Calusto: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language

|name = Calusto

|altname = ~~Kaloust~~

|altname = Kalust

|nativename = ~~𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌏𐌖𐌔𐌕~~

|nativename = 𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌞𐌔𐌕

|pronunciation = ka'lu:sto

|familycolor = Conlang

|script1 = Ital

|script2 = Latn

|script2 = Copt

|script3 = Latn

|creator = User:Fox Saint-Just

|created = 2017

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==Introduction==

Calusto was created for a literary project, as an Indo-European language that was lost during the Roman expansion and later artificially reconstructed. Thus, despite having an alphabet derived from Old Italic script and a grammar influenced by Latin, Calusto's vocabulary includes a large amount of words common to the languages of the Silk Road, including Chinese.

Calusto was created for a literary project, as an Indo-European language that was lost during the Roman expansion and later artificially reconstructed. Thus, despite having an alphabet derived from Old Italic script and a grammar influenced by Latin, Calusto's vocabulary includes a large amount of words common to the languages of the Silk Road, including Chinese. It can be also written with Coptic alphabet.

Its name derives from the word 𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌞 for "mist", making the meaning of Calusto close to "misty".

==Phonology==

Line 34:

Line 37:

| Open || a aː || ||

|}

1/y:/ is very rare.

1/y:/ is very rare.

2/ə/ is not related to a specific letter or combination of letters.

===~~Consonant inventory~~===

===Consonants===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|-

! colspan=2 | → PoA ↓ Manner !! Labial !! Labiodental !! Alveolar !! Post-alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal

|-

! colspan=2 | Nasals

| '''𐌌''' {{IPA|m}} || || '''𐌍''' {{IPA|n}} || || '''𐌍𐌝''' {{IPA|ɲ}}1 || ||

|-

! rowspan=2 | Plosives !! Voiceless

| '''𐌐''' {{IPA|p}} || || '''𐌕''' {{IPA|t}} || || || '''𐌊''' {{IPA|k}} '''𐌒''' {{IPA|kʷ}} ||

|-

! Voiced

| '''𐌁''' {{IPA|b}} || || '''𐌃''' {{IPA|d}} || || || '''𐌂''' {{IPA|ɡ}} ||

|-

! colspan=2 | Affricates

| || || '''𐌕𐌆''' {{IPA|ts}} '''𐌆''' {{IPA|dz}} || '''𐌙''' {{IPA|t̠ʃ}} '''𐌃𐌚''' {{IPA|d̠ʒ}}1 || || ||

|-

! rowspan=2 | Fricatives !! Voiceless

| '''𐌘''' {{IPA|ɸ}} || || '''𐌔''' {{IPA|s}} || '''𐌑''' {{IPA|ʃ}} '''𐌚''' {{IPA|ʒ}} || || '''𐌗''' {{IPA|x}} || '''𐌇''' {{IPA|h}}

|-

! Voiced

| || '''𐌅''' {{IPA|v}} '''𐌈''' {{IPA|θ}} || '''𐌔''' {{IPA|z}} || || || '''𐌂𐌇''' {{IPA|ɣ}}1 ||

|-

! colspan=2 | Liquids

| || || '''𐌓''' {{IPA|r}} '''𐌋''' {{IPA|l}} || || '''𐌋𐌝''' {{IPA|ʎ}}1 || ||

|-

! colspan=2 | Approximants

| || || || || '''𐌝''' {{IPA|j}} || ||

|}

1 Used only in loanwords.

===Stress===

Generally, words ending in consonant are stressed on the third to last syllable, while words ending in vowels are stressed on the penultimate one.

