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Magellanican (c) Rebecca Ashling 2019-2020. I assert that the Magellanican conlang presented here is my intellectual property and confirm that Linguifex may post this material on their site.
{{infobox language
|name = Avalonian
|nativename = Navhatti Telkun
|pronunciation = ˈnɔ.xʷɔt.si ˈtʰɛl.kʊn
|creator = UserːRebecca Ashling
|created = 2019
|region = Avalonian Isles
|speakers = 44.2 million
|date = na
|ancestor1 = Pre-Avalonian
|ancestor2 = Old Avalonian
|ancestor3 = Middle Avalonian
|ancestor4 = '''Modern Avalonian'''
|familycolor = isolate
}}


: <small>Avalonian © Rebecca Ashling 2019–2021. I assert that the Avalonian conlang presented here is my intellectual property and confirm that Linguifex may post this material on their site.</small>
'''Avalonian''' (Aval: Navhatti Telkun) is a polysynthetic language of the affixal, scopal subtype. It has nominative-accusative morphosyntactic alignment with ergative morphology and canonical VSOX word order.


Magellanican (Mag: Nawhatti Telkun) is a polysynthetic language of the affixal, scopal subtype. It has nominative-accusative morphosyntactic alignment with ergative morphology and canonical VSOX word order.
It is the majority language of the Avalonian Isles (Aval: Telku) and has approximately 44.2 million speakers. The Stannic Commonwealth of Avalon (Mag: Karatti Thaknat Anakte Telkun) comprises the entirety of the fictional islands of Hivarna (OTL: Newfoundland), Kalephū (OTL: Nova Scotia peninsula) and Ehanramit (OTL: Cape Breton Island).


It is the official language and lingua franca of Magellanica (Mag: Telku) and has approximately 300 million speakers. The Commonwealth of Magellanica (Mag: Karatti Anakte Telkun) comprises the entirety of the fictional continent of Magellanica.
In this timeline, Newfoundland, Cape Breton Island and the Nova Scotia peninsula ended up in the eastern side of the Atlantic after the breakup of Pangea and became the Avalonian Isles. The archipelago lies south-west of Ireland.


Magellanica lies in the southern Pacific Ocean from 35°S to 65°S, north to south, and from 110°W to 140°W, east to west. Its nearest continental neighbour is Antarctica which is about 1100 km due south of Magellanica.  
Along with Basque, Avalonian is one of two surviving Palaeo-European languages in Western Europe. It is a language isolate and not demonstrably related to any other language although certain scholars try to shoehorn it into one of the many language macrofamily hypotheses.
 
Avalonian does show much evidence of borrowing from an unknown Vasconic language although there is little or no evidence of reciprocal ancient Avalonian loans in Aquitanian or Basque.
 
There is also some evidence of borrowing from the putative Goidelic substrate languages. An example of this would be partaq 'crab'.
 
==Inspiration==
 
Avalonian grammar and morphology are strongly modelled on those of the Inuit and Yupik languages. Its phonology is to a great extent based on that of Pre-Exilic Quenya with some slight influence from Iñupiaq.


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==Introduction==
==Ethnography==


Magellanica was the last of the inhabitable continents to be colonised. It first became inhabited around 8000 BCE, very likely by accident. Genetic evidence suggests the Palaeo-Magellanicans originated from South America. They were the first and only successful colonisers of the continent.
The Avalonians are members of the oft-perscuted European Pygmy phenotype which is believed to have originated in the ancient Hercynian forest zone of central Europe some 8,000 years ago. The preferred self-designation by members of the European Pygmy phenotype is Hercynians (Aval: Lūki Herkigyat).


It is most likely useless to attempt to relate the languages of Magellanica to those of South America or elsewhere given the ten thousand year time gap. Although intrepid lumpers and goropists are certainly giving it a good old try.
==History==


The initial group of colonisers was very small and the founder effect is evident in the modern Magellanican phenotype. Most of the population are of unusually short stature, averaging about 1.4 metres in height. It is believed early mutations in the early generations resulted in red and blonde hair occurring in a sizeable minority as well as the presence of blue, grey and green eye colours in a somewhat smaller minority.
Avalonian has four known historical stages:


The original speakers of Magellanican, the Jamikal people, originated from the Rulheri, an island in the western part of the Liverish Sea (Mag: Irhat Jepilte). From about one thousand years ago it became the lingua franca of the entire area surrounding the Liverish Sea, and then the entire continent following the advent of smallpox in the 16th Century.
1) Pre-Avalonian (500 BCE to 250 CE). Not directly attested and known from internal reconstruction and its treatment of ancient Vasconic loans. Koldo Mitxelena's work on Pre-Basque was critical for reconstructing Pre-Avalonian.


Magellanican is the sole survivor of a small language family so is now an isolate. It has no traceable genealogical relation to any other language, ancient or modern outside its own extinct family.
2) Old Avalonian (250 CE to 1000 CE). Directly attested from the 6th Century CE with the introduction of writing by Christian missionaries.


It does however form a sprachbund with neighbouring languages, sharing such features as a bisyllabic root structure, primary stress on the first syllable, , head-marking and a strong tendency for polysynthesis.
3) Middle Avalonian (1000 CE to 1500 CE). The period when Avalonian literacy began to come into its own.
 
The dialect described on this page is the standard variety promulgated by the Commonwealth of Magellanica and is based on the North-Western dialect.


4) Modern Avalonian (1500 CE to Present).The era of printing and mass literacy. The latest version of Modern Avalonian is described in this Linguifex article.
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Line 60: Line 83:
====General Remarks On Orthography====
====General Remarks On Orthography====


Magellanican has a variety of native scripts collectively known as (Mag: Uljekatti Telkun) which were logo-syllabic like Mesopotamian cuneiform and were largely under the control of a scribal class. When the Latin alphabet (Mag: Uljekatti Ūrapan) was introduced in the 17th century, its ease of use enabled more widespread literacy and a severe decline in the influence of the scribes.
Avalonian had no native script until the arrival of missionary monks in the 6th Century CE. The Latin alphabet (Aval: Litērharti Ruman) has undergone many changes and revisions over the centuries. The current version was adopted in 1908.


Uljekatti Ūrapan is currently the dominant orthography with the role of the various Uljekatti Telkun writing systems being restricted to ceremonial or artistic use.
Avalonian spelling in Litērharti Ruman is a  deep orthography which reflects the language's etymological history and phonological processes such as sandhi. The letters ⟨b, c, d, f, g, o, s, w, x, y, z⟩ are not used, even to spell foreign names.


Magellanican spelling in Uljekatti Ūrapan is generally phonemic and indicates the effects of internal sandhi although not those of external sandhi.
====Avalonian Alphabet====
 
====Magellanican Alphabet====


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| Letter || IPA Value
| '''Latin Letter''' || '''IPA Value'''
|-
|-
|⟨a⟩||/ɑ/
|⟨a⟩||/ɔ/
|-
|-
|⟨ā⟩||/aʊ/
|⟨ā⟩||/ɑʊ/
|-
|-
|⟨e⟩||/ɛ/
|⟨e⟩||/ɛ/
Line 80: Line 101:
|⟨ē⟩||/aɪ/
|⟨ē⟩||/aɪ/
|-
|-
|⟨h⟩||/h/
|⟨h⟩ || /h/
|-
|-
| ⟨i⟩ || /i/
|⟨i⟩||/i/
|-
|-
|⟨ī⟩||/eɪ/
|⟨ī⟩||/eɪ/
Line 96: Line 117:
|⟨kj⟩||/kxʲ/
|⟨kj⟩||/kxʲ/
|-
|-
|⟨kw⟩||/kxʷ/
|⟨kv⟩||/kxʷ/
|-
|-
|⟨l⟩||/l/
|⟨l⟩||/l/
|-
|-
|⟨lh⟩||/ɬ/
|⟨lh⟩||/ɬ/
|-
|⟨lj⟩||/lʲ/
|-
|⟨lv⟩||/lʷ/
|-
|-
|⟨m⟩||/m/
|⟨m⟩||/m/
Line 109: Line 134:
|-
|-
|⟨nh⟩||/z/
|⟨nh⟩||/z/
|-
|⟨nl⟩||/dɮ/
|-
|⟨nr⟩||/dʒ/
|-
|-
|⟨p⟩||/p/
|⟨p⟩||/p/
Line 114: Line 143:
|⟨ph⟩||/f/
|⟨ph⟩||/f/
|-
|-
|⟨q⟩||/ʔ/
|⟨q⟩||/ŋ/
|-
|⟨qh⟩||/ɣ/
|-
|⟨qj⟩||/ɡɣʲ/
|-
|⟨qv⟩||/ɡɣʷ/
|-
|-
|⟨r⟩||/ɹ̠/
|⟨r⟩||/ɹ̠/
|-
|-
|⟨rh⟩||/ʃ/
|⟨rh⟩||/ʃ/
|-
|⟨rj⟩||/ʒʲ/
|-
|⟨rv⟩||/ʒʷ/
|-
|-
|⟨t⟩||/t/
|⟨t⟩||/t/
Line 125: Line 164:
|-
|-
|⟨tl⟩||/tɬ/
|⟨tl⟩||/tɬ/
|-
|-
|-
|⟨tr⟩||/tʃ/
|⟨tr⟩||/tʃ/
Line 132: Line 172:
|⟨ū⟩||/oʊ/
|⟨ū⟩||/oʊ/
|-
|-
|⟨w⟩||/w/
|⟨v⟩||/w/
|-
|-
|⟨wh⟩||/xʷ/
|⟨vh⟩||/xʷ/
|}
|}


