Londiny.'' "I'm coming back from London tomorrow."
*: ''Lûnc fuxili ê '''êxu''' Sihund Bialy Glubori.'' "This rifle is from World War II."
*: ''Lûnc scupit ê '''êxu''' Sihund Bialy Glubori.'' "This rifle is from World War II."
*: ''Lânc charṭeda ê '''e''' foj.'' "This chair is made of beech wood."
*: ''Lânc charṭeda ê '''e''' foj.'' "This chair is made of beech wood."
*: ''Los nimbos rumonxos provenint '''êxu''' laṭin.'' "Romance languages are derived from Latin."
*: ''Los nimbos rumonxos provenint '''êxu''' laṭin.'' "Romance languages are derived from Latin."
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*: ''Tecra ê la arumma prus chandinta '''tras''' crassi.'' "Thecla is the best/most clever student in the class."
*: ''Tecra ê la arumma prus chandinta '''tras''' crassi.'' "Thecla is the best/most clever student in the class."
*: ''Lânc faita spunsa fiarunt '''trâl''' guviarn.'' "These deeds were promised by the government."
*: ''Lânc faita spunsa fiarunt '''trâl''' guviarn.'' "These deeds were promised by the government."
*: ''Lus cuḍixis hoi aḍeut doṭ '''tras''' Mateu.'' "The books have been given to me by Matthew."
*: ''Lus cuḍixis haju aḍeut doṭ '''tras''' Mateu.'' "The books have been given to me by Matthew."
*: ''Ila difusit-us surxoitoṭa '''trâ''' proṭista.'' "She was left surprised by the protest."
*: ''Ila difusit-us surxoitoṭa '''trâ''' proṭista.'' "She was left surprised by the protest."
*: When the focus is on walking through something, or the means of transport is stated, the construction of a motion verb + ''tras'' + indirect object is typically replaced by the transitive verb ''trasmergiri'' "to cross":
*: When the focus is on walking through something, or the means of transport is stated, the construction of a motion verb + ''tras'' + indirect object is typically replaced by the transitive verb ''trasmergiri'' "to cross":
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*: ''Inviniva nîl il curtialy, siḍ iaral '''suttu''' tistulc.'' "I couldn't find the knife, but it was under the napkin."
*: ''Inviniva nîl il curtialy, siḍ iaral '''suttu''' tistulc.'' "I couldn't find the knife, but it was under the napkin."
* '''pro''' (< <small>PRŌ</small>, with pre-Atlantic shortening of the final vowel) – for, for the benefit of; for measures. Also used as a conjunction with a supine meaning (but ''ut'' is preferred in formal usage):
* '''pro''' (< <small>PRŌ</small>, with pre-Atlantic shortening of the final vowel) – for, for the benefit of; for measures. Also used as a conjunction with a supine meaning (but ''ut'' is preferred in formal usage):
*: ''Lânc flura funt '''pro''' tivi.'' "These flowers are for you."
*: ''Lânc flura sunt '''pro''' tivi.'' "These flowers are for you."
*: ''Los ninyos nila cholyi cînt di trasmirgimenta '''prûs''' ambrantis.'' "The stripes in the road are called by the name of 'crossing for pedestrians'."
*: ''Los ninyos nila cholyi cînt di trasmirgimenta '''prûs''' ambrantis.'' "The stripes in the road are called by the name of 'crossing for pedestrians'."
*: ''Bilyomu '''prâ''' gluria di Ruma!'' "We fight for the glory of Rome!"
*: ''Bilyomu '''prâ''' gluria di Ruma!'' "We fight for the glory of Rome!"
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*: ''La leva dâ agora proposiṭ hal una lixi '''prûs''' direitus varihoṭus.'' "It seems that the left in Parliament has proposed a law for LGBT rights."
*: ''La leva dâ agora proposiṭ hal una lixi '''prûs''' direitus varihoṭus.'' "It seems that the left in Parliament has proposed a law for LGBT rights."
* '''groxa''' (< <small>GRĀTIĀ</small>, with pre-Atlantic shortening of the final vowel) — thanks to, because of + positive experience  
* '''groxa''' (< <small>GRĀTIĀ</small>, with pre-Atlantic shortening of the final vowel) — thanks to, because of + positive experience  
*: ''Dinoji iv funt miny muartis nilu cunolb '''groxa''' lus heurimenis nila iatria.'' "Today there are less [cases of] death during infancy, thanks to the discoveries in medical science."
*: ''Dinoji iv sunt miny muartis nilu cunolb '''groxa''' lus heurimenis nila iatria.'' "Today there are less [cases of] death during infancy, thanks to the discoveries in medical science."
*: '''''Groxa''' lu bon etiri heri vosimu âlu mari.'' "Because of the nice weather we went to the sea yesterday."
*: '''''Groxa''' lu bon etiri jari vosimu âlu mari.'' "Because of the nice weather we went to the sea yesterday."
*: ''Inteligi-su '''groxa''' stuxa ma.'' "I understand it because of my studies/what I studied."
*: ''Inteligi-su '''groxa''' stuxa ma.'' "I understand it because of my studies/what I studied."
* '''estra''' (< <small>EXTRĀ</small>, with pre-Atlantic shortening of the final vowel), meaning "outside" (stative), also figuratively:
* '''estra''' (< <small>EXTRĀ</small>, with pre-Atlantic shortening of the final vowel), meaning "outside" (stative), also figuratively:
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*: ''Lûnc ê '''estra''' ofixa ta.'' "This isn't part of your duties (lit. "this is outside your duties")."
*: ''Lûnc ê '''estra''' ofixa ta.'' "This isn't part of your duties (lit. "this is outside your duties")."
* '''adrint''' (< <small>ADHÆRENTEM</small>), meaning "near" (in space or time)
* '''adrint''' (< <small>ADHÆRENTEM</small>), meaning "near" (in space or time)
*: ''Lus missus funt '''adrint''' monxuni ma.'' "The post office is near my house."
*: ''Lus missus sunt '''adrint''' monxuni ma.'' "The post office is near my house."
*: ''Fimu '''adrintâ''' Risureuxuni.'' "We are close to Easter. / Easter is near."
