Verse:Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature: Difference between revisions

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{{construction}}


{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize =
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = ''Wieber-Muts''
|pronunciation= /ˈviːbɐ ˈmuːts/
|region = Wiebermien
|extinct = Developed into [[Middle Wiebian]] in 400 v.C.
|familycolor=gamedan
|fam1= [[Gamedan languages|Gamedan]]
|fam2= [[Pfeunic languages|Pfeunic]]
|fam3= [[Wiebian|Wiebic]]
|script=Wiebian script (read: Fraktur gib. Because German)
|iso3=qwb
|notice=IPA
}}
[[Wiobian/Sketchbook|Sandbox]]<br/>
[[Wiobian/Lexicon|Lexicon]]<br/>
[[Wiobian/Verse|Wiebian verse]]<br/>
[[Wiobian/Music|About Wiebian music]]<br/>
[[Wiebian/Wiebian]]<br/>
[[Wiobian/de|Diese Seite auf Deutsch ansehen]]<br/>
'''Ancient Wiebian''' is intended to be German gibberish with clicks.
==Todo==
==Background==
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' or '''Classical Wiebian''' is the oldest attested form of [[Wiebian]], used as a spoken language until 400 v.C.
==Notes on notation==
*<sup>''i''</sup> - denotes i-umlaut of the root.
*<sup>''u''</sup> - denotes u-umlaut of the root.
==Orthography==
:''See also: [[Wiebian/Script]].''
==Phonology==
{{PAGENAME}} phonology is mostly based on Modern Standard German. Ancient Wiebian also had two clicks ''ŧ'' /ǃ/ and ''đ'' /ɡǃ/
===Phonotactics===
(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)
===Consonants===
Voiceless plosives were lightly aspirated. Auslautverhärtung (final obstruent devoicing) as in German or Dutch.
====Early Ancient Wiebian====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Early {{PAGENAME}} consonants'''
! colspan="2"|
! | Labial
! | Lamino-dental
! | Apico-alveolar
! | Co-articulated
! | Palatal
! | Velar
! | Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
|
| '''n''' /n/
|
|
| '''ng''' /ŋ/
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! | <small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''t''' /t̪/
|
| '''ŧ''' /ǃ/
|
| '''k''' /k/
| /ʔ-/
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''d''' /d̪/
|
| '''đ''' /ɡǃ~ŋǃ/
|
| '''g''' /ɡ/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
| '''f''' /f/
| '''ss, sz''' /s̻/
| '''s''' /s̺/
| '''ś, sch''' /ɧ/
|
| '''ch, h''' /x/
| '''h''' /h/
|-
! colspan="2" |Affricate
| '''pf''' /pf/
| '''z, tz''' /ts̻/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
|
|
| '''r''' /r/
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
| '''w''' /w/
|
| '''l''' /l/
|
| '''j''' /j/
|
|
|}
Gemination was phonemic in Early Ancient Wiebian and was often marked with double letters. The gemination sign, transcribed as '''c''' (deriving from the Tergetian letter for the glottal stop), is also often used in Early Ancient Wiebian texts. It acts like the Japanese ''sokuon'' symbol: ''nu swiclen'' /nuː(ə) s̺wilːən/ 'I slid (intransitive)'. By late {{PAGENAME}} most gemination signs fell into disuse and were replaced with double letters. '''c''' only survived as part of the graphemes '''ck''' for /k/ after a short vowel, and '''ch''' [x], which was in complementary distribution with '''h''' [h] by that time.
====Late Ancient Wiebian====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Late {{PAGENAME}} consonants'''
! colspan="2"|
! | Labial
! | Alveolar
! | Co-articulated
! | Palatal
! | Velar
! | Uvular
! | Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/
|
|
| '''ng''' /ŋ/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! | <small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''t''' /t/
| '''ŧ''' /ǃ/
|
| '''k, ck''' /k/
|
| /ʔ-/
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''d''' /d/
| '''đ''' /ɡǃ~ŋǃ/
|
| '''g''' /ɡ/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
! | <small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' /f/
| '''ß''' /s/
| '''sch''' /ɧ~ʂ~ʃ/
| '''ch''' /ç/
|
| '''ch''' [χ]
| '''h''' /h/
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| '''w''' /v/
| '''s''' /z~ʃ~s/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Affricate
| '''pf''' /pf/
| '''z, tz''' /ts/
| '''tsch''' /tʃ~ʈʂ~kɧ/
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
|
| '''r''' [r]
|
|
|
| '''r''' /ʀ/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
| '''l''' /l/
|
| '''j''' /j/
|
|
|
|}
''n'' assimilates before clicks and velar plosives to /ŋ/.