===Consonants===
===Consonants===


Magellanican has a total of 24 consonants which according to the World Atlas of Lanɡuaɡe Stucture is an average inventory. The most striking features of the inventory, according to WALS, are the presence of a lateral obstruent. The consonants are displayed in the table below:
Avalonian has a total of 33 consonants which according to the World Atlas of Lanɡuaɡe Stucture is a moderately large inventory. The most striking features of the inventory, according to WALS are a voicing contrast in fricatives but not plosives, and the presence of lateral obstruents and the initial velar nasal. The consonants are displayed in the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|  ||Labial||Central Alveolar||Lateral Alveolar||Palato-Alveolar||Palatal||Plain Velar||Labialised Velar||Glottal
|  ||'''Labial'''||'''Central Alveolar'''||'''Lateral Alveolar'''||'''Palatalised Lateral Alveolar'''||'''Labialised Lateral Alveolar'''||'''Palato-Alveolar'''||'''Palatalised Palato-Alveolar'''||'''Labialised Palato-Alveolar'''||'''Plain Velar'''||'''Palatalised Velar'''||'''Labialised Velar'''||'''Glottal'''
|-
|'''Plosive'''||/p/||/t/||||||||||||||/k/||||||
|-
|-
|Plosive||/p/||/t/||||||||/k/||||/ʔ/
|'''Voiceless Affricate'''||||||/tɬ/||||||/tʃ/||||||||/kxʲ/||/kxʷ/||
|-
|-
|Affricate||||||/tɬ/||/tʃ/||/kxʲ/||||/kxʷ/||
|'''Voiced Affricate'''||||||/dɮ/||||||/dʒ/||||||||/ɡɣʲ/||/ɡɣʷ/||
|-
|-
|Fricative||/f/||/s/||/ɬ/||/ʃ/||/xʲ/||/x/||/xʷ/||
|'''Voiceless Fricative'''||/f/||/s/||||||||||||||/x/||||||
|-
|-
|Nasal||/m/||/n/||||||||||
|'''Voiced Fricative'''||/v/||/z/||||||||||||||/ɣ/||||||
|-
|-
|Liquid||||||/l/||/ɹ̠/||||||||
|'''Nasal'''||/m/||/n/||||||||||||||/ŋ/||||||
|-
|-
|Semivowel||||||||||/j/||||/w/||
|'''Voiced Liquid'''||||||/l/||/lʲ/||/lʷ/||/ɹ̠/||/ʒʲ/||/ʒʷ/||||||||
|-
|-
|Aspirate||||||||||||||||/h/
|'''Voiceless Liquid'''||||||/ɬ/||||||/ʃ/||||||||||||
|-
|'''Voiced Semivowel'''||||||||||||||||||||/j/||/w/||
|-
|'''Voiceless Semivowel'''||||||||||||||||||||/xʲ/||/xʷ/||
|-
|'''Aspirate'''||||||||||||||||||||||||/h/
|}
|}
NB: /ʔ/ is a somewhat marginal phoneme as it only occurs in intervocalic position and only in word-initial position as the result of external sandhi.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===


Magellanican has a total of 8 vowels, 4 monophthongs and 4 diphthongs. The diphthongs pattern phonologically as long vowels. According to the World Atlas of Lanɡuaɡe Structures Magellanican has 4 vowel qualities which is a small inventory. Magellanican has a consonant to vowel quality ratio of 6.0 which according to WALS is a moderately large ratio. The vowels are displayed in the table below:
Avalonian has a total of 8 vowels, 4 monophthongs and 4 diphthongs. According to the World Atlas of Lanɡuaɡe Structures Avalonian has 4 vowel qualities which is a small inventory. Avalonian has a consonant to vowel quality ratio of 8.25 which according to WALS is a high ratio. Avalonian is unusual for not possessing any low vowels such as /a/. Diphthongs are treated as phonological long vowels. The vowels are displayed in the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|  || Front Short||Long Front ||Short Back||Long Back
|  || '''Short Front'''||'''Long Front'''||'''Short Back'''||'''Long Back'''
|-
|-
| Hiɡh || /i/||/eɪ/||/u/||/oʊ/
| '''High''' || /i/||/eɪ/||/u/||/oʊ/
|-
|-
| Low || /ɛ/||/aɪ/||/ɑ/||/aʊ/
| '''Mid''' || /ɛ/||/aɪ/||/ɔ/||/ɑʊ/
|}
|}


===Allophony===
===Allophony===
1) /p, t, k/ are realised as [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] in word-initial position.
1) /p, t, k/ are realised as [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] if in the onset of a stressed syllable.


2) /tɬ, tʃ, kxʲ, kxʷ/ are realised as [tɬʰ, tʃʰ, kxʲʰ, kxʷʰ] in word-initial position.
2) /tɬ, tʃ, kxʲ, kxʷ/ are realised as [tɬʰ, tʃʰ, kxʲʰ, kxʷʰ/ if in the onset of a stressed syllable.


3) /n/ is realised as [ŋ] in coda position.
3) /ɹ̠/ is realised as [ʃ] in coda position before a voiceless onset.


4) /ɹ̠/ is realised as [ʃ] in coda position before a stop.
4) /ɹ̠/ is realised as [ʒ] in coda position elsewhere.


5) /ɹ̠/ is realised as [ʒ] in coda position elsewhere.
5) /pp, tt, kk/ are realised as [pf, ts, kx].


6) /pp, tt, kk/ are realised as [pf, ts, kx].
6) /mm, nn, ŋŋ/ are realised as [mb, nd, ŋɡ].


7) /mm, nn/ are realised as [mb, nd].
7) /ll, ɹ̠ɹ̠/ are realised as [ld, ʒd].


8) /ll, ɹ̠ɹ̠/ are realised as [ld, ʒd].
8) In closed syllables /i, u/ are realised as [ɪ, ʊ].


9) /ɹ̠j/ is realised as [ʒ].
===Prosody===
 
10) In closed syllables /i, u/ are realised as [ɪ, ʊ].


===Prosody===
1) Words in Avalonian bear primary stress on the initial syllable.


1) Words in Magellanican bear primary stress on the initial syllable.
2) Avalonian words bear secondary stress on every odd-numbered syllable following the initial syllable.


2) Magellanican words bear secondary stress on every odd-numbered syllable following the initial syllable.
3) According to the World Atlas of Language Structures, the rhythm type of Avalonian is trochaic.


3) Rhythm type is trochaic.
4) Avalonian is a stress-timed language with the uncommon quality for such a language of a lack of vowel reduction in unstressed syllables.


4) To an English speaker, Magellanican would appear to be spoken with a slower tempo than English is.
5) To an English speaker, Avalonian would appear to be spoken with a slower tempo than English is.


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===


1) The syllable template is (C)V(C).
1) The syllable template is CV(C). According to the World Atlas of Language Structures, this is a moderately complex syllable structure.


2) Permitted syllable coda consonants are /p, t, k, m, n, l, ɹ̠/.
2) Permitted syllable coda consonants are:


3) /ʔ/ only occurs in intervocalic position.
/p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l, ɹ̠/.


4) Consonant clusters may not have more than two segments.
3) Consonant clusters may not have more than two segments.


5) Consonant clusters only occur at syllable boundaries within the word.
4) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.


