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Wendish: Difference between revisions

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''Wendish'' ( 'wenska rec') is a West-Slavic language spoken in the Wendland, a histroical region in Lower Saxony. The language belongs to the lechitc Branch of West-Slavic and is most closely related to Kashubian. Wendish has only about 1200 speakers and is highly endangered. All speakers are bilingual or trilingual, speaking Wendisch, German and many of them Low Saxon. Allmost all speakers are elderly and despite efforts in recent years to introduce Wendish in education and media the number of speakers are declining as younger people usally speak German as their first language.
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image=
|image=
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| c·ɟ</br><i>kj/tj·gj/dj</i>
| c·ɟ</br><i>kj/tj·gj/dj</i>1
| kʲ·gʲ</br><i>kij·gij</i>
|  
|-
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| ts·dz</br><b>c·dz</b>
| <b>c·dz</b></br>/ts·dz/
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|tsʲ·dzʲ</br><b>ć·dź</b>
|<b>cj·dzj</b></br>/tsʲ·dzʲ/
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|  
|  
| s·z
| s·z
| ʃ·ʒ</br><i>sch·dsch</i>
| <b>(sch·dsch)</b></br>/ʃ·ʒ/
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! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! {{small| hard}}
! {{small| hard}}
| f·v</br><u>f/v·w</i>
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|  
| <b>(f)·w</b></br><u>/f·v/</i>
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|-
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! {{small| soft}}
! {{small| soft}}
|   vʲ</br><i>wj</i>
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|  <b> wj</b></br>/vʲ/
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====Allophony====
 
The palato-alvelar sounds ś,ź,ć and dź are traditionally pronounced as [] but through German influence these tend to become postalveolar and are articulated with labial rounding: [] As result the sounds sch and ś as well as dsch and ź merge, especially in younger people’s speech.
1 The palatal Plosives c and ɟ are pronounced as the affricates [tɕ] and [dʑ] in some dialects.
2 The palato-alvelar sounds <b>ś,ź,ć</b> and <b>dź</b> are traditionally pronounced as [ɕ,ʑ,tɕ,dʑ] but through German influence these tend to become postalveolar and are articulated with labial rounding as []. As result the sounds <b>sch</b> and <b>ś</b> as well as <b>dsch</b> and <b>ź</b> merge, especially in younger people’s speech.


The sound l is pronounced [l] in intial and medial position and as [ł] in final position and before consonants.  
The sound l is pronounced [l] in intial and medial position and as [ł] in final position and before consonants.  
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====Assimilation====
====Assimilation====


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
====Monophthongs====
Dravenian has 13 phonemic vowels including some unusual sounds for a Slavic language like /y/ and /œ/.
Dravenian has 13 phonemic vowels including some unusual sounds for a Slavic language like /y/ and /œ/.


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It has preserved the Slavic nasal vowels, although the Dravenian nasal vowels aren’t a direct continuation of the Proto Slavic ones.
It has preserved the Slavic nasal vowels, although the Dravenian nasal vowels aren’t a direct continuation of the Proto Slavic ones.


{| class="wikitable"
 