A syllable cannot begin with a vowel in Wiebian. Words beginning with an orthographic vowel begin with a glottal stop initial.
In Late Ancient Wiebian /ʀ/ (from Early Ancient Wiebian /r/) is always vocalized to [ɐ] before a consonant or word-finally (as in North German dialects). /ʀ/ had a special pronunciation [r] for ceremonies, singing and stage performances, and public announcements.
[χ] is an allophone of /ç/ after back vowels. Final ''-ig'' is pronounced /ɪç/.
===Vowels===
In Early {{PAGENAME}} each vowel had an independent length. This changed in Late {{PAGENAME}} when vowels before single consonants were lengthened, so that the orthographic final came to determine vowel length. Final ''-h'' was also deleted to trigger compensatory lengthening of the vowel, which is why open long vowels are often written with an ''-h'' after the vowel.
====Early Ancient Wiebian====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Early {{PAGENAME}} vowels'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="4" style="width: 180px; " |Front
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
|  '''ie, i, ih''' /iə~iː/
| '''ü''' /y/
| '''üe, ü, üh''' /yə~yː/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ue, u, uh''' /uə~uː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e, ä''' /ɛ/
| '''e, ä''' /eː/
| '''ö''' /œ/
| '''ö''' /øː/
| '''e''' /ə/
|
| '''o''' /o/
| '''o''' /oː/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''a''' /aː/
|
|
|}
Diphthongs: '''au''' /ɜu/ '''äu, eu''' /eʏ~øʏ~eu/ '''ei''' /ɛɪ/
====Late Ancient Wiebian====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Late {{PAGENAME}} vowels'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="4" style="width: 180px; " |Front
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /ɪ/
| '''ie, i''' /iː/
| '''ü''' /ʏ/
| '''ü, üh''' /yː/
|
|
| '''u''' /ʊ/
| '''u, uh''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e, ä''' /ɛ/
| '''e, ee, eh, ä, äh''' /eː/
| '''ö''' /œ/
| '''ö, öh''' /øː/
| '''e''' /ə/
|
| '''o''' /ɔ/
| '''o, oo, oh''' /oː/
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
|
|
|
|
| /ɐ/
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''a, aa, ah''' /aː/
|
|
|}
Diphthongs: '''au''' /aʊ/ '''äu, eu''' /ɔʏ/ '''ei''' /aɪ/
===Stress===
Syllables may have primary or secondary stress. The first syllable of the root is heavily stressed, at the expense of prefixes and endings. The first component of compounds receives primary stress while the subsequent parts receive secondary stress.
==Grammar==
===Parts of speech===
{{PAGENAME}} inflected nouns with endings. Case/number and personal endings were eventually elided or turned into tone distinctions. Writers were nevertheless expected to write all case and personal endings, until the 1811 v.C. re-standardization of the orthography abolished personal endings as well as most number/case endings.
====Nouns====
Nouns can be preceded by a definite article ''ein''.
definite article (similarly for possessive pronouns ending in ''-ein''):
*ms: ein einer ein eines
*fs: eine eine einen einer
*dual: einer einer einend einend
*mp: einen einen einst einens
*fp: einer einer einst einen
strong adjective:
*ms: -en -es -e -es
*fs: -e -e -er -en
*dual: -ig -ig -isch -isch
*mp: -te -ten -st -ens
*fp: -er -ern -st -en
=====Gender=====
Nouns have two genders, masculine and feminine. Nouns of each gender take their respective verb endings and pronouns in {{PAGENAME}}.
=====Number=====
{{PAGENAME}} has three numbers, like Proto-Gamedan: singular, dual and plural.
The dual is marked by dual case suffixes.
{{PAGENAME}} has many morphological ways of forming plurals, some of which may be combined.
*''-e'' suffix: ''Ŧehr'' 'bird' > ''Ŧehre''
*''-en'' suffix: ''Ŧeib'' 'harp' > ''Ŧeiben''
*''<sup>i</sup>-er''
*''-et'' suffix
*''De-'' prefix
*''<sup><s>i</s></sup>'' "de-umlauting" the singular stem
*plural ablaut
The plural form of a noun was unpredictable.
The genitive plural could be in a third ablaut grade.
=====Case endings=====
In {{PAGENAME}}, nouns are also inflected in 4 cases:
*Nominative: subject
*Accusative: direct object, some adverbial expressions
*Dative: indirect object, some adverbial expressions, possessor after {{PAGENAME}}
*Genitive: it's your bog-standard genitive case.