*: ''Sumu '''adrintâ''' Risureuxuni.'' "We are close to Easter. / Easter is near."
*: ''Midran siṭ ê '''adrintil''' nimiṭi hilviṭih.'' "Milan is close to the border with Switzerland."
*: ''Midran siṭ ê '''adrintil''' nimiṭi hilviṭih.'' "Milan is close to the border with Switzerland."
* '''controri''' (< <small>CONTRĀRIUM</small>) means "against", or "opposite to" when used with places:
* '''controri''' (< <small>CONTRĀRIUM</small>) means "against", or "opposite to" when used with places:
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*: ''Monxuni ma ê '''controri''' la supirtaviarna.'' "My house is opposite the supermarket."
*: ''Monxuni ma ê '''controri''' la supirtaviarna.'' "My house is opposite the supermarket."
* '''difaxi''' (< <small>DĒ FACIĒ (AD)</small>) means "next to":
* '''difaxi''' (< <small>DĒ FACIĒ (AD)</small>) means "next to":
*: ''Lus missus funt '''difaxâ''' supirtaviarna.'' "The post office is next to the supermarket."
*: ''Lus missus sunt '''difaxâ''' supirtaviarna.'' "The post office is next to the supermarket."
*: ''Ilu tutijurn seḍil '''difaxi''' mi.'' "He always sits next to me."
*: ''Ilu tutijurn seḍil '''difaxi''' mi.'' "He always sits next to me."
* '''circ''' (< <small>CIRCUM</small>), meaning "around":
* '''circ''' (< <small>CIRCUM</small>), meaning "around":
*: ''Lu helicoptero vuaral '''circû''' chastr.'' "The helicopter flies around the city."
*: ''Lu helicopteru vuaral '''circû''' chastr.'' "The helicopter flies around the city."
*: ''Ambromu '''circâ''' pratia.'' "We walk around the square."
*: ''Ambromu '''circâ''' pratia.'' "We walk around the square."
*: '''''Circ''' los curios dil guviarn fuch una massa di pirsunos cu aḍ proṭistori.'' "Around the governmental offices there was a crowd of people protesting."
*: '''''Circ''' los curios dil guviarn fuch una massa di pirsunos cu aḍ proṭistori.'' "Around the governmental offices there was a crowd of people protesting."
* '''siny''' (< <small>SINE</small>), meaning "without". The ''siḍiri + siny'' structure (to be without) is frequently used where English prefers "to have no":
* '''siny''' (< <small>SINE</small>), meaning "without". The ''siḍiri + siny'' structure (to be without) is frequently used where English prefers "to have no":
*: ''Lânc caramela funt '''siny''' gliqui.'' "These sweets are sugar-free (lit. "without sugar").
*: ''Lânc caramela sunt '''siny''' sucar.'' "These sweets are sugar-free (lit. "without sugar").
*: ''Possun nîl viviri '''siny''' tivi!'' "I can't live without you!"
*: ''Possun nîl viviri '''siny''' tivi!'' "I can't live without you!"
*: ''Sungu '''siny''' pihunya.'' "I have no money (lit. "I am without money")."
*: ''Sungu '''siny''' pihunya.'' "I have no money (lit. "I am without money")."
*: ''Barban meu ê '''siny''' infantis.'' "My uncle has no children."
*: ''Barban meu ê '''siny''' infantis.'' "My uncle has no children."
* '''cis''' (< <small>CIS</small>), meaning "before", also introducing subordinate clauses with subjunctive.
* '''cis''' (< <small>CIS</small>), meaning "before", also introducing subordinate clauses with subjunctive.
*: ''Lus missus funt '''cîsa''' taviarna.'' "The post office is before the shop."
*: ''Lus missus sunt '''cîsa''' taviarna.'' "The post office is before the shop."
*: ''Fuṭur ê '''cîsa''' dominiha.'' "It will be/happen before Sunday."
*: ''Fuṭur ê '''cîsa''' dominiha.'' "It will be/happen before Sunday."
*: ''Faxi-su '''cis''' nus rivirtomu!'' "Do it before we come back!"
*: ''Faxi-su '''cis''' nus rivirtomu!'' "Do it before we come back!"
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===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Verbs generally have six moods: three finite (indicative, subjunctive, imperative) and three non-finite ones (infinitive, participle, gerundive). Unlike other Romance languages, Atlantic did not develop a conditional mood.
Verbs (''viarba'', sg. ''viarb'') generally have six moods: three finite (indicative, subjunctive, imperative) and three non-finite ones (infinitive, participle, gerundive). Unlike other Romance languages, Atlantic did not develop a conditional mood.


The indicative and subjunctive are composed of various simple tenses plus other compound ones, while the other moods only have a few forms (the imperative) in a single tense, or have a simple tense and a compound one. The indicative simple tenses are present, imperfect, past (from the Latin perfect), and past perfect. The subjunctive only has three: present, imperfect (from the Latin past perfect subj.), and future (from Latin future perfect ind.) - the origin of the various tenses is therefore the same as in other languages like Portuguese.
The indicative and subjunctive are composed of various simple tenses plus other compound ones, while the other moods only have a few forms (the imperative) in a single tense, or have a simple tense and a compound one. The indicative simple tenses are present, imperfect, past (from the Latin perfect), and past perfect. The subjunctive only has three: present, imperfect (from the Latin past perfect subj.), and future (from Latin future perfect ind.) - the origin of the various tenses is therefore the same as in other languages like Portuguese.
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Only the first conjugation is still productive, and it is also the one with the fewest irregular verbs (most verbs in it have the same root in all principal parts).
Only the first conjugation is still productive, and it is also the one with the fewest irregular verbs (most verbs in it have the same root in all principal parts).


The conjugations are often shared between the various dialects, though their semantic and syntactical usage may vary somewhat (especially for compound tenses). Note that Eastern Numidian, having not undergone the word-final '''t''' → '''l''' shift, has ''-t'' endings for the third-person forms (e.g. ''amat'' instead of ''amal'' for "he/she/it loves").