==Orthography==

Line 48:

Line 82:

===Morphophonology===

==Morphology==

~~~~

Calusto has three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) and five cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative).

===Declensions===

Nouns and adjective follow a system of five declensions. Few names follow an irregular declension.

<!-- ~~Here are some example subcategories:~~

The '''-os''' declension includes names and adjectives that are mostly masculine. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌔 ("son").

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|-

! !! Singular !! Plural

|-

! ''Nominative''

| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌔''' syn'''os''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌉''' syn'''i'''

|-

! ''Accusative''

| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌍''' syn'''on''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌞𐌔''' syn'''ous'''

|-

! ''Genitive''

| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌉''' syn'''i''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌌''' syn'''om'''

|-

! ''Dative''

| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏''' syn'''o''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌉𐌔''' syn'''is'''

|-

! ''Ablative''

| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌃''' syn'''od''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌉𐌔''' syn'''ois'''

|}

Nouns

The '''-a''' declension includes names and adjectives that are mostly feminine. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀 ("face").

~~Adjectives~~

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

~~Verbs~~

|-

~~Adverbs~~

! !! Singular !! Plural

~~Particles~~

|-

~~Derivational morphology~~

! ''Nominative''

| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀''' čer'''a''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌄''' čer'''ae'''

|-

! ''Accusative''

| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌍''' čer'''an''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌔''' čer'''as'''

|-

! ''Genitive''

| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌔''' čer'''as''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌌''' čer'''am'''

|-

! ''Dative''

| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌄''' čer'''e''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌉𐌔''' čer'''is'''

|-

! ''Ablative''

| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌃''' čer'''ad''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌉𐌔''' čer'''ais'''

|}

The '''consonantic''' declension is the widest one, as it contains:

* A consonant not already covered by the previous declensions, independently from gender

* Names ending in ''-is'', generally derived from Greek and/or Latin

* Despite its name, nouns and/or adjectives ending in ''-e'' or ''-i''

* Nouns ending in ''-as'' or ''ā''

The paradigm is given for the first three cases, with the words 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓 ("beast"), 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔𐌉𐌔 ("psychosis") and 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓𐌉 ("fast") respectively. Note that several words belonging to this declension show an oblique stem, such as names ending in ''-ā'' (with the genitive singular ending in ''-atis'').

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|-

! !! Singular !! Plural !! !! Singular !! Plural !! !! Singular !! Plural

|-

! ''Nominative''

| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓 gver || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌔''' gver'''s''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌉𐌔''' psychos'''is''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌔''' psychos'''es''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌉''' šigr'''i''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌔''' šigr'''es'''

|-

! ''Accusative''

| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓 gver || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌔''' gver'''s''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌉𐌔''' psychos'''is''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌔''' psychos'''es''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌉''' šigr'''i''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌔''' šigr'''es'''

|-

! ''Genitive''

| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌉𐌔''' gver'''is''' || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌉𐌄𐌔''' gver'''ies''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌉𐌔''' psychos'''is''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌉𐌄𐌔''' psychos'''ies''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌉𐌔''' šigr'''is''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌉𐌄𐌔''' šigr'''ies'''

|-

! ''Dative''

| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌄''' gver'''e''' || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' gver'''eis''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄''' psychos'''e''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' psychos'''eis''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄''' šigr'''e''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' šigr'''eis'''

|-

! ''Ablative''

| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌄𐌉''' gver'''ei''' || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' gver'''eis''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌉''' psychos'''ei''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' psychos'''eis''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌉''' šigr'''ei''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' šigr'''eis'''

|}

-->

