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'''Hirathic''' (''hirathis'' [[χiˈɾaθis]]] or ''vepos hirathōn'' [[ˈvɛpɔs ˈχiˈɾaθɔːn]]]) is the name of the [[w:Indo-European language|Indo-European language]] spoken in antiquity around the Mediterranean basin. A [[w:Centum language|centum]] language, it is believed by some to be closely related to Greek, by some to Armenian and by yet others to Albanian.  
'''Hirathic''' (''hirathis'' [[w:IPA|[χiˈɾaθis]]] or ''vepos hirathōn'' [[w:IPA|[ˈvɛpɔs ˈχiˈɾaθɔːn]]]) is the name of the [[w:Indo-European language|Indo-European language]] spoken in antiquity around the Mediterranean basin. A [[w:Centum language|centum]] language, it is believed by some to be closely related to Greek, by some to Armenian and by yet others to Albanian.  


{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = Hirathic
|name = Hirathic
|nativename = [[w:Greek alphabet|ΧΙΡΑΘΙΣ]] hirathis
|nativename = [[w:Greek alphabet|ΧΙΡΑΘΙΣ]]<br/> hirathis
|pronunciation = [χiˈɾaθis]
|pronunciation = χiˈɾaθis
|region = Eurasia
|region = Eurasia
|states =  
|setting = Mediterranean basin
|nation =  
|era = 1000–400 BCE
|speakers = -
|date = 2013
|familycolor = Indo-European
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|clcr = qhi
|fam2 = (unclassified) (?)
|script1        = Latn
|iso1 = hi
|script2        = Grek
|iso2 = hi
|creator=User:Chrysophylax
|iso3 = qhi
|script        = [[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Greek alphabet|Greek]]
|agency        =
}}
}}
==Name==
The Hirathic noun ''hirathis'' can be translated as “that which is tall; that which is grown; that which is cultivated; that which is refined”. It is a nominal of the root ''hir-'' “to grow; raise; make high”.
The similarly sounding auto-ethnonym of its speakers ''hirathēi'' (also ''hiratēi'') is directly related to ''hirathis'' and means something akin to “the tall ones; the refined ones”.
Other names for the language include ''hirathōn'' “of the high ones”, ''vepos'' “speech”, a combination of both, and ''vepos nim'' “our speech”.
==Background==
==Background==
 
===External history===
Hirathic is my latest attempt at making an a posteriori language based on Proto-Indo-European. It is primarily inspired by developments found in the Greek and Albanian branches of the Indo-European language family. It also serves as yet another opportunity for me to delve into Indo-European linguistics. Hirathic has furthermore a set of words from an in-universe pre-Indo-European language termed the [[Hirathic/Substrate|Hirathic substrate language]] which is basically my excuse to plop in words here and there without having to take them from a [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] root.
Hirathic is my latest attempt at making an a posteriori language based on Proto-Indo-European. It is primarily inspired by developments found in the Greek and Albanian branches of the Indo-European language family. It also serves as yet another opportunity for me to delve into Indo-European linguistics. Hirathic has furthermore a set of words from an in-universe pre-Indo-European language termed the [[Hirathic/Substrate|Hirathic substrate language]] which is basically my excuse to plop in words here and there without having to take them from a [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] root.


Unlike [[Dhannuá]] which was originally envisioned as a plausible modern Indo-European-descended language, I aim for Hirathic to be more like Old Norse, Sanskrit, Old Latin, Ancient Greek, that is, a language of epic cants and myths that is no longer spoken.
Unlike [[Dhannuá]] which was originally envisioned as a plausible modern Indo-European-descended language, I aim for Hirathic to be more like Old Norse, Sanskrit, Old Latin, Ancient Greek, that is, a language of epic cants and myths that is no longer spoken.