The conjugations (''conyugoxunis'', sg. ''conyugoxuni'') are often shared between the various dialects, though their semantic and syntactical usage may vary somewhat (especially for compound tenses). Note that Eastern Numidian, having not undergone the word-final '''t''' → '''l''' shift, has ''-t'' endings for the third-person forms (e.g. ''amat'' instead of ''amal'' for "he/she/it loves").


====First conjugation====
====First conjugation====
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# Latin perfects in <small>-ĒVĪ, -VĪ, -ĪVĪ</small>: ''-ei, -isti, -eil, -imu, -isti, -irunt''
# Latin perfects in <small>-ĒVĪ, -VĪ, -ĪVĪ</small>: ''-ei, -isti, -eil, -imu, -isti, -irunt''
# All other verbs: ''-i, -isti, -il, -imu, -isti, -irunt''
# All other verbs: ''-i, -isti, -il, -imu, -isti, -irunt''
Furthermore, the regular past participle for all second conjugation verbs is ''-iṭ'' (← <small>-ITUM</small>, <small>-ĪTUM</small>), but many verbs have irregular forms (such as ''spuns'' "promised" for ''spondiri''). The future participle for all verbs is formed by adding ''-ur'' to the past participle.
Furthermore, the regular past participle for all second conjugation verbs is ''-iṭ'' (← <small>-ITUM</small>, <small>-ĪTUM</small>), but many verbs have irregular forms (such as ''spuns'' "promised" for ''spondiri''). The future participle for all verbs is formed by adding ''-ur'' to the past participle.<br/>Many second- and third-conjugation verbs have participles in ''-uṭ'', some of them being regular formations filling for participles that did not exist in Latin. Such verbs sometimes have two possible participles, one in ''-uṭ'' and another less regular formed by analogy with other verbs, as with ''rifurgiri'' (← <small>REFULGĒRE</small>) having the two participles ''rifurguṭ'' (more common) or ''rifult''; the latter was formed by analogy with ''indult'' (← <small>INDULTUM</small>), past participle of ''indurgiri'', which then got a second participle ''indurguṭ'' by analogy with the previous verb. See also the third conjugation verb ''cunviargiri'' (← <small>CONVERGERE</small>), with a regular participle ''cunvirguṭ'' alongside the more common ''cunviars'', formed by analogy with the unrelated <small>VERSUM</small>.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|-
|-
! 1PL
! 1PL
| fimu || iromu || fuimu || firomu || simu<br/>fiomu || fussimu || firimu || fiomu
| sumu || iromu || fuimu || firomu || simu<br/>fiomu || fussimu || firimu || fiomu
|-
|-
! 2PL
! 2PL
| fiṭi || iroṭi || fusti || firoṭi || siṭi<br/>fioṭi || fussiṭi || firiṭi || esti
| siṭi || iroṭi || fusti || firoṭi || siṭi<br/>fioṭi || fussiṭi || firiṭi || esti
|-
|-
! 3PL
! 3PL
| funt || iarant || ferunt || fiarant || sint<br/>fïant || fussint || fiarint || fïant
| sunt || iarant || ferunt || fiarant || sint<br/>fïant || fussint || fiarint || fïant
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | !! Pres. participle !! Past participle !! Future participle !! Gerundive !! Infinitive !! colspan=3 rowspan=2 |
! rowspan=2 | !! Pres. participle !! Past participle !! Future participle !! Gerundive !! Infinitive !! colspan=3 rowspan=2 |
Line 882: Line 967:
* ''Fioṭi sihurus!'' "May you be safe!"
* ''Fioṭi sihurus!'' "May you be safe!"
* ''Esti sihurus!'' "Be safe!"
* ''Esti sihurus!'' "Be safe!"
Numidian dialects, especially Eastern Numidian, use a different conjugation in the present indicative: ''sungu/sunyu - sî - ê/iê/guiê - simu - siṭi - sunt''.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ "To have", simple tenses: ''haviri, hoi, hoibi, haiṭ''
|+ "To have", simple tenses: ''haviri, haju, hoibi, haiṭ''
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Person !! colspan=4 | Indicative !! colspan=3 | Subjunctive !! rowspan=2 | Imperative
! rowspan=2 | Person !! colspan=4 | Indicative !! colspan=3 | Subjunctive !! rowspan=2 | Imperative
Line 891: Line 978:
|-
|-
! 1SG
! 1SG
| hoi || h'''iva''' || hoib'''i''' || hav'''iara''' || hei'''a''' || hoib'''issi''' || hav'''iaru''' || —
| haju || h'''iva''' || hoib'''i''' || hav'''iara''' || hei'''a''' || hoib'''issi''' || hav'''iaru''' || —
|-
|-
! 2SG
! 2SG
Line 912: Line 999:
| hav'''enti''' || haiṭ || haiṭ'''ur''' || hav'''end''' || hav'''iri'''
| hav'''enti''' || haiṭ || haiṭ'''ur''' || hav'''end''' || hav'''iri'''
|}
|}
Note that, exclusively when expressing possession, the regular verb ''tiniri'' is usually the preferred one for "to have", e.g. ''tenyu du infantis'' = ''hoi du infantis'' "I have two children". However, compound tenses exclusively use forms of ''haviri''.
Note that, exclusively when expressing possession, the regular verb ''tiniri'' is usually the preferred one for "to have", e.g. ''tenyu du infantis'' = ''haju du infantis'' "I have two children". However, compound tenses exclusively use forms of ''haviri''.<br/>Forms of ''haviri'' are usually pronounced without the initial consonant when used as auxiliary, e.g. ''aḍeut haju'' {{IPA|[aˈðɛu̯t‿ˌadːʑu]}} "I received".