6) Fricatives do not occur in consonant clusters.
5) Permitted consonant clusters as per the table below:
 
7) Permitted consonant clusters as per the table below:


{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|P||T||K||M||N||L||R||
|'''P'''||'''T'''||'''K'''||'''M'''||'''N'''||'''Q'''||'''L'''||'''R'''||
|-
|√||√||√||√||||||√||√||'''P'''
|-
|√||√||√||||√||||√||√||'''T'''
|-
|√||√||√||||||√||√||√||'''K'''
|-
|√||||√||||√||||||√||'''TL'''
|-
|√||||√||||√||||√||||'''TR'''
|-
|√||√||||||||√||√||√||'''KJ'''
|-
|-
|√||√||√||√||√||√||√||P
|√||√||||||||√||√||√||'''KV'''
|-
|-
|√||√||√||√||√||√||√||T
|||||||√||||||||||'''PH'''
|-
|-
|√||√||√||√||√||√||√||K
|||||||||√||||||||'''TH'''
|-
|-
|√||||√||√||√||√||√||TL
|||||||||||√||||||'''KH'''
|-
|-
|√||||√||√||√||√||√||TR
|√||√||√||√||||||√||√||'''M'''
|-
|-
|√||√||||√||√||√||√||KJ
|√||√||√||||√||||√||√||'''N'''
|-
|-
|√||√||||√||√||√||√||KW
|√||√||√||||||√||√||√||'''Q'''
|-
|-
|√||√||√||√||√||√||√||M
|||||||||||||√||||'''L'''
|-
|-
|√||√||√||√||√||√||√||N
|||||||||||||||√||'''R'''
|-
|-
|||||||√||√||√||√||L
|||||||||√||||||||'''LH'''
|-
|-
|||||||√||√||√||√||R
|||||||||√||||||||'''RH'''
|-
|-
|||||||√||√||√||√||W
|||||||||||√||||||'''JH'''
|-
|-
|||||||√||√||√||√||J
||||||||||||√||||||'''VH'''
|}
|}


Line 259: Line 313:
c) √ in a cell means the indicated consonant cluster is permitted.
c) √ in a cell means the indicated consonant cluster is permitted.


8) Consonant clusters are coda consonant + onset consonant in terms of syllabification.
6) /i, eɪ/ may not follow /kxʲ, ŋʲ, lʲ, ʒʲ, j, xʲ/.


9) /i, eɪ/ may not follow /kxʲ, xʲ, j/.
7) /u, oʊ/ may not follow /kxʷ, ŋʷ, lʷ, ʒʷ, w, xʷ/.


10) /u, oʊ/ may not follow /kxʷ, xʷ, w/.
8) /eɪ, aɪ/ may not precede /j/.


11)Long vowels may not precede liquids or semivowels.
9) /oʊ, ɑʊ/ may not precede /w/.


12) Long vowels do not occur in closed syllables or precede consonant clusters.
10) Long vowels may not occur in closed syllables.


13) Vowel clusters do not occur.
11) Long vowels may only occur before /f, s, x, v, z, ɣ, h/ or in morpheme-final position.


15) Canonical morpheme syllabification templates:
12) Vowel clusters do not occur.


a) Roots: -(C)V(C)- or -(C)V(C)CV(C)-
13) Native roots are most often disyllabic.


b) Suffixes: -(C)(C)V(C) or -(C)V(C)CV(C)
14) Monosyllabic roots are uncommon and mainly comprise pronouns and certain common nouns and verbs.


c) Particles: (C)V(C) or (C)V(C)CV(C)
15) Roots with more than two syllables are foreign loans and their syllabic templates generally become nativised over time.


16) Monosyllabic roots are rare and mainly comprise pronouns and certain verbs such as na 'to exist'.
16) Monosyllabic suffixes may have a word-final allomorph consisting of a single coda consonant which is employed after a short vowel.
 
17) Monosyllabic suffixes may have a word-final allomorph consisting of a single coda consonant which is employed after a short vowel.
 
18) Roots originating through foreign borrowings may exceed two syllables.


===Morphophonemics===
===Morphophonemics===


====Internal Sandhi====
====Internal Sandhi====
The effects of internal sandhi are indicated in the orthography.
=====Consonantal Sandhi=====


1) Consonant clusters resulting from suffixation undergo sandhi as per the table below:
1) Consonant clusters resulting from suffixation undergo sandhi as per the table below:
Line 293: Line 346:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|  P||T ||K||M||N||L||R||
! P!! T!! K!! M!! N!! Q!!L!! R!!
|-
|pp||tp||kp||mp||mp||mp||lp||rp||'''P'''
|-
| pt|| tt|| kt|| nt|| nt|| nt||lt|| rt||'''T'''
|-
| pk|| tk|| kk|| qk|| qk|| qk||lk|| rk|| '''K'''
|-
|ptl||v̄tl||ktl||ntl||ntl||ntl||v̄tl||rtl||'''TL'''
|-
|ptr||v̄tr||ktr||ntr||ntr||ntr||ltr||v̄tr||'''TR'''
|-
|pkj||tkj||v̄kj||qkj||qkj||qkj||lkj||rkj||'''KJ'''
|-
|pkv||tkv||v̄kv||qkv||qkv||qkv||lkv||rkv||'''KV'''
|-
|v̄tl||v̄tl||v̄tl||v̄nl||v̄nl||v̄nl||v̄nl||v̄nl||'''NL'''
|-
|v̄tr||v̄tr||v̄tr||v̄nr||v̄nr||v̄nr||v̄nr||v̄nr||'''NR'''
|-
|v̄kj||v̄kj||v̄kj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄qj||'''QJ'''
|-
|v̄kv||v̄kv||v̄kv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄qv||'''QV'''
|-
|-
|pp||tp||kp||mp||np||lp||rp||P
|pp||v̄ph||v̄ph||mph||mph||mph||v̄ph||v̄ph||'''PH'''
|-
|-
|pt||tt||kt||mt||nt||lt||rt||T
|v̄th||tt||v̄th||nth||nth||nth||v̄th||v̄th||'''TH'''
|-
|-
|pk||tk||kk||mk||nk||lk||rk||K
|v̄kh||v̄kh||kk||qkh||qkh||qkh||v̄kh||v̄kh||'''KH'''
|-
|-
|ptl||tl||ktl||mtl||ntl||ltl||rtl||TL
|v̄ph||v̄ph||v̄ph||v̄mh||v̄mh||v̄mh||v̄mh||v̄mh||'''MH'''
|-
|-
|ptr||tr||ktr||mtr||ntr||ltr||rtr||TR
|v̄th||v̄th||v̄th||v̄nh||v̄nh||v̄nh||v̄nh||v̄nh||'''NH'''
|-
|-
|pkj||tkj||kj||mkj||nkj||lkj||rkj||KJ
|v̄kh||v̄kh||v̄kh||v̄qh||v̄qh||v̄qh||v̄qh||v̄qh||'''QH'''
|-
|-
|pkw||tkw||kw||mkw||nkw||lkw||rkw||KW
| pm || tm|| km||mm||mm|| mm|| lm|| rm||'''M'''
|-
|-
|ptl||tl||ktl||mtl||ntl||lh||rtl||LH
| pn|| tn|| kn||nn|| nn|| nn|| ln|| rn||'''N'''
|-
|-
|ptr||tr||ktr||mtr||ntr||ltr||rh||RH
| pq || tq|| kq|| qq|| qq|| qq|| lq|| rq|| '''Q'''
|-
|-
|pkj||tkj||kj||mkj||nkj||lkj||rkj||JH
| v̄lh|| v̄tl|| v̄lh||v̄nl|| v̄nl|| v̄nl|| ll|| ll||'''L'''
|-
|-
|pkw||tkw||kw||mkw||nkw||lkw||rkw||WH
|v̄jh||v̄jh||v̄kj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄lj||v̄lj||'''LJ'''
|-
|-
|pm||tm||km||mm||nm||lm||rm||M
|v̄vh||v̄vh||v̄kv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄lv||v̄lv||'''LV'''
|-
|-
|pn||tn||kn||mn||nn||ln||rn||N
|v̄jh||v̄jh||v̄kj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄rj||v̄rj||'''RJ'''
|-
|-
|v̄vh||v̄vh||v̄kv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄rv||v̄rv||'''RV'''
|-
|-
|lh||tl||lh||ml||nl|||ll||rl||L
| v̄rh|| v̄tr|| v̄rh|| v̄nr|| v̄nr|| v̄nr|| rr|| rr||'''R'''
|-
|-
|rh||tr||rh||mr||nr||lr||rr||R
|v̄lh||v̄tl||v̄lh||nlh||nlh||nlh||v̄lh||v̄lh||'''LH'''
|-
|-
|jh||jh||kj||mj||nj||lj||rj||J
|v̄rh||v̄tr||v̄rh||nrh||nrh||nrh||v̄rh||v̄rh||'''RH'''
|-
|-
|wh||wh||kw||wh||wh||wh||wh||W
| v̄jh || v̄jh|| v̄kj||v̄qj|| v̄qj|| v̄qj|| lj|| rj||'''J'''
|-
|-
|ph||th||kh||wh||lh||rh||lh||H
| v̄vh|| v̄vh|| v̄vh|| v̄qv|| v̄qv|| v̄qv|| lv|| rv|| '''V'''
|-
|v̄jh||v̄jh||v̄kj||qjh||qjh||qjh||v̄jh||v̄jh||'''JH'''
|-
|v̄vh||v̄vh||v̄kv||qvh||qvh||qvh||v̄vh||v̄vh||'''VH'''
|-
|v̄ph||v̄th||v̄kh||v̄mh||v̄nh||v̄qh||v̄lh||v̄rh||'''H'''
|}
|}


Line 339: Line 421:
b) First consonant of consonant cluster runs across top of table, second consonant of consonant cluster runs down riɡht of table.
b) First consonant of consonant cluster runs across top of table, second consonant of consonant cluster runs down riɡht of table.