==Name==
===Internal history===
Hirathic's English name derives from the [[wiktionary:autoglossonym|autoglottonym]] ''hirathis''~''khirathis'' which is believed to be a derivation of PIE *gʰreH- 'to grow' with a suffix *-tis 'abstract', thus meaning  'that which is grown', 'that which is cultivated', and by extension 'that which is refined'. Related is the auto-ethnonym ''hirathēi'' 'the high ones'.
Hirathic is descended from a centum dialect of the Proto-Indo-European language. Not much is known about its origins although there have been attempts to link it with the Illyrian languages, Phrygian, and Greek. While sharing several common sound changes with Greek, it displays many oddities which preclude it from being firmly set in a Hellenic family. What is known is that Hirathic of some sort was spoken around the first millenium BCE to the late fourth century BCE in the Balkans and Southern Italy before being overtaken by Greek and Latin.
 
<!-- dev. IE > Balk~Med~Anat? dispers. insul~mount? båda? exp. doric syn aeol++. thrac,illyr,dac, loanvortes(?) paleo-balkan, periph. centum dial.  -->
Other names for the language include ''hirathōn'' 'of the high ones', ''vepos'' 'speech', a combination of both (as seen in the Smyrna cave inscription '''ϜΕΠΟΣΧΙ(Ρ)ΑΘ(Ω)Ν'''), ''vepos nim'' 'our speech'.


==Notes on transcription==
<!-- ===Notes on transcription===
<s>
Transcribing Hirathic to the Latin alphabet is usually straightforward as Hirathic uses an older variant of the Greek alphabet. The only problem to this is the treatment of Χ, χ.  
Transcribing Hirathic to the Latin alphabet is usually straightforward as Hirathic uses an older variant of the Greek alphabet. The only problem to this is the treatment of Χ, χ.  
The most common way to write this sound /χ/ is <h> (e.g., Hirathic), though an older method, using <kh>, is still encountered in some publications (cf. the common use of 'ph', 'th' for letters φ and θ respectively.) Some incorrectly use <x> because of its graphical similarity, <x> represents the consonant cluster /ks/ in all widespread systems.
The most common way to write this sound /χ/ is <h> (e.g., Hirathic), though an older method, using <kh>, is still encountered in some publications (cf. the common use of 'ph', 'th' for letters φ and θ respectively.) Some incorrectly use <x> because of its graphical similarity, <x> represents the consonant cluster /ks/ in all widespread systems.
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* φ, θ; <ph>, <th>
* φ, θ; <ph>, <th>
* the long vowels η ω are transcribed as <ē>, <ō>
* the long vowels η ω are transcribed as <ē>, <ō>
 
==Features==
</s>
 
TODO romanization in writing system
-->


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
 
The phonology of Hirathic is relatively simple with 15 distinctive consonants and six vowels with distinctive length. This table represents the pronunciation of the widespread dialect spoken in the Balkan Peninsula in the 6th century BCE. It is a direct continuation of phonemes found in Proto-Indo-European as modified by regular sound changes and as such have cognates in many European languages like English, Greek, or Lithuanian.
===Vowels===
===Consonants===
TODO
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|+ Hirathic consonants
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
|-
||
! &nbsp;
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
! [[w:bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
! [[w:labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
! [[w:dental consonant|Dental]]
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
! [[w:alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
! [[w:velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[w:uvular consonant|Uvular]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal stop|Nasal]]
|{{IPA|m}}
|
|
|{{IPA|n}}
|
|
|-
! [[w:Plosive|Plosive]]
|{{IPA|p}} {{IPA|pʰ}} {{IPA|b}}
|
|{{IPA|t}} {{IPA|d}}
|
|{{IPA|k}} {{IPA|g}}
|
|-
! [[w:Fricative|Fricative]]
|
|{{IPA|v}}
|{{IPA|θ}}
|{{IPA|s}}
|
|{{IPA|χ}}
|-
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
! [[w:trill consonant|Trill]]
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
|
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|
|
|{{IPA|r}}
|
|
|-
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |
! [[w:Lateral approximant|Lateral approximant]]
|
|
|
|{{IPA|l}}
|
|
|}


<!-- CLOSE VOWELS -->
===Vowels===
<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
The common dialect of Hirathic distinguishes three heights (a-e-i), front and back (e-o, y-u), roundedness (i-y), and length (e - e:) in its vowel system. This is very similar to other older Indo-European languages. Cognates of the vowels are found in many European languages, even in English, e.g., ''y'''o'''ke'' and Hirathic ''th'''u'''gon'', both reflecting common Proto-Indo-European ''*y'''u'''góm''
i y</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div>