The verb ''dori'' (to give) has a monoconsonantal stem, except for 1SG present indicative which is extended like in ''siḍiri''. The subjunctive has been remodeled after the new 1SG present indicative, but the inherited forms (marked with a dagger) are attested in archaic texts:
The verb ''dori'' (to give) has a monoconsonantal stem, except for 1SG present indicative which is extended like in ''siḍiri''. The subjunctive has been remodeled after the new 1SG present indicative, but the inherited forms (marked with a dagger) are attested in archaic texts:
Line 1,024: Line 1,111:
|-
|-
! 1PL
! 1PL
| memin'''umu''' || mimin'''ivomu''' || mimintus fimu || mimintus iromu || miminentis simu || mimintus fussimu ||  miminturus simu<br/>miminturus firimu || —
| memin'''umu''' || mimin'''ivomu''' || mimintus sumu || mimintus iromu || miminentis simu || mimintus fussimu ||  miminturus simu<br/>miminturus firimu || —
|-
|-
! 2PL
! 2PL
| memin'''iṭi''' || mimin'''ivoṭi''' || mimintus fiṭi || mimintus iroṭi || miminentis siṭi || mimintus fussiṭi || miminturus siṭi<br/>miminturus firiṭi || —
| memin'''iṭi''' || mimin'''ivoṭi''' || mimintus siṭi || mimintus iroṭi || miminentis siṭi || mimintus fussiṭi || miminturus siṭi<br/>miminturus firiṭi || —
|-
|-
! 3PL
! 3PL
| memin'''irunt''' || mimin'''ivant''' || mimintus funt || mimintus iarant || miminentis sint || mimintus fussint || miminturus sint<br/>miminturus fiarint || —
| memin'''irunt''' || mimin'''ivant''' || mimintus sunt || mimintus iarant || miminentis sint || mimintus fussint || miminturus sint<br/>miminturus fiarint || —
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | !! Pres. participle !! Past participle !! Future participle !! Gerundive !! Infinitive !! colspan=3 rowspan=2 |
! rowspan=2 | !! Pres. participle !! Past participle !! Future participle !! Gerundive !! Infinitive !! colspan=3 rowspan=2 |
Line 1,086: Line 1,173:
|-
|-
! 1PL
! 1PL
| possumu || poṭiromu || potiṭus fimu || potiṭus iromu || poṭentis simu || potiṭus fussimu || potiṭurus simu<br/>potiṭus firimu || –
| possumu || poṭiromu || potiṭus sumu || potiṭus iromu || poṭentis simu || potiṭus fussimu || potiṭurus simu<br/>potiṭus firimu || –
|-
|-
! 2PL
! 2PL
| poṭesti || poṭiroṭi || potiṭus fiṭi || potiṭus iroṭi || poṭentis siṭi || potiṭus fussiṭi || potiṭurus siṭi<br/>potiṭus firiṭi || –
| poṭesti || poṭiroṭi || potiṭus siṭi || potiṭus iroṭi || poṭentis siṭi || potiṭus fussiṭi || potiṭurus siṭi<br/>potiṭus firiṭi || –
|-
|-
! 3PL
! 3PL
| possunt || poṭiarant || potiṭus funt || potiṭus iarant || poṭentis sint || potiṭus fussint || potiṭurus sint<br/>potiṭus fiarint || –
| possunt || poṭiarant || potiṭus sunt || potiṭus iarant || poṭentis sint || potiṭus fussint || potiṭurus sint<br/>potiṭus fiarint || –
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | !! Pres. participle !! Past participle !! Future participle !! Gerundive !! Infinitive !! colspan=3 rowspan=2 |
! rowspan=2 | !! Pres. participle !! Past participle !! Future participle !! Gerundive !! Infinitive !! colspan=3 rowspan=2 |
Line 1,180: Line 1,267:
*: e.g. ''trubanti iara'' "I was singing"
*: e.g. ''trubanti iara'' "I was singing"
* Past reportative (for most verbs) / simple past (for formerly deponent verbs): past participle + present of ''haviri'' <small>(transitive verbs)</small>/''siḍiri'' <small>(intransitive)</small>
* Past reportative (for most verbs) / simple past (for formerly deponent verbs): past participle + present of ''haviri'' <small>(transitive verbs)</small>/''siḍiri'' <small>(intransitive)</small>
*: e.g. ''truboṭ hal'' "[it's said that] (s)he sang" — ''aḍeut hoi'' "I got" — ''iṭ ê'' "[it's said that] (s)he went"
*: e.g. ''truboṭ hal'' "[it's said that] (s)he sang" — ''aḍeut haju'' "I got" — ''iṭ ê'' "[it's said that] (s)he went"
* Pluperfect reportative (for most verbs) / pluperfect (for formerly deponent verbs): past participle + imperfect of ''haviri'' <small>(transitive verbs)</small>/''siḍiri'' <small>(intransitive)</small>
* Pluperfect reportative (for most verbs) / pluperfect (for formerly deponent verbs): past participle + imperfect of ''haviri'' <small>(transitive verbs)</small>/''siḍiri'' <small>(intransitive)</small>
*: e.g. ''truboṭ hival'' "[it's said that] (s)he had sung" — ''aḍeut hiva'' "I had got" — ''iṭ iaral'' "[it's said that] (s)he had gone"
*: e.g. ''truboṭ hival'' "[it's said that] (s)he had sung" — ''aḍeut hiva'' "I had got" — ''iṭ iaral'' "[it's said that] (s)he had gone"
Line 1,188: Line 1,275:
*: e.g. ''truboṭur iṭur/fuṭur sungu'' "I will have sung"
*: e.g. ''truboṭur iṭur/fuṭur sungu'' "I will have sung"
In the dialects of Eastern Numidia and coastal Central Numidia, the future is built the same way as in Sicilian and Sardinian, with ''haviri aḍ'' plus the infinitive:
In the dialects of Eastern Numidia and coastal Central Numidia, the future is built the same way as in Sicilian and Sardinian, with ''haviri aḍ'' plus the infinitive:
* ''hoi aḍ trubori'' = ''truboṭur sungu''
* ''haju aḍ trubori'' = ''truboṭur sungu''
* ''hoi aḍ haviri truboṭ'' = ''truboṭur iṭur sungu''
* ''haju aḍ haviri truboṭ'' = ''truboṭur iṭur sungu''


The passive forms are also formed periphrastically, with a passive participle and the corresponding forms of ''siḍiri'':
The passive forms are also formed periphrastically, with a passive participle and the corresponding forms of ''siḍiri'':
Line 1,203: Line 1,290:
* Present: ''aḍipiscu doṭ'' "it is given [to me]"
* Present: ''aḍipiscu doṭ'' "it is given [to me]"
* Imperfect: ''aḍipisciva doṭ'' "it was given [to me]"
* Imperfect: ''aḍipisciva doṭ'' "it was given [to me]"
* Past: ''hoi aḍeut doṭ'' "it has been/was given [to me]"
* Past: ''haju aḍeut doṭ'' "it has been/was given [to me]"
* Pluperfect: ''hiva aḍeut doṭ'' "it was been given [to me]"
* Pluperfect: ''hiva aḍeut doṭ'' "it was been given [to me]"
* Future: ''aḍeutur sungu doṭ'' "it will be given [to me]"
* Future: ''aḍeutur sungu doṭ'' "it will be given [to me]"
Line 1,216: Line 1,303:
* ''Apirunt-us di tria quilugrama di orisa.'' "Three kilograms of rice are bought."