2) If a three-segment consonant cluster results from suffixation then the first consonant of that cluster is deleted.
c) The notation v̄ indicates the preceding vowel is lengthened.


3) If a vowel cluster results from suffixation then an epenthetic /ʔ/ is inserted between the vowels.
2) If suffixation results in a consonant cluster with three consonants before sandhi can be applied then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first consonant in that cluster.


4) If a long vowel occurs in a closed syllable due to suffixation then that long vowel is reduced to its corresponding short vowel.
=====Vocalic Sandhi=====


5) If a long front vowel occurs before /j/ due to suffixation then that long front vowel is reduced to its corresponding short vowel.
1) Vowel clusters resulting from suffixation undergo sandhi as per the table below:


6) If a long back vowel occurs before /w/ due to suffixation then that long back vowel is reduced to its corresponding short vowel.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! I!! U!! E!! A!! Ī!! Ū!! Ē!! Ā!!
|-
| -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''I'''
|-
| -q-|| -q-|| -q-||-q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''U'''
|-
| -q- || -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''E'''
|-
| -q- || -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''A'''
|-
| -q- || -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''Ī'''
|-
| -q- || -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''Ū'''
|-
| -q- || -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''Ē'''
|-
| -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''Ā'''
|}
 
NOTES:
 
a) Latin script used for clarity.
 
b) First vowel of vowel cluster runs across top of table, second vowel of vowel cluster runs down right of table.
 
c) The notation -g- indicates an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted between the two vowels.
 
d) The notation -j- indicates an epenthetic /j/ is inserted between the two vowels.


7) The effects of internal sandhi are indicated in the orthography.
e) The notation -v- indicates an epenthetic /w/ is inserted between the two vowels.


====External Sandhi====
f) If the first vowel is long then it is reduced to its corresponding short vowel.
 
g) If the second vowel is either of /i, eɪ/ then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel if it follows /j/.
 
h) If the second vowel is either of /u, oʊ/ then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel if it follows /w/.
 
2) If /eɪ, aɪ/ precedes /j/ due to suffixation then they are reduced to [i, ɛ].


1) External sandhi only occurs between words within the same clause.
3) If /oʊ, ɑʊ/ precedes /w/ due to suffixation then they are reduced to [u, ɔ].


2) The effects of external sandhi are not indicated in the orthography.
====External Sandhi====


3) External sandhi only affects nasals, liquids and vowels.
1) The effects of external sandhi are not indicated in the orthography.


4) A word-initial nasal following a word-final nasal strengthens to its voiced plosive allophone if it is identical to that nasal.
2) External sandhi only occurs between words within the same clause.


5) A word-initial liquid following a word-final liquid strengthens to [d] if it is identical to that liquid.
3) Between a word-final consonant and a word-initial consonant, an epenthetic /i/ is inserted.


6) A word-initial vowel following a word-final vowel has a prothetic glottal stop inserted before it.
4) Between a word-final vowel and a word-initial vowel, an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===General Remarks On Morpholoɡy===
===General Remarks On Morpholoɡy===


1) The morphological cateɡories used in Magellanican are summarised in the table below:
1) The morphological cateɡories used in Avalonian are summarised in the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| Category || Description|| Inflected?
| '''Category''' || '''Description'''|| '''Inflected?'''
|-
|-
| Noun || Nouns, pronouns, numerals || Yes
| Noun || Nouns, pronouns, numerals || Yes
Line 383: Line 500:
|}
|}


2) Magellanican is an affixal polysynthetic lanɡuaɡe and only one root per word is permitted.  
2) Avalonian is an affixal polysynthetic lanɡuaɡe and only one root per word is permitted.  


3) Compoundinɡ of roots does not occur.
3) Compoundinɡ of roots does not occur.


4) According to the World Atlas of Language Structures, Magellanican has a predominant preference for suffixinɡ.
4) According to the World Atlas of Language Structures, Avalonian has a predominant preference for suffixinɡ.
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->


Line 413: Line 530:
====Number====
====Number====


1) Magellanican has a singular-plural number system
1) Avalonian nouns have two systems of number:
 
a) Singular-Plural


2) Singular nouns are singular by default and take the paucal or plural suffixes to indicate more than one instance.
b) Collective-Singulative


3) The paucal number mark nouns that are from two to five in number.
2) Nouns within the singular-plural class are inherently singular and take the plural suffix to denote multiple instances.


4) The plural number indicates nouns that are six or more in number.
3) Nouns within the collective-singulative class are inherently plural and take the singulative suffix to denote a single instance.


5) Number suffixes are summarised in the table below:
4) Avalonian grammatical numbers are summarised in the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| Number || Abbreviation||Suffix
! Number!! Abbreviation!! Suffix (Allomorph)
|-
| Singular || SG|| -∅
|-
|-
|Singular||SG||-∅
| Collective|| COL|| -∅  
|-
|-
| Paucal || PC||-me (-m)
| Plural || PL|| -ra (-r)
 
|-
|-
| Plural ||PL|| -al
|Singulative||SGV||-me (-m)
|}
|}


NB: -m is a word-final allomorph employed after a short vowel.
NB: Parenthesised forms are word-final allomorphs employed after a short vowel.


====Case====
====Case====
Line 441: Line 561:
1) Case marks relationships between noun and noun or noun and verb.
1) Case marks relationships between noun and noun or noun and verb.


2) Magellanican cases are summarised in the table below:
2) Avalonian cases are summarised in the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| Case || Abbreviation || Suffix (Allomorph)||Functions
| '''Case''' || '''Abbreviation'''|| '''Suffix (Allomorph)'''||'''Functions'''
|-
|-
| Absolutive || ABS ||-∅|| a) Marks citation form of noun
| Absolutive || ABS ||-∅|| a) Marks citation form of noun
b) Indicates definite O argument of a transitive verb
b) Indicates O argument of a transitive verb


c) Marks definite S argument of an intransitive verb
c) Marks S argument of an intransitive verb
|-
|-
| Ergative || ERG || -nu  (-n)||a) Indicates definite A argument of a transitive verb
| Ergative || ERG || -nu  (-n)||a) Marks A argument of a transitive verb


b) Indicates the possessor
b) Indicates the possessor
|-
|-
|Dative||DAT||-hē||a) Marks indefinite A argument of a transitive verb
|Equative||EQU||-te (-t)||a) Marks subject complement of the copula


b) Indicates beneficiary of action
b) Indicates similarity of manner or appearance


c) Used with a gerund indicates purpose or intent
c) Marks composition
 
d) Indicates source of comparison
|-
|-
| Instrumental || INST ||-tik||a) Marks indefinite O argument of a transitive verb
|Dative||DAT||-hē||a) Marks beneficiary or recipient
 
b) Indicates indefinite S argument of an intransitive verb
 
c) Marks use of tool or instrument


d) Indicates proximal cause
b) Indicates intention
|-
|-
| Equative || EQU || -te (-t)||a) Indicates similarity in function, manner or behaviour
|Instrumental||INST||-tik||a) Marks tool or instrument
 
b) Indicates similarity to, likeness to
 
c) Made or consisting of a particular substance


d) Indicates the souce of comparison.
b) Indicates proximate causation
|-
|-
| Comitative || COM || -kwe||a) Marks physical proximity or social connection to someone
|Comitative||COM|| -kve ||a) Marks accompaniment


b) Indicates collaborative effort with someone in a joint activity
b) Indicates collaboration or common effort towards a goal
 
c) Marks reciprocicity
 
d) Indicates possessor when copula used in 'have' construction
|-
|-
| Locative || LOC || -ki (-k) ||a) Indicates place where
|Locative||LOC||-ki (-k)||a) Marks location in space or time


b) Marks time when
b) Indicates the possessor in 'have' constructions
|-
|-
| Allative || ALL || -va ||a) Marks motion towards
|Allative||ALL||-va||a) Marks motion towards


b) Indicates time until
b) Indicates until  


c) Marks destination or goal
c) Marks goal
|-
|-
| Ablative || ABL || -jā||a) Indicates motion away from
|Ablative||ABL||-jā||a) Marks motion away from


b) Marks time since
b) Indicates since


c) Indicates the source or origin
c) Indicates aversion or opposition
 
d) Marks aversion to or opposition to
 
e) Indicates the source of comparison
|-
|-
|-
|Perlative||PERL||-am|| a) Marks motion through or along
| Perlative || PERL || -am||a) Marks motion across, along, through or by way of


