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Roshterian/Proto-Roshterian: Difference between revisions

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'''Old Roshterian''' is the reconstructed intermediate stage between [[Proto-Talmic]] and [[Roshterian]].
'''Old Roshterian''' is the reconstructed intermediate stage between [[Talmic languages|Proto-Talmic]] and [[Roshterian]]. It was spoken approximately at the same time [[Thensarian]] was spoken.
 
*stress shift to penultimate (endings have not dropped completely yet)
**yields Modern Roshterian ultimate stress


==Some words==
==Some words==
*φlat-nəm "seed" > Old Roshterian *hlatnə > Roshterian laaṉ
*φlat-nəm "seed" > Old Roshterian *ḽatnə > laaṉ "child (offspring)"
*tekts "child" > Old Roshterian *tejθ, tejs- > Roshterian ṯeit, ṯeis-
*tekts "child" > Old Roshterian *tejṱ, tejs- > ṯeit, ṯeis- "child (young human)"
*bonditejθi, bondejθi "child-bearer, child-rearer, babysitter" > Roshterian breit, breiti- "woman"
*bonditejṱiə, bondejṱiə, bnejṱiə "child-bearer, child-rearer, babysitter" > bleit, bleiti- "woman"
*soliθe > OR heliθe "5" > Roshterian helit, lite-
*soliθe > OR höḽiṱe "5" > helit, lite-
*kabnənts > OR kabrəṋs "woman" > (lost)
*snuwem "round" > OR nǖ "fat" > ṉii "big"
*mārom "tree" > OR miəro "tree" > miar
*dēdī > dēdii "tears" > ḏeeḏ
*gwaθwā > baṱu "throat" > batu
*nā > ṋiə "I" > nia
*som, sam > hum "he"
*sausmam > haufa "moon" > hoof
*sk, st > ść, st > OR sṱ, st > st, s̱ṯ
*Final -s, -m, -r had been deleted in endings


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Vowels===
a e i o u ə ö ü ā ē ī ō ū ȫ ǖ iə uə aj ej öj uj iw
ȫ > aa in later Roshterian; aa also emerges from CL
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Old Roshterian reconstructed consonants
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
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!  |Dental
!  |Dental
!  |Alveolar
!  |Alveolar
!  |Medial
!  |Palatal
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Velar
!  |Labiovelar
!  |Uvular
!  |Uvular
!  |Labiouvular
!  |Glottal
!  |Glottal
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| *m
| *m
|colspan=2| *n
| *ṋ
|
| *n
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 39: Line 49:
! |<small>voiceless</small>
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| *p
| *p
| *ṱ
| *t
|
|  
|  
| *t
|
| *k
| *k
|
| *q
| *q
|
|  
|  
|-
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
! |<small>voiced</small>
| *b
| *b
| *ḓ
| *d
|  
|  
| *d
|  
|  
| *g
| *g
|
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 61: Line 69:
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! |<small>voiceless</small>
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| *φ
|  
| *θ
|  
| *s
| *s
| *σ
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|
| *χw
| *h
| *h
|-
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
! |<small>voiced</small>
|  
|  
| *δ
|  
|  
|  
|  
|*ζ
|  
|  
|  
|  
|rowspan="2"| *ʁ
|rowspan="2"|*ʁ
|rowspan="2"| *ʁʷ
|  
|  
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Resonant
! colspan="2" |Resonant
| *w
| *ḽ
| *l, *r
|  
|  
| *l
| *y
| *r
| *j
|  
|  
| *w
|   
|   
|}
|}


===Vowels===
The "medial" consonants were retroflex, sje-like or bunched.
 
===Stress===
The initial stress in Proto-Talmic had shifted to penultimate by Pre-Roshterian. (becomes ultimate stress in Roshterian after final vowels are deleted)
 
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
Case? Maybe just absolute/construct
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
|+ ''ḽatnə'' 'seed'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Construct
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
| ''ḽatnai'' || ''ḽatnə'' || ''hēḽatnə''
|}
 
Nouns also have an ''incorporated form'' or an ''incorporandum'', used when the noun is used in noun incorporation.
<!--
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|+Possessed forms
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>Possessor↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singular
!style="width: 100px;"|Plural
|-
!|my
|''weinyn''||''uweinyn''
|-
!|thy
|''weinys''||''uweinys''
|-
!|his/her (3)
|''weinyti''||''uweinyti''
|-
!|its (3)
|''weinyt''||''uweinyt''
|-
!|our (exc)
|''weinym''||''uweinym''
|-
!|our (inc)
|''weinys̱''||''uweinys̱''
|-
!|your (pl)
|''weinyc''||''uweinyc''
|-
!|their (3)
|''weinytu''||''uweinytu''
|-
!|(4)
|''weinypi''||''uweinypi''
|}
-->
 
===Verbs===
The process of attaching preverbs such as prepositions to verbs was productive in Proto-Talmic, which then was repurposed for applicatives and for noun incorporation in Old Roshterian [unlike in Thensarian which took a path more akin to IE languages].
 
===Pronouns===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|+
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''*ṋiə''
|''*iəm''
|-
!|1 + 2
|
|''???''
|-
!|2
|''*wēr''
|''???''
|-
!|3 (masculine)
|''*hum''
|rowspan="3"|''???''
|-
!|3 (feminine)
|''*hī''
|-
!|3 (inanimate)
|''*he''
|-
!|4 (obviative)
|colspan="2"| ''*pī''
|}
 
 


[[Category:Roshterian]]
[[Category:Roshterian]]
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Roshterian/Proto-Roshterian"