* ''Apirunt-us di tria quilugrama di orisa.'' "Three kilograms of rice are bought."
* ''Apisiṭ fui dil pon tras mama ma.'' "I have been bought the bread by mom."
* ''Apisiṭ fui dil pon tras mama ma.'' "I have been bought the bread by mom."
* ''Il pon hoi aḍeut apisiṭ tras mama ma.'' "The bread has been bought for me by mom."
* ''Il pon haju aḍeut apisiṭ tras mama ma.'' "The bread has been bought for me by mom."


Epistemic modality is expressed through four different constructions, with either the infinitive or a content clause. In order of probability, they are ''possiviri ê'', ''poṭ siḍiri'', ''proisiviri ê'', and ''divil siḍiri'':
Epistemic modality is expressed through four different constructions, with either the infinitive or a content clause. In order of probability, they are ''possiviri ê'', ''poṭ siḍiri'', ''proisiviri ê'', and ''divil siḍiri'':
Line 1,228: Line 1,315:
Purpose is expressed by subjunctive clauses introduced by '''ut''' (in formal styles) or '''pro''':
Purpose is expressed by subjunctive clauses introduced by '''ut''' (in formal styles) or '''pro''':
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = Lus partinxonus bilyoirunt ut Otrantiana eleuterisoṭa fussil.
| phrase = Lus partinxonus bilyoirunt ut los Pruvinxos Otrantihos eleuterisoṭos fussint.
| IPA = [lus partiɲˈçɵnus biˈjwarun ut‿ɔtranˈtjana ɛlɛu̯tɛriˈzɔθa ˈfusiɬ]
| IPA = [lus partiɲˈçɵnus biˈjwarun ut lɔs pruˈvinçɵs ɔˈtrantiχɔs ɛlɛu̯tɛriˈzɔθɔs ˈfusin]
| gloss = <small>DEF.MASC.PL</small>. partisan-<small>PL</small>. fight-<small>IND.PAST.3PL</small>. in_order_to. Atlantiana.<small>SG</small>. free-<small>PART.PAST.FEMM.SG</small>. be.<small>SUBJ.PAST.3SG</small>.
| gloss = <small>DEF.MASC.PL</small>. partisan-<small>PL</small>. fight-<small>IND.PAST.3PL</small>. in_order_to. <small>DEF.FEMM.PL</small>. province-<small>PL</small>. Atlantic-<small>PL</small>. free-<small>PART.PAST.FEMM.PL</small>. be.<small>SUBJ.PAST.3PL</small>.
| translation = Partisans fought in order to free Atlantiana.
| translation = Partisans fought in order to free the Atlantic Provinces.
}}
}}
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
Line 1,245: Line 1,332:
| translation = As soon as you arrive, I have to go to the shop to buy tuna and figs.
| translation = As soon as you arrive, I have to go to the shop to buy tuna and figs.
}}
}}
===Conditional sentences===
===Conditional sentences===
Not having a conditional mood, unlike most other Romance languages, Atlantic uses the indicative or the subjunctive mood in conditional clauses. The if-clause is introduced by ''si'':
Not having a conditional mood, unlike most other Romance languages, Atlantic uses the indicative or the subjunctive mood in conditional clauses. The if-clause is introduced by ''si'':
Line 1,313: Line 1,401:
}}
}}
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = Heri comisis orisa?
| phrase = Jari comisis orisa?
| IPA = [ˈçeri kɔˈmizis ɔˈriza]
| IPA = [ˈdʑari kɔˈmizis ɔˈriza]
| gloss = yesterday. eat.<small>IND.PAST-2SG</small>. rice.<small>SG</small>.
| gloss = yesterday. eat.<small>IND.PAST-2SG</small>. rice.<small>SG</small>.
| translation = Did you eat rice yesterday?
| translation = Did you eat rice yesterday?
Line 1,342: Line 1,430:
| translation = Carmen told me that she would have eaten rice the following day.
| translation = Carmen told me that she would have eaten rice the following day.
}}
}}
===Indirect statements with the infinitive===
===Indirect statements with the infinitive===
In the most formal Atlantic styles, a construction in imitation of Latin syntax is used for indirect statements, using the bare infinitive:
In the most formal Atlantic styles, a construction in imitation of Latin syntax is used for indirect statements, using the bare infinitive:
Line 1,408: Line 1,497:
|}
|}


However, Atlantic, due to its conservativeness, maintained many Latin roots that have otherwise disappeared from Romance languages, excluding reborrowings or derivations (''feriri'' "to bring" from <small>FERRE</small>; ''jolb'' "yellow" from <small>GALBUM</small>, ''hirnya'' "jug" from <small>HIRNEAM</small>, ''aḍipisciri'' "to obtain, get" from <small>ADIPISCĪ</small>, ''foḍina'' "mine" from <small>FODĪNAM</small>), or shows less semantic drift (<small>CIVITĀTEM</small> → ''civiṭoṭi'' maintained the meaning of "country" instead of shifting to "city" as in many other related languages). Quite often, on the contrary, Atlantic also innovated its own derivations that are not shared with other Romance languages, either through unique semantic drifts (<small>CASTRUM</small> "military camp" → ''chastr'' "city";  <small>ANIMAM</small> "soul" → ''amma'' "person"; <small>EDENDA</small> "to be eaten" → ''iḍenda'' "food"; <small>CŪNĀBULUM</small> "cradle" → ''cunolb'' "childhood"; <small>(AGENDUM) PRŌNŪNTIĀTUM</small> → ''pronunxoṭ'' "scheme, organization, programme") or through derivations (*lucicula → ''luxirca'' "lamp"; *scriptabulu → ''scriutolb'' "office", *rẹscula → ''riscura'' "thing").