b) Indicates duration
b) Indicates duration or simultaneity


c) Marks mode or means of transport or transmission
c) Marks mode or means of transportation or transmission


d) Indicates reason, motive or ultimate cause
d) Indicates topic of conversation


e) Marks topic of conversation
e) Marks ultimate causation
|-
|}
|}


Line 524: Line 628:
=====Personal Pronouns=====
=====Personal Pronouns=====


1) Magellanican personal pronouns and their associated possessive suffixes are summarised in the table below:
1) Avalonian personal pronouns and their associated possessive suffixes are summarised in the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| Person || Abbreviation ||Pronoun||Possessive Suffix
| '''Person''' || '''Abbreviation''' ||'''Pronoun'''||'''Possessive Suffix'''
|-
|-
| 1st Person Singular || 1SG||ni || -nti
| 1st Person Singular || 1SG||ni || -nti
Line 537: Line 641:
|-
|-
|4th Person Sinɡular||4SG||pi||-pti
|4th Person Sinɡular||4SG||pi||-pti
|-
|5th Person Singular||5SG||li||-lti
|-
|-
|1st Person Paucal Exclusive||1PC EXCL||nuk||-ntuk
|1st Person Paucal Exclusive||1PC EXCL||nuk||-ntuk
Line 549: Line 651:
|-
|-
|4th Person Paucal||4PC||puk||-ptuk
|4th Person Paucal||4PC||puk||-ptuk
|-
|5th Person Paucal||5PC||luk||-ltuk
|-
|-
|1st Person Plural Exclusive||1PL EXCL||nat||-ntat
|1st Person Plural Exclusive||1PL EXCL||nat||-ntat
Line 561: Line 661:
|-
|-
|4th Person Plural||4PL||pat||-ptat
|4th Person Plural||4PL||pat||-ptat
|-
|5th Person Plural||5PL||lat||-ltat
|}
|}


2) Clusivity is a relatively recent innovation in Magellanican and thus the inclusive pronouns and their possessive suffixes differ somewhat in form from the other paucal and plural pronouns.
2) Clusivity is a relatively recent innovation in Avalonian and thus the inclusive pronouns and their possessive suffixes differ somewhat in form from the other paucal and plural pronouns.


3) Personal pronouns take case in the same manner as nouns.
3) Personal pronouns take case in the same manner as nouns.
Line 571: Line 669:
=====Demonstrative Pronouns=====
=====Demonstrative Pronouns=====


1) Pronominal demonstratives are identical to the 3rd, 4th and 5th person pronouns.
1) Pronominal demonstratives are formed by adding the appropriate demonstrative suffix to the appropriate pronoun.


2) Adnominal demonstratives are suffixes, believed derived from compounds of the 3rd, 4th, 5th person pronouns and the sole Old Jamilhin demonstrative ken.
2) Adnominal demonstratives are suffices.


3) Adnominal demonstrative suffixes are rarely used with core arguments except for emphasis.
3) Adnominal demonstrative suffices are rarely used with core arguments except for emphasis.


4) The demonstratives are displayed in the table below:
4) The adnominal demonstrative suffices are displayed in the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|Distance||Abbreviation||Locus Of Application||Person||Demonstrative Suffix
|'''Distance'''||'''Abbreviation'''||'''Locus Of Application'''||'''Adnominal Demonstrative Suffix
|-
|-
| Proximal|| PROX||Near speaker||3rd|| -tken
| Proximal|| PROX||Near speaker|| -in
|-
|-
|Medial||MED||Near hearer||4th||-pken
|Medial||MED||Near hearer||-uk
|-
|-
|Distal||DIST||Away from speaker and hearer||5th||-lken
|Distal||DIST||Away from speaker and hearer||-at
|}
|}


=====Emphatic Pronouns=====
=====Emphatic Pronouns=====


These are no dedicated emphatic pronouns, but as verbs mark A, S and O arguments and Magellanican is pro-drop, the use of the pronouns correlating with these can be used for emphasis.
Avalonian is a pro-drop language so any use of pronouns in the role of A, S or O arguments marks emphasis.


=====Reflexive Pronouns=====
=====Reflexive Pronouns=====


These are no dedicated reflexive pronouns in Magellanican. Using the verbal absolutive pronominal suffix in the same number and person as the verbal ergative pronominal suffix is sufficient to convey reflexivity.
1) Avalonian lacks reflexive pronouns.
 
2) For reflexivity to be indicated in the case of an O argument, both pronominal markers on the verb must have the same person and number.
 
3) For reflexivity to be indicated in the case of an X argument, the pronoun must have the same person and number as the ergative pronominal marker in the case of a transitive verb or the absolutive pronominal marker in the case of an intransitive marker


=====Interrogative Pronouns=====
=====Interrogative Pronouns=====
Line 602: Line 704:
1) There is one interroɡative pronoun: je 'who, what' which is undifferentiated for number.
1) There is one interroɡative pronoun: je 'who, what' which is undifferentiated for number.


2) All other interrogatives are built from this by adding the appropriate case. Eɡ: jek 'where?', jep 'with whom?'
2) All other interrogatives are built from this by adding the appropriate case. Eɡ: jek 'where?', jekve 'with whom?'
 
3) There is an interrogative pronominal possessive suffix: -yet 'whose?'.
 
4) Suffixing -ye to a noun gives the sense of 'which?'.


5) The canonical word-order of Magellanican is VSOX. Interrogative pronouns or nouns taking an interrogative suffix violate this by being fronted to before the verb.
3) There is an interrogative pronominal possessive suffix: -jet 'whose?'.


6) When an interrogative pronoun is used with a verb, that verb takes plural agreement.
4) Suffixing -je to a noun gives the sense of 'which?'.


=====Relative Pronouns=====
5) The canonical word-order of Avalonian is VSOX. Interrogative pronouns or nouns taking an interrogative suffix violate this by being fronted to before the verb.


Magellanican lacks relative pronouns and therefore uses a strategy of gap relativatisation.
6) When an interrogative pronoun is used with a verb, the appropriate pronominal marker takes plural number.


=====Indefinite Pronouns=====
=====Indefinite Pronouns=====


There is one indefinite pronoun: vahu 'somebody, something'. When placed before a noun it indicates the concept of 'any'. When used with a verb that verb uses plural agreement.
There is one indefinite pronoun: wahu 'somebody, something'. When placed before a noun it indicates the concept of 'any'. When used with a verb that verb uses plural agreement.


=====Negative Pronouns=====
=====Negative Pronouns=====
Line 627: Line 725:


There is one universal pronoun: kal 'everybody, everything'. When placed before a noun in it indicates the concept of 'all' or 'each'. When used with a verb that verb uses plural agreement.
There is one universal pronoun: kal 'everybody, everything'. When placed before a noun in it indicates the concept of 'all' or 'each'. When used with a verb that verb uses plural agreement.
====Adjectives====
1) Magellanican has no true adjectives.
2) There are three types of adjective-equivalents:
a) Several derivational suffixes with an adjectival meaning attached to the noun.
b) A noun in equative case suffix following the noun they modify.
c) Relativised verbs following the noun.


====Possessive Constructions====
====Possessive Constructions====
Line 648: Line 734:
====Numerals====
====Numerals====


1) Magellanic uses a hybrid vigesimal-decimal system with a sub-base of 5..
1) Avalonian uses a hybrid vigesimal-decimal system.


2) The numerals of Magellanican are listed in the table below:
2) The numerals of Avalonian are listed in the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|||Numeral
|'''Number'''||'''Numeral'''
|-
|-
|0||rheru
|0||thera
|-
|-
|1||in
|1||pat
|-
|-
|2||ek
|2||pik
|-
|-
|3||ma
|3||ilur
|-
|-
|4||tu
|4||kvevher
|-
|-
|5||tam
|5||pārha
|-
|-
|6||tamin
|6||hi
|-
|-
|7||tamek
|7||haphi
|-
|-
|8||tamma
|8||hārhi
|-
|-
|9||tantu
|9||navan
|-
|-
|10||tuqet
|10||ampar
|-
|-
|11||tuqetin
|11||amparpat
|-
|-
|12||tuqetek
|12||amparpik
|-
|-
|13||tuqetma
|13||amparilur
|-
|-
|14||tuqettu
|14||ampalkvevher
|-
|-
|15||tuqettam
|15||amparpārha
|-
|-
|16||tuqettamin
|16||ampārhi
|-
|-
|17||tuqettamek
|17||ampārhaphi
|-
|-
|18||tuqettamma
|18||ampārhārhi
|-
|-
|19||tuqettantu
|19||amparnavan
|-
|-
|20||likti
|20||aki
|-
|-
|40||ektikti
|40||pikaki
|-
|-
|60||matikti
|60||iluraki
|-
|-
|80||tulikti
|80||kvevheraki
|-
|-
|100||nette
|100||elun
|-
|-
|200||eknette
|200|| pik elun
|-
|-
|1.000||utkap
|1.000|| milya
|-
|-
|1.965||utkap tantunette matikti tam
|1.965||milya navan elun iluraki pārha
|-
|-
|3.000||maqutkap
|3.000||ilur milya
|-
|-
|10.000||paru
|10.000|| ampar milya
|-
|-
|50.000||tamparu
|50.000|| pikaki ampar milya
|-
|-
|100.000||avhē
|100.000|| elun milya
|-
|-
|600.000||taminavhē
|600.000|| hi elun milya
|-
|-
|1.000.000||jenni
|1.000.000|| milyan
|-
|-
|7.000.000||tamejhenni
|7.000.000|| haphi milyan
|}
|}


Line 733: Line 819:
5) The decimal numerals from 100 and over are prefixed with a number from 1-9 as a multiplier.
5) The decimal numerals from 100 and over are prefixed with a number from 1-9 as a multiplier.