**The genitive is often "hyphenated" to the word it modifies because of its ambiguity.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | First declension
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Dual
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''Gein'' || ''Gein'''er''''' || ''Geine''
|-
! Accusative
| ''Gein'''e''''' || ''Gein'''er''''' || ''Geine'''n'''''
|-
! Genitive
| ''Gein-'' || ''Gein'''end''''' || ''Geine'''n-'''''
|-
! Dative
| ''Gein'''es''''', ''Gein'''s''''' || ''Gein'''end''''' || ''Geine'''ns'''''
|}
=====Case and adpositions=====
*''bich'' - with (dat)
*''die'' - into/in (acc/dat)
*''đei'' - from (gen)
*''er'' - for (dat)
*''gar'' - to, towards (acc)
*''hab'' - to/at (acc/dat)
*''pfalt'' - before (dat)
*''sie'' - onto/on (acc/dat)
====Adjectives====
Definite: Just one ending, -e
=====Degree=====
Wiebian uses analytic constructions for degrees of adjectives.
In {{PAGENAME}}, to form the comparative one attaches the semi-serial verb ''kloh'' ('cross'; athematic) to the predicative form of the adjective. (The same applies to verbs.) The standard of comparison is in the accusative. The superlative is identical to the comparative.
====Pronouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 450px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Personal pronouns'''
!style="width:90px;"|Person →
! colspan="3" |1
! colspan="2" |1+2
! colspan="3" |2
|-
!|Number →
!style="width:90px;" rowspan="2" |Singular
!style="width:90px;" rowspan="2" |Dual
!style="width:90px;" rowspan="2" |Plural
!style="width:90px;" rowspan="2" |Dual
!style="width:90px;" rowspan="2" |Plural
!style="width:90px;" rowspan="2" |Singular
!style="width:90px;" rowspan="2" |Dual
!style="width:90px;" rowspan="2" |Plural
|-
!|Case ↓
|-
!|Nominative
| |''nu''
|colspan="2" |''um''
| |''wich''
| |''winden''
| |''sie''
| |''lich''
| |''linden''
|-
!|Accusative
| |''nue''
|colspan="2" |''umen''
| |''wich''
| |''wien''
| |''sie''
| |''lich''
| |''lien''
|-
!|Genitive
| |''inn''
|colspan="2" |''ume''
| |''wind''
| |''wie''
| |''sie''
| |''lind''
| |''lie''
|-
!|Possessive<br/>pronouns
| |''nein''
|colspan="2" |''mein''
| |''winder''
| |''wein''
| |''sein''
| |''linder''
| |''lein''
|-
!|Dative
| |''ins''
|colspan="2" |''umens''
| |''wind''
| |''wiens''
| |''sies''
| |''lind''
| |''liens''
|}
Wiebian lacks true third-person pronouns. The closest equivalents are the demonstratives ''mi'' 'this' and ''a'' 'that'.
Possessive pronouns were derived from combining genitive pronouns with another element, such as the definite article ''ein'' or an adjectival suffix ''-er''.
====Verbs====
Verbs have stem forms for present, past and verbal noun which are not always distinct. (A similar but more well preserved system is found in [[Themsarian]]). Verbs are often additionally marked by auxiliary words to disambiguate the tense, because most forms are identical or very similar.
The three principal parts are thus the present imperative, the past 2s form and the verbal noun.
The citation form is the present stem, which is also the short 2nd person singular imperative in {{PAGENAME}}.
Jussive endings are only found in special registers.
=====Personal endings=====
In {{PAGENAME}}, the verb is also inflected for person.
Athematic stems umlaut in the present for certain persons; thematic stems always umlaut in the preterite.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | Imperative endings
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ner''
|''-n''
|-
!|2
|''-Ø''
|''-ler''
|''-l''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | Indicative endings
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''<sup>i</sup>-n''
|''-end''
|''-em''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ner''
|''-en''
|-
!|2
|''<sup>i</sup>-er''
|''-ler''
|''-el''
|-
!|3.m
|''<sup>i</sup>-n''
|rowspan="2"|''<sup>i</sup>-ung''
|rowspan="2"|''<sup>i</sup>-e''
|-
!|3.f
|''<sup>i</sup>-s''
|}
=====Formation of verbal principal parts=====
Verbal nouns are formed by one of the following methods:
*''-s''
*ablaut
*''<sup>i</sup>-el''
*''-en''
*''-ke''
*Prefix ''Ge-''
=====TAM auxiliary constructions=====
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''Some tense constructions'''
|-
!|Meaning
!|{{PAGENAME}} construction
|-
!perfect
|''duom'' + [subject]-DAT + (''zraf'' can go here for progressive) + [verb]-VERBAL_NOUN-ACC
|}
====Numerals====
Cardinals 0-10: ''ühm'', ''wahm'', ''discher'', ''narg'', ''đauf'', ''sälisch'', ''stuhm'', ''rut'', ''lerz'', ''pfarb'', ''kier''
Ordinals are formed with the suffix ''-er'': ''pfalter'', ''stefter'', ''narger'', ''đaufer'', ''sälischer'', ''stuhmer'', ''ruter'', ''lerzer'', ''pfarber'', ''kierer''
===Syntax===
====Word order====
Constituents are arranged in V2 order in both {{PAGENAME}} and most modern topolects (with more variation allowed in classical poetry). Noun modifiers (adjectives and possessors) almost always precede the modified noun.