|+ Vowels
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
 
|+ Monophtongs
!
!
! colspan="1" | Front  
! colspan="1" | Front  
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|-
|-
! Close
! Close
| i•y || || u
| <b>i•y</b> ||(ɨ)|| <b>u</b>
|-
! Near Close
|(ɪ) || || (ʊ)
|-
|-
! Close-mid
! Close-mid
| e </br> <i>ė</i>||
| <b>ė</b></br>/e/||
| o
| <b>o</b>
|-
|-
!Mid
!Mid
| || e </br>e||  
| || <b>e</b></br>/ə/||  
|-
|-
! Open-mid
! Open-mid
| ɛ•œ</br><i>e•ö</i>
| <b>e•ö</b></br>/ɛ•œ/||(ɞ)||
|
|-
|
!Near Open
| ||<b>a</b></br> /ɐ/ ||
|-
|-
! Open
! Open
| a || a</br>a || </br>oa
| <b>a</b>|| || <b>oa</b></br>/ɒ/
|-
|}
|}
====Allophony====
Dravenian vowels in unreduced pretonic syllables are sometimes pronounced slightly different to stress bearing syllables.
The sound y is pronounced [y(:)] is stress bearing syllables, but as [i] in pre tonic position. Speaker with stronger German influence usually pronounce the y as [y] in this position.
The sound ö is pronounced as [œ(:)] in stressed syllables but as [] in pretonic syllables. Speakers with strong German influence in their pronounciation tend to neglect this and pronounce the sound ö as [œ] in all position.
The sound ė is pronounced as [e(:)] in stressed syllables and as [i] in pretonic syllables.
The sound oa can be pronounced as either [] or []
The nasal vowels ą and o are pronounced as [ã] and [õ~ũ] in open syllables. In closed syllables the nasal are pronounced as [a] and [u] plus an homoorganic vowel.
====Diphtongs====
{| clas="wikitable"
|+ Diphtongs
|ei</br>ei~ai
|oi
|au
|}
A fourth diphtong occur in some dialects, where the outcome of Proto Slavic *l is [ou] rather than [ul].
wulk [vouk]


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
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Each noun belongs to a declensional class and is inflected according to one of the three following accentual patterns: acrostatic (a), hysterokinetic (b) or amphikinetic (c). The different accentual patterns result in a lot of vocalic alternation with in a paragigm and into two sets of endings: strong endings and weak endings.
Each noun belongs to a declensional class and is inflected according to one of the three following accentual patterns: acrostatic (a), hysterokinetic (b) or amphikinetic (c). The different accentual patterns result in a lot of vocalic alternation with in a paragigm and into two sets of endings: strong endings and weak endings.


o-declension
====o-declension====
The o-declension contains masculine and neuter nouns, for which it is the most common and productive class.
The o-declension contains masculine and neuter nouns, for which it is the most common and productive class.
It can be divided into two subclasses: the hard o-declension and the soft jo-declension.  
It can be divided into two subclasses: the hard o-declension and the soft jo-declension.  


{| class="wikitable"
 
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
! !! o !! !! jo
!
! colspan=2| Full
! colspan=2| Reduced
|-
|-
! Sg. !! m. !! n.!!
!
! colspan=1 | m.
!n.
! colspan=1 | m. </br>
!n.
|-
|-
| Nom. || -Ø |||| -ó||-e||-i||-e
|align="right"|'''Nom.'''
| dǫb || crewy
| dǫb || geimne
|-
|-
| Akk.|| N./G.||  
|align="right"|'''Acc.'''
| {{small|Acc./Gen.}}  || crewy
| {{small|Acc./Gen.}} || geimne
|-
|-
| Gen. || -o
colspan=2
|align="right"|'''Gen.'''
| dǫb<b>o</b>  || crewo
| a || geimna
|-
|-
| Dat. || -au
|align="right"|'''Dat.'''
| dǫb<b>au</b> || crewau
| e || geimne
|-
|-
| Loc. || -e
|align="right"|'''Loc.'''
| dǫb<b>é</b> || crewé
| a || geimna
|-
|-
|Instr. || -oam
|align="right"|'''Instr.'''
|  oam || crewoam
| oam || geimnjoam
 
|}
 
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| Full
! colspan=2| Reduced
|-
!
! colspan=1 | m.
!n.
! colspan=1 | m. </br>
!n.
|-
|align="right"|'''Nom.'''
| dǫb || pyli
| dǫb || pyli
|-
|align="right"|'''Acc.'''
| {{small|Acc./Gen.}}  || pyli
| {{small|Acc./Gen.}} || geimne
|-
colspan=2
|align="right"|'''Gen.'''
| dǫb<b>jo</b>  || pyljo
| a || geimna
|-
|align="right"|'''Dat.'''
| dǫb<b>jau</b> || pyljau
| e || geimne
|-
|align="right"|'''Loc.'''
| dǫb<b>é</b> || pylei
| a || geimna
|-
|align="right"|'''Instr.'''
|  oam || pyljoam
| oam || geimnjoam
 
|}
|}


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[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
{{IE|slav}}
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