6) Cardinal numerals precede the noun.
6) Cardinal numerals precede the noun which takes the equative cases.


7) Ordinal numerals follow the noun and take the equative case. They take final position in the noun modifier string.
7) Ordinal numerals follow the noun and take the equative case. They take final position in the noun modifier string.
8) The numeral system bears a close resemblence to
those used in Basque and Iberian. It is believed that it was loaned from a relative of Basque or Iberian spoken in pre-Celtic Gallaecia which places the latest limit on the loan at before 1300 BCE. The Avalonian Isles were a rich source of tin at the time which likely explains the borrowing.


===Verbal Morphology===
===Verbal Morphology===
Line 741: Line 830:
====General Remarks On Verbal Morphology====
====General Remarks On Verbal Morphology====


1) Verbs express actions, processes or states of being. Verbs are inflected for A, S and O arguments, aspect, valency and mood.
1) Verbs express actions, processes or states of being. Verbs are inflected for A, S, and O arguments, aspect and mood.


2) Maximal verbal structure:
2) Maximal verbal structure:
Line 747: Line 836:
verbal or nominal root + derivational suffix(es) + aspect suffix + mood suffix + ergative pronominal suffix + absolutive pronominal suffix
verbal or nominal root + derivational suffix(es) + aspect suffix + mood suffix + ergative pronominal suffix + absolutive pronominal suffix


====Verbal Pronominal Suffixes====
====Verbal Argument Suffixes====


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| Person || Absolutive Suffix (Allomorph)|| Ergative Suffix
| '''Person''' ||'''Abbreviation'''|| '''Absolutive Suffix (Allomorph)'''|| '''Ergative Suffix'''
|-
|-
| 1st Person Singular || -ni (-n) || -nti
| 1st Person Singular|| 1SG || -ni (-n)||-nti
|-
|-
|2nd Person Singular||-ki(-k)||-kti
|2nd Person Singular||2SG||-ki (-k)||-kti
|-
|-
| 3rd Person Singular|| -ti(-t)||-tti
| 3rd Person Singular|| 3SG||-ti (-t)||-tti
|-
|-
|4th Person Sinɡular||-pi (-p)||-pti
|4th Person Singular||4SG||-pi (-p)||-pti
|-
|-
|5th Person Singular||-li (-l)||-lti
|1st Person Paucal Exclusive||1PC EXCL||-nuk||-ntuk
|-
|-
| 1st Person Paucal Exclusive || -nuk|| -ntuk
|1st Person Paucal Inclusive||1PC INCL||-nikuk||-niktuk
|-
|-
| 1st Person Paucal Inclusive || -qkuk|| -niktuk
|2nd Person Paucal||2PC||-kuk||-ktuk
|-
|-
| 2nd Person Paucal || -kuk|| -ktuk
|3rd Person Paucal||3PC||-tuk||-ntuk
|-
|-
| 3rd Person Paucal|| -tuk|| -ttuk
|4th Person Paucal||4PC||-puk||-ptuk
|-
|-
|4th Person Paucal||-puk||-ptuk
|1st Person Plural Exclusive||1PL EXCL||-nat||-ntat
|-
|-
|5th Person Paucal ||-luk||-ltuk
|1st Person Plural Inclusive||1PL INCL||-nikat||-niktat
|-
|-
| 1st Person Plural Exclusive|| -nat || -ntat
|2nd Person Plural||2PL||-kat||-ktat
|3rd Person Plural||3PL||-tat||-ttat
|-
|-
| 1st Person Plural Inclusive || -qkat|| -niktat
|4th Person Plural||4PL||-pat||-ptat
|-
|2nd Person Plural||-kat||-ktat
|-
|3rd Person Plural||-tat||-ttat
|-
|4th Person Plural||-pat||-ptat
|-
|5th Person Plural||-lat||-ltat
|}
|}


NB: Parenthesised forms are word-final allomorphs employed after a short vowel.
NB: Parenthesised forms are word-final allomorphs employed after a short vowel.


====Voice====
====Topicalisation====


1) Transitive verbs in Magellanican have three voices:
1) Avalonian lacks true grammatical voice although it does have a system of topicalisation in lieu.


a) Active
2) In transitive verbs, topicalisation is indicated by the presence or absence of verbal pronominal suffices as per the table below:
 
b) Antipassive
 
c) Passive
 
2) These are indicated by the presence or absence of verbal pronominal suffices as per the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|Voice||Abbreviation||Ergative Suffix?||Absolutive Suffix?||Promoted Argument||Case Of Demoted Argument||Function
|'''Prominent Topic'''||'''Ergative Suffix?'''||'''Absolutive Suffix?'''||'''Case Of Topic Argument'''
|-
|-
|Active||ACT||Yes||Yes||N/A||N/A||No topicalisation of either argument
|None||Yes||Yes||ERG or ABS
|-
|-
|Antipassive||ANTIP||Yes||No||ERG||DAT||Topicalisation of A argument
|A argument||Yes||No||DAT
|-
|-
|Passive||PAS||No||Yes||ABS||INST||Topicalisation of O argument
|O argument||No||Yes||INST
|}
|}


3) Intransitive verbs do not indicate voice as their S argument is the only topic of the sentence.
4) Topicalised A or O arguments are fronted to before the verb.
 
5) The S arguments of intransitive verbs never mark topic as they are either the topic or an X argument is elevated to topic.
 
6) Topicalised X argument phrases are fronted to before the verb.
 
7) Relativised verbs may not have topicalised arguments.


====Mood and Modality====
====Mood and Modality====


1) Magellanican has four formally marked moods. These are listed in the table below:
1) Avalonian has four formally marked moods. These are listed in the table below:




{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|Mood||Abbrevation||Suffix||Function
|'''Mood'''||'''Abbrevation'''||'''Suffix'''||'''Function'''
|-
|-
|Indicative||IND||-∅||Declarative statements
|Indicative||IND||-∅||Declarative statements
Line 830: Line 912:
|Conditional||COND||-ntu||"If" statements
|Conditional||COND||-ntu||"If" statements
|-
|-
|Coordinative||COORD||-tvā||Marks an action going on at the same time as another action.
|Coordinative||COORD||-tkā||Marks an action going on at the same time as another action.
|}
|}


Line 845: Line 927:
1) The imperative indicates that an order to perform an action is made. The base form of the verb marks the imperative.
1) The imperative indicates that an order to perform an action is made. The base form of the verb marks the imperative.


2) The prohibitive marks that an order to not perform an action is made. The prohibitive is formed by placing the negative particle va before the base form of the verb.
2) The prohibitive marks that an order to not perform an action is made. The prohibitive is formed by placing the negative particle tā before the base form of the verb.


====Tense====
====Tense====


Magellanican lacks tense as a grammatical category. However, tense-like functions are provided by several derivational suffixes.
Avalonian lacks tense as a grammatical category. However, tense-like functions are provided by several derivational suffixes.


====Aspect====
====Aspect====


1) Magellanican has two aspects. These are listed in the table below:
1) Avalonian has two aspects. These are listed in the table below:


{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|Name|| Abbreviation|| Suffix||Function
|'''Name'''|| '''Abbreviation'''|| '''Suffix'''||'''Function'''
|-
|-
|Imperfective||IPFV||-∅||Indicates an ongoing action
|Imperfective||IPFV||-∅||Indicates an ongoing action
Line 868: Line 950:
====The Gerund====
====The Gerund====


1) The gerund uses the suffix -ken which is adde in lieu of pronominal ergative or absolutive suffixes
1) The gerund uses the suffix -ken which is added in lieu of pronominal ergative or absolutive suffixes


2) It transforms the verb into a noun which can be used much as any noun can.
2) It transforms the verb into a noun which can be used much as any noun can.
====Participles====
Avalonian lacks participles and uses a relativised verb.