<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:29%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɪ)</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:47.5%; width:2.66em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɪ̈)</div>


<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
{| class="IPA wikitable"
<div style="position:absolute; left:16%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
|-
(e)</div>
!
!colspan=2 |[[wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]]
![[wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! &nbsp;
!<small>[[wikipedia:Roundedness|unrounded]]
!colspan=2|<small>[[wikipedia:roundedness|rounded]]
|- align=center
! [[wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]]
|ι
i
|υ υι
y
|υ ευ
u u:
|- align=center
![[wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|ε
e
|
|ο
o
|- align=center
![[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|η
ɛː
|
|ω
ɔː
|- align=center
![[wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan=3|α
a aː
|}
===Phonotactics===
===Stress===


<!-- MID VOWELS -->
==Grammar==
<div style="position:absolute; left:24.4%; width:2.33em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
{{main|Hirathic grammar}}
e̞</div>
Hirathic is a highly inflected language TODO
===Nouns===


<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o̞</div>
===Adjectives===
===Verbs===
Verbs are highly inflected in Hirathic, similar to many other older Indo-European languages such as Latin, Sanskrit, Old Irish, or Old Church Slavonic.  A student of any of the aforementioned languages will surely recognise many similarities between them and Hirathic. Like their relatives, the Hirathic verbs inflect or conjugate for person (1<sup>st</sup>, 2<sup>nd</sup>, 3<sup>rd</sup>), number (singular, plural), tense, aspect, voice, and mood.
====Tense====
Hirathic has three primary time distinctions: the present ({{sc|pres}}), the past ({{sc|past}}), and the future ({{sc|fut}}). While the present and the past are inherited straight from Proto-Indo-European, the origin of the future tense, formed by affixing '''-s''' to the stem, is probably a shared innovation from Late PIE, cf. Latin [[wiktionary:faxo|faxo]].
====Aspect====
Verbs are innately either perfect ({{sc|perf}}) or imperfective({{sc|ipfv}}) in aspect. To switch between these two aspects, most verbs demand a suffixation or a stem vowel change. Some verbs that have a bound preposition usually belong to a specific aspect, e.g., {{term|εχσειμι}} (''ekseimmi'') is perfective, derived from the union of the preposition {{term|εχς}} ‘out’ and {{term|ειμι}} ‘I go’, an imperfective verb, while the verb {{term|αθακαουθωμι}} (''āthākā́outhōmi'') ‘I listen anew, repeatedly’ is imperfective, a situation not unlike the modern Slavic verbal system.


<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS -->
====Mood====
====Voice====
===Syntax===
===Compounding===


<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS -->
==Writing system==
Hirathic natively used an archaic variant of the Greek alphabet. In modern times, the Hirathic variant of the Greek alphabet is often replaced with the standardised Ancient Greek alphabet for reasons of typesetting convenience.


<!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
{| class=wikitable
<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
a</div>
<!-- <div style="position:absolute; left:83.8%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɑ)</div>-->
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
|-
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
|IPA
||a
||b
||g
||d
||ɛ
||v
||ɛː
||θ
||i
||k
||l
||m
||n
||ɔ
||p
||r~ɾ
||s
||t
||y
||pʰ
||χ
||ps
||ɔː
|-
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
|Hirathic
||[[File:Greek Alpha 04.svg|x12px]]
||[[File:Greek Beta 01.svg|x12px]]
||[[File:Greek Gamma archaic 1.svg|x12px]]
||[[File:Greek Delta 03.svg|x12px]]
||[[File:Greek Epsilon archaic.svg|x12px]]
||[[File:Greek Digamma oblique.svg|x12px]]
||[[File:Greek Eta archaic.svg|x12px]]
||[[File:Phoenician teth.svg|x12px]]
||[[File:Greek Iota normal.svg|x12px]]
||[[File:Greek Kappa normal.svg|x12px]]
||[[File:Greek Lambda 06.svg|x12px]]
||[[File:Greek Mu 06.svg|x12px]]
||[[File:Greek Nu 06.svg|x12px]]
||[[File:Greek Omicron 04.svg|x12px]]
||[[File:Greek Pi rounded.svg|x12px]]
||[[File:Greek Rho 07.svg|x12px]]
||[[File:Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg|x12px]]
||[[File:Greek Tau normal.svg|x12px]]
||[[File:Greek Upsilon normal.svg|x12px]]
||[[File:Greek Phi 03.svg|x12px]]
||[[File:Greek Chi normal.svg|x12px]]
||[[File:Greek Psi V-shaped.svg|x12px]]
||[[File:Greek Omega 04.svg|x12px]]
|-
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
|Modern
|-
||Α α
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
||Β β
||Γ γ
||Δ δ
||Ε ε
||Ϝ ϝ
||Η η
||Θ θ
||Ι ι
||Κ κ
||Λ λ
||Μ μ
||Ν ν
||Ο ο
||Π π
||Ρ ρ
||Σ σ ς
||Τ τ
||Υ υ
||Φ φ
||Χ χ
||Ψ ψ
||Ω ω
|}
|}
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- You might want to replace "sounds" with Phonology, Phonotactics and so on -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:


Vowel inventory
===Romanization of Hirathic Greek script===
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Phonotactics
Stress
Intonation


-->
==Changes from Indo-European==
{{main|Hirathic/Proto-Hirathic}}


==Loans==
==Loans==
A specific subset of the lexicon contains a substantial amount of loanwords from an unidentified substrate language, primarily in marine, religious and warfare contexts. This language has been called the [[Hirathic/Substrate|Hirathic substrate language]].
A specific subset of the lexicon contains a substantial amount of loanwords from an unidentified substrate language, primarily in marine, religious and warfare contexts. The [[Hirathic/Substrate|Hirathic substrate language]] does not appear to be related to any known language and is usually considered an isolate.


Some examples:  
Some examples:  


: {{c|χαφταψ}} ''χaphtaps'' 'warlord', from '''xaphdáph''' of the same meaning.
: {{term|χαφταψ}} ''χaphtaps'' 'warlord', from '''xaphdáph''' of the same meaning.
: {{c|δαϝοτυς}} ''davotus'' 'priest of a particular god', from '''dáwátus''' 'lighter of the flame'
: {{term|δαϝοτυς}} ''davotus'' 'priest of a particular god', from '''dáwátus''' 'lighter of the flame'
: {{c|φεθαχς}} ''phethax'' 'axe-bearer, bodyguard', from '''fexa''' 'axe'
: {{term|φεθαχς}} ''phethax'' 'axe-bearer, bodyguard', from '''fexa''' 'axe'
: {{c|nωθη}} ''nōthē'' 'the Ocean', from '''nōthē''' of the same meaning.
: {{term|nωθη}} ''nōthē'' 'the Ocean', from '''nōthē''' of the same meaning.
: {{c|θηθυψ}} ''thēthups'' 'temple', from '''sēdhuf''' of the same meaning.
: {{term|θηθυψ}} ''thēthups'' 'temple', from '''sēdhuf''' of the same meaning.
: {{c|ϝυχοτυς}} ''vuχotus'' 'orator', from '''wuhkotus''' 'who makes speech'.
: {{term|ϝυχοτυς}} ''vuχotus'' 'orator', from '''wuhkotus''' 'who makes speech'.
: {{c|ϝυναχς}} ''vunax'' 'poet', from '''wuhnako''' 'who has speech as a profession', from '''wuhko''' + infix '''-na-''' 'profession'
: {{term|ϝυναχς}} ''vunax'' 'poet', from '''wuhnako''' 'who has speech as a profession', from '''wuhko''' + infix '''-na-''' 'profession'
: {{c|νωναθηι}} ''nōnathēi'' 'fisherman' from '''nōnathē''' 'who has the sea as a profession', from '''nōthē''' + infix '''-na-''' 'profession'
: {{term|νωναθηι}} ''nōnathēi'' 'fisherman' from '''nōnathē''' 'who has the sea as a profession', from '''nōthē''' + infix '''-na-''' 'profession'
 


==Language sample==
==Language sample==
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