====Truth value====
For negation, {{PAGENAME}} uses a negative verb ''mei'' (present).
====Passive====
====Conjunctions====
Conjunctions
*''zug'' - and
*''am'' - or
*''sinder'' - but
====Relative clauses====
====Serial verbs====
==Derivational morphology==
Some suffixes are pronounced differently depending on the final consonant of the root.
*''be-'': intensive/applicative/denominal verb prefix (stolen from German)
**'''''be'''rast'' 'make powerful, strengthen' < ''Rast'' 'power'
*''des-'': detransitivizing/valency-decreasing
**''desŧolz'' 'be wrapped' < ''ŧolz'' wrap
*''em-/en-'': perfective; causative/valency-incrementing
*''-er'': collective, augmentative, place noun, resultative
**''Pfug'''er''''' 'throne' < ''Pfug'' 'chair'
**''Rug'''er''''' 'statue' < ''rug, rieg, Rugs'' 'carve'
**''Jeng'''er''''' 'ocean, sea' < ''Jeng'' 'water'
*''ger-'': inceptive, dynamic
**'''''ger'''ŧest'': 'initiate' < ''ŧest'' 'run' (intransitive)
**'''''ger'''schwecht'': 'blow at (without affecting); start to blow; try blowing' < ''schwecht'' 'blow'
*''irr-'' (< PGam {{recon|''hiz''}}): negative
**'''''irr'''beul'' 'not straight, unjust' < ''beul'' 'straight, just'
*''-lein'' agent noun, someone associated with [NOUN]
**''Winklein'' 'mortal' < ''wink-'' 'die' + ''-lein''
*''-mack'': resultative, ability
*''-null'': prototypical member of a set, ''Ur-''
*''-nung, -ung'': singulative/diminutive
*''-s'' (~ Thm. infinitve ''-s''): verbal nouns, nominalization
*''-zi'': abstract noun, -ness/-hood
*''wech-'': perfective/telic
*''-zim'': characterized by [noun]
==Phrasebook==
==Sample texts==
===The North Wind and the Sun===
'''''Ein Simmhall zug eine Unde'''''
''Wahmer besprillung ein Simmhall zug eine Unde, ja klöhen luhs feud, westers bich ŧäches Zemmes Desŧolzes Schammerlein gerzweiden. Đer gerockung, der ein beđecken pfalts gar ein Schammerlein quetzen đa Zemme, brühnen Grechs der klöhen luhs feud. Ein Simmhall gerschwichten bich reier Rast, sinter jahr aust schwichten đa, đahner aust ŧölzen ein Schammerlein đa Zemme trieg đie, zug berten berts desflästen ein Simmhall đei đa Gernurts. Immer enhächtes eine Unde đa ŧächern Fleiđen, zug irrsterŧes quitzen ein Schammerlein đa Zemme. Mieder fügeln ein Simmhall Bereugs, der eine Unde klöhen luhs feud đei đind.''
'''The North Wind and the Sun'''
''The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a traveler came along wrapped in a warm cloak. They agreed that the one who first succeeded in making the traveler take his cloak off should be considered stronger than the other. Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew the more closely did the traveler fold his cloak around him; and at last the North Wind gave up the attempt. Then the Sun shined out warmly, and immediately the traveler took off his cloak. And so the North Wind was obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger of the two.''
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1===
''Reite Wäher desschrefft [] im [] gund [] im []. Ans []''
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
{{List subpages|caption=Related pages with more information}}
[[Category:Gamedan languages]][[Category:Wiebic languages]][[Category:Pseudo-Germanic]][[Category:Hussmauch]]

Latest revision as of 17:25, 8 May 2023

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