====Adverbs====
====Adverbs====


1) Magellanican lacks true adverbs.
1) Avalonian lacks true adverbs.


2) Forms conveying adverbial meanings appear in three classes:
2) Forms conveying adverbial meanings appear in three classes:
Line 884: Line 970:
====Relativisation====
====Relativisation====


1) Magellanican lacks relative pronouns and uses gap relativisation.
1) Avalonian lacks relative pronouns and uses gap relativisation.


2) A relativised clause follows the noun it modifies.
2) A relativised clause follows the noun it modifies.


===Other Parts Of Speech===
====Adjectives====
1) Avalonian lacks true adjectives.
2) Forms conveying advectival functions occur in three classes:
a) A closed class of nominal suffixes with adjectival meanings.
b) A noun taking the equative case and following the referent.
c) A relativised verb.


===Other Parts Of Speech===
====Adpositions====
====Adpositions====
1) Magellanican lacks true adpositions.
1) Avalonian lacks true adpositions.


2) It does have three classes of adposition-equivalents:
2) It does have three classes of adposition-equivalents:
Line 903: Line 1,000:
====Derivational Suffixes====
====Derivational Suffixes====


1) There are hundreds of derivational suffixes in Magellanican and they fall into the following types:
1) There are hundreds of derivational suffixes in Avalonian and they fall into the following types:


a) Denominalisers
a) Denominalisers
Line 927: Line 1,024:
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
1) The canonical word order of Avalonian is VSOX. This is detailed as follows:
verb phrase + agent phrase or subject phrase + object phrase + oblique phrase
2) Topicalisation or wh-fronting may front one of the agent , the subject, the object or the oblique phrases to before the verb.
===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
Line 938: Line 1,042:
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|English||Magellanican
|'''English'''||'''Avalonian'''
|-
|amber ||verhu
|-
|apple||hakar
|-
|automobile ||karpat
|-
|Avalonian Isles ||Telku
|-
|Avalonian Penny ||tenar
|-
|Avalonian Pound (currency)||lirhu
|-
|Avalonians ||kammir
|-
|badger||wekpek
|-
|banana ||mhanana
|-
|bear ||kārha
|-
|-
|apple||manhan
|bee||aral
|-
|-
|banana||wanna
|beer ||hurmi
|-
|-
|beryl||larhin
|beryl||larhin
|-
|-
|boat||kilja
|billy goat ||ahar
|-
|bird||hari
|-
|black tea ||trā
|-
|blackbird ||haha
|-
|boar ||hārha
|-
|boat ||kilya
|-
|-
|borax||itte
|borax||itte
|-
|-
|boy||tunni
|boy ||tunni
|-
|bread ||aki
|-
|Britain (island)||alpigan
|-
|brother ||larin
|-
|bridge||hilta
|-
|bull ||āhan
|-
|butter ||ampan
|-
|cart, wagon||kurti
|-
|cat ||kattu
|-
|cheese ||kathan
|-
|-
|brother||larin
|cheetah ||trita
|-
|-
|cat (placental)||jatu
|chicken, hen ||jara
|-
|-
|cheetah (marsupial)||altan
|chip, French fry ||trip
|-
|-
|coal||munra
|coal||munra
|-
|-
|cow (marsupial)||jatke
|cockerel, rooster ||haljak
|-
|-
|cow (placental)||waka
|cow ||pigi
|-
|-
|celebration||lipta
|celebration||lipta
|-
|-
|child||laphi
|child ||lāphi
|-
|-
|chocolate||rhulhat
|chill, coldness ||pelē
|-
|-
|coffee||kappe
|chocolate ||trakalat
|-
|-
|community||kara
|clitoris||tāra
|-
|coffee ||kaphe
|-
|community, group||qara
|-
|-
|copper||wēke
|copper||wēke
Line 978: Line 1,134:
|cost, price||lhitu
|cost, price||lhitu
|-
|-
|dagger||elha
|crab ||hārhag
|-
|-
|darkness||valru
|cultivated field ||heli
|-
|-
|dog-badger (marsupial)||wekpek
|dagger||ērha
|-
|-
|dog (placental)||peru, ūrī
|darkness ||vallu
|-
|-
|doll||numwak
|ditch||lhata
|-
|-
|domestic species of Magellanican goose||hanhi
|dog ||kipmik
|-
|-
|leopard-bear (marsupial)||makar
|doll||nugwak
|-
|duck||lakka
|-
|-
|dwarf (mythological)||takal
|dwarf (mythological)||takal
Line 996: Line 1,154:
|eel||ninrak
|eel||ninrak
|-
|-
|elf||ejak
|elf||eyak
|-
|-
|face||lurti
|face||lurti
|-
|-
|father||ata
|father||atta
|-
|-
|fellow||ithup
|fellow ||nihan
|-
|-
|finger||karak
|finger||karak
|-
|-
|finger-ring||kerpun
|finger-ring||nakha
|-
|-
|fire||jarha
|fire, flames ||qhārhu
|-
|-
|flower||wetta
|flower ||lvetta
|-
|-
|football||whatpal
|foot (anatomy)||īhak
|-
|football ||phutpal
|-
|foreigner ||kihan
|-
|fort ||rhīkhi
|-
|-
|forest||nuna
|forest||nuna
|-
|-
|fox (marsupial)||rewek
|fox ||hintak
|-
|-
|garden||rhūha
|garden||rhūha
|-
|-
|giant otter-platypus (monotreme)||hirta
|garlic||rhema
|-
|gay person ||kī
|-
|-
|girl||lirha
|girl ||lirha
|-
|-
|glass||hellu
|glass (substance)||lagya
|-
|goat ||anū
|-
|god||uttak
|-
|gold ||urra
|-
|-
|good fortune||anak
|good fortune||anak
|-
|grain||qalle
|-
|-
|grandfather||anra
|grandfather||anra
|-
|-
|grandmother||awha
|grandmother||avha
|-
|grape||panā
|-
|green tea ||tē
|-
|guinea pig ||kamhē
|-
|hand||arkak
|-
|head||nahuk
|-
|-
|heartbeat||tuntun
|heartbeat||tuntun
|-
|-
|horse (placental)||kawal
|horns ||valluk
|-
|horse ||halti
|-
|deer||tunta
|-
|house ||enlu
|-
|-
|horse-tapir (marsupial)||tunta
|human being ||hamin
|-
|-
|house||enlu
|human right, need for autonomy||mēran
|-
|-
|ice||hilku
|ice||hilku
Line 1,045: Line 1,235:
|-
|-
|Indian Ocean||Innik
|Indian Ocean||Innik
|-
|internet||uggutti janukennu
|-
|Ireland (island)||Hivarjan
|-
|iron ||harna
|-
|island||hāri
|-
|-
|king||tanek
|king||tanek
|-
|-
|language||nawha
|lady ||anter
|-
|land, country || tela
|-
|language||navha
|-
|letter, word||liter
|-
|life||mūge
|-
|-
|letter||uljek
|liquor||traju
|-
|-
|life||mūqe
|liver||kapil
|-
|-
|liquor||rhaju
|lord||antā
|-
|-
|liver||jepil
|stag||munnu
|-
|-
|Magellanica||Telku
|man ||janak
|-
|-
|mammoth (marsupial)||munnu
|mouse||luhā
|-
|-
|man||janak
|milk ||ahan
|-
|-
|money||ekhep
|money ||thalir
|-
|-
|month||lhina
|month||ille
|-
|-
|moon||lhina
|moon||ille
|-
|-
|mountain||kaja
|mountain||kaja
|-
|-
|mother||ama
|mother||amma
|-
|-
|negro||nekur
|net, web||ugga
|-
|-
|night||natar
|night||natar
Line 1,082: Line 1,288:
|orange||naran
|orange||naran
|-
|-
|person||lūhi
|otter ||hirta
|-
|-
|pig (marsupial)||parkā
|pasture ||larre
|-
|-
|pig (placental)||kellu, puqa
|penis||nhanner
|-
|people, folk, nation ||lūki
|-
|pig||urti
|-
|-
|pillow||ajen
|pillow||ajen
|-
|-
|pistol||elha jarhat
|pistol||ērha ghārhut
|-
|plough ||kalta
|-
|puppet ||ithal
|-
|rabbit||keppa
|-
|rain||bakan
|-
|ram, male sheep ||anri
|-
|-
|rabbit (marsupial)||keppa
|rib (anatomy)||thela
|-
|-
|rain||wakan
|rifle||elhā ghārhut
|-
|-
|raccoon (marsupial)||willū
|road||vige
|-
|-
|rifle||elhat jarhat
|rock||karra
|-
|-
|road||wiqe
|room||kanra
|-
|-
|sabre-tooth tiger (marsupial)||kaptan
|salt ||rhūne
|-
|-
|salt||rhūne
|sea ||īthā
|-
|-
|sea||irhat
|shadow ||keppet
|-
|-
|shadow||jewet
|sheep ||arti
|-
|silver ||hirra
|-
|-
|sister||kalū
|sister||kalū
|-
|-
|sky||lahi
|sky||lāhi
|-
|-
|social group||kara
|slave, thrall ||nhaka
|-
|-
|spear||elhat
|soft drink ||kigkatpitkal
|-
|Spain||Hiphagja
|-
|spear||elhā
|-
|-
|spouse||melki
|spouse||melki
|-
|-
|stone (substance)|| tulke
|stallion ||halluk
|-
|star||kakhā
|-
|-
|sun||rhahā
|stone (substance)|| karra
|-
|-
|sword||rhiqak
|sugar ||thukar
|-
|-
|taro||tara
|sun||rhahā
|-
|-
|tea||itē
|sword ||ghiqak
|-
|-
|tavern||pūni
|tavern||pūni
Line 1,136: Line 1,364:
|thing||latpu
|thing||latpu
|-
|-
|thumb||kuptu
|throne ||tronu
|-
|thumb ||kulhu
|-
|-
|tree||rhuqē
|tin (metal) ||thakna
|-
|-
|vampire (European)||wamre
|trans person ||tranthi
|-
|-
|voice||nawha
|tree||rhugē
|-
|-
|water||ninta
|vampire (European) ||vampir
|-
|-
|wind||whertu
|voice ||navha
|-
|-
|wolf (marsupial)||nāru
|vulva||villū
|-
|-
|woman||kimet
|war ||hāghat
|-
|-
|world||hanra
|water ||ninta
|-
|-
|word||uljek
|wheel||raha
|-
|-
|zebra (marsupial)||hapa
|wind ||hvethut
|-
|wolf ||lhajhu
|-
|woman ||kimet
|-
|world ||hanra
|-
|zebra||therha
|}
|}


