Rílin: Difference between revisions
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i ɪ y e ɛ ø æ ɑ~a ɔ o ʌ ɯ u | i ɪ y e ɛ ø æ ɑ~a ɔ o ʌ ɯ u | ||
=== Minimal Pairs === | '''Diphthongs''' | ||
Diphthongs are not very common in Rílin, but they do occur. Of the following, /ai/ and /oi/ are probably the most common. | |||
ai | |||
ei | |||
oi | |||
ɔi | |||
ui | |||
yi | |||
ʌi | |||
All other vowel combinations do not make phonemic diphthongs (e.g. the name Lunauli) (though they may do so phonetically). In Rílin orthography, diphthongs are written as a sequence of two individual vowels. | |||
=== Consonantal Minimal Pairs === | |||
awu ‘upright’ | awu ‘upright’ | ||
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ʃy ‘be.NPRES’ | ʃy ‘be.NPRES’ | ||
===Vowel Minimal Pairs=== | |||
mi ‘girl’ | |||
mɪ ‘jealous’ | |||
me ‘row’ | |||
mɛ ‘thin’ | |||
ma ‘mother’ | |||
mæ ‘snarl’ (v.) | |||
mo ‘oh really?’ | |||
mɔ ‘pan’ | |||
mø ‘device’ | |||
mɯ ‘indistinct’ | |||
mu ‘core, heart’ | |||
mʌ ‘duckling’ | |||
mai ‘free’ | |||
mei ‘bright yellow’ | |||
moi ‘deceit’ | |||
mɔi ‘weaving’ | |||
mʌi ‘drip’ (v.) | |||
myi ‘smooth’ | |||
=== Phonotactics === | |||
All clusters, codas, etc. refer to possibilities applied to individual syllables, not words. The syllable’s position in the word is irrelevant, except for /ʔ/ and /ʟ/, which can only occur in an intervocalic position. | |||
==== Syllable structure==== | |||
CV, V CVC, VC(C), C(C)V(V)(C) | |||
Possible codas: nasals, voiceless sibilants, voiceless stops (except ʔ) (n m ŋ s ʂ ʃ p t k q) | |||
Consonant clusters: Complex onsets that are allowed are as follows. | |||
Voiceless stop + voiceless sibilant: (ps-, pʃ-, pʂ-, ts-, tʃ-, tʂ-, ks-, kʃ-, kʂ) | |||
Examples: | |||
/’psiɬut/ ‘blood’ | |||
/’pʃɪʂʌ/ ‘profession’ | |||
/pʂa/ ‘throw’ | |||
/’tsæu/ ‘shawl’ | |||
/’tʃæni/ ‘expression’ | |||
/’tʂʌɬʌ/ ‘election’ | |||
/’ksata/ ‘bind’ | |||
/kʃɛt/ ‘tight’ | |||
/kʂɯ/ ‘warmth exuded from light’ | |||
Voiceless stop: (not q or ʔ) + ɾ: (kɾ-, tɾ-, pɾ-) | |||
Examples | |||
/’kɾaiŋa/ ‘bite’ | |||
/’tɾofo/ ‘build’ | |||
/pɾɛ/ ‘attention, care’ | |||
p + t; p + k | |||
/pta/ ‘should, must’ | |||
/pko/ ‘tail’ | |||
Complex codas: | |||
Complex codas can consist of a nasal plus any voiceless sibilant, and any voiceless stop (except q and ʔ) plus any voiceless sibilant. Often these complex codas will not appear on syllables that are not word-final. Most occurrences of these clusters exist in monosyllable, monomorphemic words. | |||
n, m, ŋ+ ʂ, s, ʃ | p, t, k + ʂ, s, ʃ | |||
/mems/ ‘year, cycle’ | |||
/mʌts/ ‘poor, broke’ | |||
/nins/ ‘back (of)’ | |||
/tæŋs/ ‘worry’ | |||
/xuns/ ‘wide’ | |||
A very small number of archaic words have retained pf-. In most cases, Old Rílin pf- became Modern Rílin ɸ-. Some varieties of Rílin may use ɸ- exclusively on the below words. | |||
/pfo/ ‘white’ | |||
/pfai/ ‘jab’ | |||
/pfo’kala/ ‘pale stripe of skin down the back of all Ríli’ | |||
All vowels may appear in sequence with each other, but it is uncommon rare to have a sequence of more than two within the same morpheme especially if they are not separated by a semi-vowel. Across morpheme boundaries, it is more common, such as in words like /dao-ø/ ‘to my maternal grandfather’ or /sou-ɛs/ ‘guiltiness (erg.)’. | |||