However, Atlantic, due to its conservativeness, maintained many Latin roots that have otherwise disappeared from Romance languages, excluding reborrowings or derivations (''fiariri'' "to bring" from <small>FERRE</small>; ''jolb'' "yellow" from <small>GALBUM</small>, ''hirnya'' "jug" from <small>HIRNEAM</small>, ''aḍipisciri'' "to obtain, get" from <small>ADIPISCĪ</small>, ''foḍina'' "mine" from <small>FODĪNAM</small>), or shows less semantic drift (<small>CIVITĀTEM</small> → ''civiṭoṭi'' maintained the meaning of "country" instead of shifting to "city" as in many other related languages). Quite often, on the contrary, Atlantic also innovated its own derivations that are not shared with other Romance languages, either through unique semantic drifts (<small>CASTRUM</small> "military camp" → ''chastr'' "city";  <small>ANIMAM</small> "soul" → ''amma'' "person"; <small>EDENDA</small> "to be eaten" → ''iḍenda'' "food"; <small>CŪNĀBULUM</small> "cradle" → ''cunolb'' "childhood"; <small>(AGENDUM) PRŌNŪNTIĀTUM</small> → ''pronunxoṭ'' "scheme, organization, programme") or through derivations (*lucicula → ''luxirca'' "lamp"; *scriptabulu → ''scriutolb'' "office", *rẹscula → ''riscura'' "thing").
 
As far as borrowings are concerned, the primary sources of borrowings into Atlantic are Arabic (which was the administrative and cultural languages in the Atlantic Provinces from the 8th to the 15th century) and the Berber languages it has always coexisted with. Arabic borrowings are very common in the sphere of nature and food (''barcuga'' "plum", ''dilfa'' "oleander", ''nilufar'' "water lily", ''mausa'' "banana", ''xarab'' "drink"), geography and especially navigation (the four cardinal points: ''xamal'' "North", ''xarc'' "East", ''janub'' "South", ''garb'' "West"; ''vadi'' "stream"; ''buhaira'' "lagoon"), science and certain crafts (''hicaiat'' "folklore", ''caraba'' "amber", ''quitab'' "scientific text", ''nafi'' "stove", ''quirtan'' "tar"), certain activities and places, especially related to positions of power (''malic'' "king", ''cadi'' "judge", ''said'' "Mr.", ''vasir'' "minister", ''suc'' "market", ''hasis'' "luxury"), while Berber borrowings are more limited to daily life and certain natural formations (''igrem'' "village", ''agadir'' "castle", ''lala'' "Madam", ''tamasirt'' "belongings", ''idurar'' "mountain chain", ''reg'' "rocky desert", ''aga'' "bucket", ''tavalt'' "juniper", ''tasart'' "fig"). Other languages of the Atlantic provinces are mostly represented by borrowings related to nature, as with words such as ''cacatar'' "chameleon", ''gnas'' "measles", ''guende'' "lion" or ''guilem'' "camel", all from Wolof.<br/>
Direct borrowings from other Romance languages are very limited and mostly from Sicilian (''taliori'' "to look at", ''scros'' "unripe", possibly at an earlier time ''charus'' "boy") or Neapolitan (''cucori'' "to lie down", ''turquin'' "light blue, turquoise"), while others are less represented (as with ''avantaix'' "advantage" or ''hostaria'' "bar"<ref>Cf. native ''hospitolc'', which retained the meaning of "inn".</ref> from French; ''trubori'' "to sing" from Occitan; ''galaria'' "gallery" from Italian).<br/>Numidian dialects have more lexical influences from the languages of Southern Italy, resulting in forms such as ''previti'' "priest" or ''picirily'' "small" (cf. Neap. ''prévëtë, piccirillë'') instead of standard (Mauritanian) ''prestri, minuṭ''.


As far as borrowings are concerned, the primary sources of borrowings into Atlantic are Arabic (which was the administrative and cultural languages in the Atlantic Provinces from the 8th to the 15th century) and the Berber languages it has always coexisted with. Arabic borrowings are very common in the sphere of nature and food (''barcuga'' "plum", ''dilfa'' "oleander", ''nilufar'' "water lily", ''mausa'' "banana", ''xarab'' "drink"), geography and especially navigation (the four cardinal points: ''xamal'' "North", ''xarc'' "East", ''janub'' "South", ''garb'' "West"; ''vadi'' "stream"; ''buhaira'' "lagoon"), science and certain crafts (''hicaiat'' "folklore", ''caraba'' "amber", ''quitab'' "scientific text", ''nafi'' "stove", ''quirtan'' "tar"), certain activities and places, especially related to positions of power (''malic'' "king", ''cadi'' "judge", ''said'' "Mr.", ''vasir'' "minister", ''suc'' "market", ''hasis'' "luxury"), while Berber borrowings are more limited to daily life and certain natural formations (''igrem'' "village", ''agadir'' "castle", ''lala'' "Madam", ''tamasirt'' "belongings", ''idurar'' "mountain chain", ''reg'' "rocky desert", ''aga'' "bucket", ''tavalt'' "juniper", ''tasart'' "fig"). Other languages of the Atlantic provinces are mostly represented by borrowings related to nature, as with words such as ''cacatar'' "chameleon", ''gnas'' "measles", ''guende'' "lion" or ''guilem'' "camel", all from Wolof.<br/>
Direct borrowings from other Romance languages are very limited and mostly from Sicilian (''taliori'' "to look at", ''scros'' "unripe", possibly at an earlier time ''charus'' "boy") or Neapolitan (''cucori'' "to lie down", ''turquin'' "light blue, turquoise"), while others are less represented (as with ''avantaix'' "advantage" or ''hostaria'' "bar"<ref>Cf. native ''hospitolc'', which retained the meaning of "inn".</ref> from French; ''trubori'' "to sing" from Occitan; ''galaria'' "gallery" from Italian). More common are calques from other Romance languages (or from English or for international words), often with different roots (French calques include for example ''asurori'' "atelier", ''surxoitori'' "to surprise" (surprendre), ''discori'' "DJ" (disquaire), ''partiṭ'' "political party" (partie); English ones include ''peḍi-pilirca'' "football" or ''art cholyiha'' "street art"; internationalisms with differing roots include for example ''supirtaviarna'' "supermarket", ''chastrinsism'' "urbanism", ''guinequism'' "feminism"). There are calques also from other sources, such as the primary Atlantic greeting, ''paix cu tivi'' and the variants ''paix cu vuis'' and ''paix câ sinyuria'' ([may] peace<ref>The most common word for "peace" today is the Greek reborrowing ''ireni'', but in this set phrase ''paix'' is still the only form used.</ref> [be] with you), being a calque of Arabic ''as-salāmu ʿalaykum''<ref>The response, however, is ''i tant cu tivi/cu vuis/câ sinyuria'' (and with you too), which is not a calque.</ref>.