The '''-u''' declension includes neuter nouns and can be considered the descendant of the Indo-European u-stem. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌞 ("human being").

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|-

! !! Singular !! Plural

|-

! ''Nominative''

| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞''' man'''u''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌔''' man'''us'''

|-

! ''Accusative''

| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌍''' man'''un''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌔''' man'''us'''

|-

! ''Genitive''

| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌅''' man'''uv''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌌''' man'''um'''

|-

! ''Dative''

| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌉''' man'''ui''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌉𐌔''' man'''uis'''

|-

! ''Ablative''

| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌉''' man'''oui''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌉𐌔''' man'''uis'''

|}

==Syntax==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Infobox language
 |name = Calusto
-|altname = Kaloust
+|altname = Kalust
-|nativename = 𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌏𐌖𐌔𐌕
+|nativename = 𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌞𐌔𐌕
 |pronunciation = ka'lu:sto
 |familycolor = Conlang
 |script1 = Ital
-|script2 = Latn
+|script2 = Copt
+|script3 = Latn
 |creator = User:Fox Saint-Just
 |created = 2017
@@ Line 16: / Line 17: @@
 ==Introduction==
-Calusto was created for a literary project, as an Indo-European language that was lost during the Roman expansion and later artificially reconstructed. Thus, despite having an alphabet derived from Old Italic script and a grammar influenced by Latin, Calusto's vocabulary includes a large amount of words common to the languages of the Silk Road, including Chinese.
+Calusto was created for a literary project, as an Indo-European language that was lost during the Roman expansion and later artificially reconstructed. Thus, despite having an alphabet derived from Old Italic script and a grammar influenced by Latin, Calusto's vocabulary includes a large amount of words common to the languages of the Silk Road, including Chinese. It can be also written with Coptic alphabet.
+Its name derives from the word 𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌞 for "mist", making the meaning of Calusto close to "misty".
 ==Phonology==
@@ Line 34: / Line 37: @@
 | Open || a aː ||  ||
 |}
-<sup>1</sup>/y:/ is very rare.
+<sup>1</sup>/y:/ is very rare. <br>
 <sup>2</sup>/ə/ is not related to a specific letter or combination of letters.
-===Consonant inventory===
+===Consonants===
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+|-
+! colspan=2 | → PoA <br/> ↓ Manner !! Labial !! Labiodental !! Alveolar !! Post-alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
+|-
+! colspan=2 | Nasals
+| '''𐌌''' {{IPA|m}} || || '''𐌍''' {{IPA|n}} || || '''𐌍𐌝''' {{IPA|ɲ}}<sup>1</sup> || ||
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | Plosives !! <small>Voiceless</small>
+| '''𐌐''' {{IPA|p}} || || '''𐌕''' {{IPA|t}} || || || '''𐌊''' {{IPA|k}}<br/>'''𐌒''' {{IPA|kʷ}} ||
+|-
+! <small>Voiced</small>
+| '''𐌁''' {{IPA|b}} || || '''𐌃''' {{IPA|d}} || || || '''𐌂''' {{IPA|ɡ}} ||
+|-
+! colspan=2 | Affricates
+| || || '''𐌕𐌆''' {{IPA|ts}}<br>'''𐌆''' {{IPA|dz}} || '''𐌙''' {{IPA|t̠ʃ}}<br>'''𐌃𐌚''' {{IPA|d̠ʒ}}<sup>1</sup> || || ||
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | Fricatives !! <small>Voiceless</small>
+| '''𐌘''' {{IPA|ɸ}} || || '''𐌔''' {{IPA|s}} || '''𐌑''' {{IPA|ʃ}}<br>'''𐌚''' {{IPA|ʒ}} || || '''𐌗''' {{IPA|x}} || '''𐌇''' {{IPA|h}}
+|-
+! <small>Voiced</small>
+| || '''𐌅''' {{IPA|v}}<br>'''𐌈''' {{IPA|θ}} || '''𐌔''' {{IPA|z}} || || || '''𐌂𐌇''' {{IPA|ɣ}}<sup>1</sup> ||
+|-
+! colspan=2 | Liquids
+| || || '''𐌓''' {{IPA|r}}<br/>'''𐌋''' {{IPA|l}} || || '''𐌋𐌝''' {{IPA|ʎ}}<sup>1</sup> || ||
+|-
+! colspan=2 | Approximants
+| || || || || '''𐌝''' {{IPA|j}} || ||
+|}
+<sup>1</sup> Used only in loanwords.
 ===Stress===
+Generally, words ending in consonant are stressed on the third to last syllable, while words ending in vowels are stressed on the penultimate one.
 ==Orthography==
@@ Line 48: / Line 82: @@
 ===Morphophonology===
 ==Morphology==
-<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
+Calusto has three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) and five cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative).
+===Declensions===
+Nouns and adjective follow a system of five declensions. Few names follow an irregular declension.
-<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
+The '''-os''' declension includes names and adjectives that are mostly masculine. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌔 ("son").
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+|-
+! !! Singular !! Plural
+|-
+! ''Nominative''
+| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌔''' <br> syn'''os''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌉''' <br> syn'''i'''
+|-
+! ''Accusative''
+| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌍''' <br> syn'''on''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌞𐌔''' <br> syn'''ous'''
+|-
+! ''Genitive''
+| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌉''' <br> syn'''i''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌌''' <br> syn'''om'''
+|-
+! ''Dative''
+| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏''' <br> syn'''o''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌉𐌔''' <br> syn'''is'''
+|-
+! ''Ablative''
+| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌃''' <br> syn'''od''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌉𐌔''' <br> syn'''ois'''
+|}
-Nouns
+The '''-a''' declension includes names and adjectives that are mostly feminine. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀 ("face").
-Adjectives
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
-Verbs
+|-
-Adverbs
+! !! Singular !! Plural
-Particles
+|-
-Derivational morphology
+! ''Nominative''
+| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀''' <br> čer'''a''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌄''' <br> čer'''ae'''
+|-
+! ''Accusative''
+| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌍''' <br> čer'''an''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌔''' <br> čer'''as'''
+|-
+! ''Genitive''
+| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌔''' <br> čer'''as''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌌''' <br> čer'''am'''
+|-
+! ''Dative''
+| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌄''' <br> čer'''e''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌉𐌔''' <br> čer'''is'''
+|-
+! ''Ablative''
+| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌃''' <br> čer'''ad''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌉𐌔''' <br> čer'''ais'''
+|}
+The '''consonantic''' declension is the widest one, as it contains:
+* A consonant not already covered by the previous declensions, independently from gender
+* Names ending in ''-is'', generally derived from Greek and/or Latin
+* Despite its name, nouns and/or adjectives ending in ''-e'' or ''-i''
+* Nouns ending in ''-as'' or ''ā''
+The paradigm is given for the first three cases, with the words 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓 ("beast"), 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔𐌉𐌔 ("psychosis") and 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓𐌉 ("fast") respectively. Note that several words belonging to this declension show an oblique stem, such as names ending in ''-ā'' (with the genitive singular ending in ''-atis'').
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+|-
+! !! Singular !! Plural !! !! Singular !! Plural !! !! Singular !! Plural
+|-
+! ''Nominative''
+| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓 <br> gver || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌔''' <br> gver'''s''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌉𐌔''' <br> psychos'''is''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌔''' <br> psychos'''es''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌉''' <br> šigr'''i''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌔''' <br> šigr'''es'''
+|-
+! ''Accusative''
+| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓 <br> gver || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌔''' <br> gver'''s''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌉𐌔''' <br> psychos'''is''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌔''' <br> psychos'''es''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌉''' <br> šigr'''i''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌔''' <br> šigr'''es'''
+|-
+! ''Genitive''
+| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌉𐌔''' <br> gver'''is''' || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌉𐌄𐌔''' <br> gver'''ies''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌉𐌔''' <br> psychos'''is''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌉𐌄𐌔''' <br> psychos'''ies''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌉𐌔''' <br> šigr'''is''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌉𐌄𐌔''' <br> šigr'''ies'''
+|-
+! ''Dative''
+| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌄''' <br> gver'''e''' || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' <br> gver'''eis''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄''' <br> psychos'''e''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' <br> psychos'''eis''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄''' <br> šigr'''e''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' <br> šigr'''eis'''
+|-
+! ''Ablative''
+| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌄𐌉''' <br> gver'''ei''' || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' <br> gver'''eis''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌉''' <br> psychos'''ei''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' <br> psychos'''eis''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌉''' <br> šigr'''ei''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' <br> šigr'''eis'''
+|}
--->
+The '''-u''' declension includes neuter nouns and can be considered the descendant of the Indo-European u-stem. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌞 ("human being").
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+|-
+! !! Singular !! Plural
+|-
+! ''Nominative''
+| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞''' <br> man'''u''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌔''' <br> man'''us'''
+|-
+! ''Accusative''
+| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌍''' <br> man'''un''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌔''' <br> man'''us'''
+|-
+! ''Genitive''
+| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌅''' <br> man'''uv''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌌''' <br> man'''um'''
+|-
+! ''Dative''
+| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌉''' <br> man'''ui''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌉𐌔''' <br> man'''uis'''
+|-
+! ''Ablative''
+| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌉''' <br> man'''oui''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌉𐌔''' <br> man'''uis'''
+|}
 ==Syntax==