Line 1,163: Line 1,401:
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|English||Magellanican
|'''English'''||'''Avalonian'''
|-
|aggravate, irritate||trummu
|-
|-
|be awake||alwin
|be awake||alwin
|-
|-
|be beautiful||wata
|be beautiful||wata
|-
|be beneath, be under||uggu
|-
|be between, be among||janu
|-
|-
|be brave|| tathak
|be brave|| tathak
|-
|-
|be cold||hekal
|be cold||hekal
|-
|be crazy||enni
|-
|-
|be diseased||narun
|be diseased||narun
|-
|be English||hākha
|-
|-
|be free, have freedom||elē
|be free, have freedom||elē
Line 1,179: Line 1,427:
|be good||iktū
|be good||iktū
|-
|-
|be important||aran
|be green||latha
|-
|be important||qaran
|-
|be kind||taara
|-
|be named||haltran
|-
|be sad||ewē
|-
|-
|be kind||tāra
|be thirsty||arwaa
|-
|-
|be thirsty||arwā
|be wicked||truke
|-
|-
|be wicked||marha
|bind||netak
|-
|-
|bite||kalka
|bite||kalka
|-
|-
|blame||kāma
|blame||kāma
|-
|bring||kamha
|-
|-
|bully, dog, harry||nipmin
|bully, dog, harry||nipmin
|-
|burn something||lhirhak
|-
|-
|carouse||tijam
|carouse||tijam
|-
|-
|choose||kīmi
|choose||kiimi
|-
|-
|die||hirhu
|die||hirhu
Line 1,201: Line 1,461:
|discuss||kenja
|discuss||kenja
|-
|-
|drink||kinkat
|dream||alar
|-
|drink||kigkat
|-
|drive, strike||rhanka
|-
|-
|eat||matu
|eat||matu
Line 1,208: Line 1,472:
|-
|-
|examine||nara
|examine||nara
|-
|exist||na
|-
|-
|fade||miki
|fade||miki
Line 1,213: Line 1,479:
|fight||jhunni
|fight||jhunni
|-
|-
|flee||uktē
|find||rinnil
|-
|flee||quktee
|-
|-
|go||palka
|go||palka
Line 1,219: Line 1,487:
|hate||waren
|hate||waren
|-
|-
|help||alma
|hear||lhaathi
|-
|help||qalma
|-
|howl||nawa
|-
|-
|howl||nava
|hunt||rhikar
|-
|-
|kill||tuwa
|jump, leap||phatte
|-
|kill||utpa
|-
|know||iktē
|-
|-
|laugh||lalha
|laugh||lalha
|-
|-
|learn||itta
|learn||qitta
|-
|-
|like||tajak
|like||tajak
|-
|-
|love||kimje
|love||kimje
|-
|meet||ānhim
|-
|-
|merit||irhu
|merit||irhu
Line 1,237: Line 1,515:
|return||tuli
|return||tuli
|-
|-
|sleep||ikna
|rule||malik
|-
|see||hintu
|-
|sleep||qikna
|-
|-
|tell||penta
|tell||penta
|-
|-
|urinate||urhuk
|urinate||qurhuk
|-
|-
|wander||wilte
|wander||wilte
Line 1,247: Line 1,529:
|wane||miki
|wane||miki
|-
|-
|weave||kumū
|weave||kumuu
|}
|}


Line 1,254: Line 1,536:
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|English||Magellanican
|'''English'''||'''Avalonian'''
|-
|-
|agentive deverbaliser||-jak
|agentive nominaliser||-juk
|-
|-
|allow, let, permit||-whim
|allow, let, permit||-hvim
|-
|-
|always||-utkū
|always||-utkū
Line 1,264: Line 1,546:
|be big||-pkak
|be big||-pkak
|-
|-
|be filled with||-hawit
|be black, be dressed in black, be brown-haired||-kthat
|-
|be filled with||-havit
|-
|-
|be good||-tara
|be good||-tara
Line 1,275: Line 1,559:
|-
|-
|be red, be dressed in red, be red-haired||-rutta
|be red, be dressed in red, be red-haired||-rutta
|-
|be required to||-mimmi
|-
|-
|be white, be dressed in white, be fair-haired||-karik
|be white, be dressed in white, be fair-haired||-karik
Line 1,280: Line 1,566:
|can||-nnus
|can||-nnus
|-
|-
|cute, small||-tkal
|cute, sickly sweet, small, twee||-tkal
|-
|-
|for a time||-tpi
|for a time||-tpi
|-
|-
|forever||-njup
|forever||-qyup
|-
|-
|from mud, using mud||-maru
|from mud, using mud||-maru
|-
|-
|group of things||-kalwe
|group of things||-kalve
|-
|-
|have a nostalgic quality||-jāri
|have a nostalgic quality||-yāri
|-
|-
|have an urge to||-kawhit
|have an urge to||-kavhit
|-
|-
|intend to||-nnep
|intend to||-nnep
|-
|-
|instrumental deverbaliser||-tpet
|instrumental nominaliser||-tpet
|-
|-
|just now||-tukhe
|just now||-tukhe
Line 1,302: Line 1,588:
|must||-mithu
|must||-mithu
|-
|-
|need||-ljū
|need||-lyū
|-
|-
|objective deverbaliser||-pin
|oblique nominaliser||-kmhit
|-
|-
|possibly||-nē
|possibly||-nē
|-
|result of a process||-thul
|-
|-
|so it is said||-kpenta
|so it is said||-kpenta
Line 1,312: Line 1,600:
|still, nonetheless||-jū
|still, nonetheless||-jū
|-
|-
|subjective deverbaliser||-pin
|subjective/objective nominaliser||-pin
|-
|-
|through, piercing||-knut
|through, piercing||-knut
Line 1,318: Line 1,606:
|to be||-mmek
|to be||-mmek
|-
|-
|to cause||-tuwa
|to cause||-tuva
|-
|-
|to do||-tuwa
|to do||-tuva
|-
|-
|to have||-min
|to have||-min
Line 1,326: Line 1,614:
|to make||-tuwa
|to make||-tuwa
|-
|-
|to regret||-ewē
|to regret||-qevē
|-
|-
|to seem||-luthi
|to seem, to be like||mhe
|-
|-
|tomorrow||-jerhe
|tomorrow||-yerhe
|-
|-
|truly||-athan
|truly||-qathan
|-
|-
|under||-nnu
|under||-nnu
|-
|undo, negate||-nhir
|-
|-
|very||-pkak
|very||-pkak
Line 1,345: Line 1,635:
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|English||Magellanican
|'''English'''||'''Avalonian'''
|-
|and (connects clauses)||yam
|-
|-
|and||jam
|and (connects nouns)||nu
|-
|-
|but||jam
|but||yam
|-
|-
|many (emphatic)||rim
|many (emphatic)||rim
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Avalonian"