More common are calques from other Romance languages (or from English or for international words), often with different roots (French calques include for example ''asurori'' "atelier", ''surxoitori'' "to surprise" (surprendre), ''discori'' "DJ" (disquaire), ''partiṭ'' "political party" (partie); English ones include ''peḍi-pilirca'' "football" or ''art cholyiha'' "street art"; internationalisms with differing roots include for example ''supirtaviarna'' "supermarket", ''chastrinsism'' "urbanism", ''guinequism'' "feminism"). There are calques also from other sources, such as the primary Atlantic greeting, ''paix cu tivi'' and the variants ''paix cu vuis'' and ''paix câ sinyuria'' ([may] peace<ref>The most common word for "peace" today is the Greek reborrowing ''ireni'', but in this set phrase ''paix'' is still the only form used.</ref> [be] with you), being a calque of Arabic ''as-salāmu ʿalaykum''<ref>The response, however, is ''i tant cu tivi/cu vuis/câ sinyuria'' (and with you too), which is not a calque.</ref>.


The most significant source of learned words is Ancient Greek, due to the modern standard koiné having been developed mostly from Mauritanian dialects but by Illuminism-era linguists which had a fascination for Ancient Greek: such coinages are particularly prominent in the first modern-era Atlantic dictionary (the ''Deixunori dâ Nimba Otrantiha'' of 1766) and most of them have been used in the koiné since, with a select number of them spreading to the everyday language (''guineca'' "woman", ''gliqui'' "sugar", ''heurimen'' "discovery", ''tir'' "cheese"). Most Ancient Greek reborrowings have however a learned origin, such as ''halma'' "heartbeat", ''apocrima'' "refusal", ''drasi'' "efficacy", ''elaso(n)'' "progress", ''eleuteria'' "freedom", ''elilameni'' "civilization", ''iatria'' "medicine", ''sinfero(n)'' "common cause"). Many internationalisms of Greek origin also maintain a form closer to the original, including neuter gender, ''-ta'' plurals and movable nu when applicable (''tropaio(n)'' "trophy", ''stadio(n)'' "stadium", ''ṭeatro(n)'' "theater", ''helicoptero(n)'' "helicopter").<br/>Often there are doublets of Greek and Latin forms, where the Latin forms are used in more concrete or common senses, while the more abstract senses use the Greek word. For example ''paix'' is used for "peace, calm, tranquillity", while the ideal of peace is ''ireni''<ref>With the exception of certain religious set phrases, which use ''paix''.</ref>; similarly, ''livirṭoṭi'' denotes the absence of momentary constraints, while ''eleuteria'' is the word used for the freedom of a person, a people, or a country.
The most significant source of learned words is Ancient Greek, due to the modern standard koiné having been developed mostly from Mauritanian dialects but by Illuminism-era linguists which had a fascination for Ancient Greek: such coinages are particularly prominent in the first modern-era Atlantic dictionary (the ''Deixunori dâ Nimba Otrantiha'' of 1766) and most of them have been used in the koiné since, with a select number of them spreading to the everyday language (''guineca'' "woman", ''heurimen'' "discovery"). Most Ancient Greek reborrowings have however a learned origin, such as ''halma'' "heartbeat", ''apocrima'' "refusal", ''drasi'' "efficacy", ''elaso(n)'' "progress", ''eleuteria'' "freedom", ''elilameni'' "civilization", ''iatria'' "medicine", ''sinfero(n)'' "common cause"). Many internationalisms of Greek origin also maintain a form closer to the original, including neuter gender, ''-ta'' plurals and movable nu when applicable (''tropaio(n)'' "trophy", ''stadio(n)'' "stadium", ''ṭeatro(n)'' "theater", ''helicoptero(n)'' "helicopter").<br/>Often there are doublets of Greek and Latin forms, where the Latin forms are used in more concrete or common senses, while the more abstract senses use the Greek word. For example ''paix'' is used for "peace, calm, tranquillity", while the ideal of peace is ''ireni''<ref>With the exception of certain religious set phrases, which use ''paix''.</ref>; similarly, ''livirṭoṭi'' denotes the absence of momentary constraints, while ''eleuteria'' is the word used for the freedom of a person, a people, or a country.


Even in modern day colloquial Atlantic, calques are preferred to borrowings, and some "hyperpurist" words, sometimes coined back from Latin roots, emerge at the expense of English or French internationalisms; for recent examples, see ''idemulc'' "selfie" (Lat. <small>ĪDEM</small> + ''-ulc'' ← <small>-ŪCULUM</small>) and the derived verb ''idemulcori-s''; ''genti'' "smartphone" (clipping of ''tilefon intiligenti''); ''tenia'' "malware" (from the word for "tapeworm, taenia", itself a Renaissance reborrowing from Lat. <small>TÆNIA</small>); ''valy igni'' "firewall" (equiv. to Lat. <small>VALLUM ĪGNEUM</small>); ''precalcuroṭ'' "budget" (equiv. to Lat. *præcalculātum, possibly influenced by Modern Greek ''προϋπολογισμός''); ''tuṭurolb'' "tutorial" (equiv. to Lat. *tūtorābulum); ''cunfirmolc'' "voucher" (equiv. to *cōnfirmāculum); ''advirtenti'' "ad" (English calque, equiv. to Lat. <small>ADVERTENTEM</small>). Some of these are not exclusive to Atlantic, see e.g. ''surixi'' "(computer) mouse", using the same word for the animal (Lat. <small>SŌRICEM</small>), while in other cases Atlantic uses the same Latin root, but "adapted" to Atlantic in order to fit with native suffixes and roots: a major example is the word ''spunsuri'' for "sponsor", coined after the English by taking the same Latin word and effectively mimicking how the word would have evolved if it had been inherited, in order to fit with the existing cognate word ''spuns'' and the suffix ''-uri''.<br/>In a few cases, the adaptation to Atlantic of foreign loanwords creates interesting cases where the resulting word has no Latin root, but uses otherwise nativized roots whose foreign origin is not apparent to native speakers, as with ''hatm-roidus'' "hashtag" (literally "bars' stamp", with the Atlantic word for "stamp" (''hatm'') being an Arabic borrowing and the one for "bar" (''roid'') an early (Medieval) Greek one, from ''ῥάβδος'').
Even in modern day colloquial Atlantic, calques are preferred to borrowings, and some "hyperpurist" words, sometimes coined back from Latin roots, emerge at the expense of English or French internationalisms; for recent examples, see ''idemulc'' "selfie" (Lat. <small>ĪDEM</small> + ''-ulc'' ← <small>-ŪCULUM</small>) and the derived verb ''idemulcori-s''; ''genti'' "smartphone" (clipping of ''tilefon intiligenti''); ''tenia'' "malware" (from the word for "tapeworm, taenia", itself a Renaissance reborrowing from Lat. <small>TÆNIA</small>); ''valy igni'' "firewall" (equiv. to Lat. <small>VALLUM ĪGNEUM</small>); ''precalcuroṭ'' "budget" (equiv. to Lat. *præcalculātum, possibly influenced by Modern Greek ''προϋπολογισμός''); ''tuṭurolb'' "tutorial" (equiv. to Lat. *tūtorābulum); ''cunfirmolc'' "voucher" (equiv. to *cōnfirmāculum); ''advirtenti'' "ad" (English calque, equiv. to Lat. <small>ADVERTENTEM</small>). Some of these are not exclusive to Atlantic, see e.g. ''surixi'' "(computer) mouse", using the same word for the animal (Lat. <small>SŌRICEM</small>), while in other cases Atlantic uses the same Latin root, but "adapted" to Atlantic in order to fit with native suffixes and roots: a major example is the word ''spunsuri'' for "sponsor", coined after the English by taking the same Latin word and effectively mimicking how the word would have evolved if it had been inherited, in order to fit with the existing cognate word ''spuns'' and the suffix ''-uri''.<br/>In a few cases, the adaptation to Atlantic of foreign loanwords creates interesting cases where the resulting word has no Latin root, but uses otherwise nativized roots whose foreign origin is not apparent to native speakers, as with ''hatm-roidus'' "hashtag" (literally "bars' stamp", with the Atlantic word for "stamp" (''hatm'') being an Arabic borrowing and the one for "bar" (''roid'') an early (Medieval) Greek one, from ''ῥάβδος'').
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All dates are read with ordinal numerals preceded by the masculine article ''il'' (standing for ''il jurn'' "the day") followed by ''di'' plus the definite article of the month name. Thus, June 23 is ''il vixisim tiarx dil santjoni'', August 9 is ''il nunim dâ sunxuni'', or September 30 is ''il trixisim dû chafutany''. In the Atlantic calendar, it has remained customary to use ''charenda'' (a retroformation from lat. ''Kalendæ'') for the first day of the month and ''idus'' (plurale tantum, masculine unlike in Latin) for the thirteenth one (generalized also to those months whose Ides were on the fifteenth day in the Roman calendar). So for example February 1 is ''la charenda dil firvori'' and October 13 is ''lus idus dâ nurtixuni''.
All dates are read with ordinal numerals preceded by the masculine article ''il'' (standing for ''il jurn'' "the day") followed by ''di'' plus the definite article of the month name. Thus, June 23 is ''il vixisim tiarx dil santjoni'', August 9 is ''il nunim dâ sunxuni'', or September 30 is ''il trixisim dû chafutany''. In the Atlantic calendar, it has remained customary to use ''charenda'' (a retroformation from lat. ''Kalendæ'') for the first day of the month and ''idus'' (plurale tantum, masculine unlike in Latin) for the thirteenth one (generalized also to those months whose Ides were on the fifteenth day in the Roman calendar). So for example February 1 is ''la charenda dil firvori'' and October 13 is ''lus idus dâ nurtixuni''.


The main festivities (excluding those of other ethnic groups) in Atlantiana are the following ones, mostly related to Catholic tradition:
The main festivities (excluding those of other ethnic groups) in the Atlantic Provinces are the following ones, mostly related to Catholic tradition:
* ''los Charendos'' (New Year's Day - January 1)
* ''los Charendos'' (New Year's Day - January 1)
* ''la Epifanya'' (Epiphany - January 6)
* ''la Epifanya'' (Epiphany - January 6)
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===UDHR Article 1===
===UDHR Article 1===
: ''Tuṭos los ammos noscunt eleuteros i iforos in dinyiṭoṭi i direitus.''
: ''Tuṭos los ammos noscunt eleuteros i iforos in dinyiṭoṭi i direitus.''
: ''Duṭoṭos funt di raxuni i cunxenxa i divint feriri-s cul oltr seu nun spiriṭ di froltiriṭoṭi.''
: ''Duṭoṭos sunt di raxuni i cunxenxa i divint feriri-s cul oltr seu nun spiriṭ di froltiriṭoṭi.''


==Notes==
==Notes==
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