In the concatenation of different morphemes, phonotactics also prevent the sequence of certain phonemes that otherwise may occur in a monomorphemic word. For instance, /-tɾ-/ can occur across or within syllable boundaries in a monomorphemic word, such as /’ʃut.ɾe/ ‘animal’ or /’win.tɾa/ ‘elbow’. However, with the attachment of any bound morphemes, this sequence does not exist. Consider the bound derivational suffix -ɾa, which can act as both a gerund suffix for verbs or as a nominal suffix indicating an abstract quality related to X, with X being the free morpheme to which it is attached. When the free morpheme ends in a voiceless alveolar stop (/t/), the /ɾ/ of the -ɾa suffix is deleted. | |||
/ɛlisɛt/ ‘goddess’ | |||
/ɛlisɛt - ɾa/ ‘goddesshood’ | |||
[ɛlisɛt-a] | |||
This deletion does not occur after other final stops -p, -k, -q, nor does it occur after final -s. After -ʃ and -ʂ, however, there is deletion. | |||
natʃæk ‘stubborn’ → natʃæk-ɾa ‘stubbornness’ | |||
geis ‘brown’ → geis-ɾa ‘brownness’ | |||
salɪs ‘content’ → salɪs-ɾa ‘contentedness’ | |||
zɛʂ ‘dry’ → zɛʂ-a ‘dryness’ | |||
oʃ ‘young’ → oʃ-a ‘youth’ | |||
===Allophonic Rules=== | |||
'''1. Lateral Fricativization''' | |||
/l/ → [ɬ] / [t] __ | |||
A lateral approximate becomes a voiceless fricative after /t/ | |||
Ex.: /den’tsutla/ 'amber' → [den’tsutɬa] | |||
'''2. Palatal Fricativization''' | |||
/j/ → [ʝ] / V__V | |||
A palatal approximate becomes a voiced palatal fricative between two vowels. | |||
Ex.: /’æja/ 'song' → [‘æʝa] | |||
'''3. Fronting of glottal fricative''' | |||
/h/ → [ç] / __ [+hi -bk +syl] | |||
A voiceless glottal fricative becomes a voiceless palatal fricative when before a high front vowel. | |||
Ex.: /'histæ/ 'avoid' → ['çistæ] | |||
'''4. Final stop aspiration''' | |||
/-voice -cont/ → [+ aspirated] / __ # | |||
A voiceless stop becomes aspirated at the end of a word. | |||
Ex.: /zuk/ ‘weak’ → [zukʰ] | |||
'''5. Vowel lowering and centralization''' | |||
/+hi -bk +syl/ → [-hi -bk +syl] q __ | |||
A high front vowel becomes centralized and lowered when following /q/. | |||
Ex.: /’biqɪ/ 'ugly' → [‘biqï̝] | |||
'''6. Glottal fricative voicing''' | |||
/h/ → [ɦ] / [+syl] __ [+syl] | |||
A voiceless glottal fricative becomes voiced between two vowels. | |||
Ex.: /’buhi/ 'word' → [‘buɦi] | |||
'''7. Lengthening of tense vowels''' | |||
/+tense +syl/ → [+long] / __ # | |||
A tense vowel becomes long at the end of a word. | |||
Ex.: /’biʔe/ 'problem' → [‘biʔeː] | |||
'''8. Nasal lateralization''' | |||
N → [l] / __ /l/ | |||
A nasal consonant becomes a lateral approximate when preceding another lateral approximate. | |||
Ex.: /joɛ’kunla/ 'alveolar ridge' → [joɛ’kulla] | |||
'''9. Vowel nasalization''' | |||
V → [+nasalized] / __ N | |||
A vowel becomes nasalized when preceding a nasal consonant. | |||
Ex.: /’jɛntoi/ 'easy' → [‘jɛ̃ntoi] | |||
'''10. Nasal place assimilation''' | |||
N → [α. + velar β. + alveolar γ. + bilabial] / __ [-cont α. + velar β. + alveolar γ. + bilabial] | |||
A nasal consonant assimilates in place of articulation to a following stop. | |||
Ex.: /ʐyse’zyŋse/ 'sick' → [ʐyse’zynse] | |||
'''11. Final vowel centralization''' | |||
/ʌ/ → [ə] / __ # | |||
A mid-low back unrounded vowel becomes centralized to a schwa at the end of a word. | |||
Ex.: /’biqʌ/ 'bad' → [‘biqɘ] | |||
'''12. Alveolar tap assimilation''' | |||
/ɾ/ → [+retroflex +cont] / [+retroflex +cont] __ | |||
An alveolar tap becomes a retroflex fricative when after another retroflex fricative. | |||
Ex.: /’pɪʂɾai/ ‘sp. of small freshwater fish’ → [‘pɪʂʂai] | |||
'''13. Velar approximation''' | |||
/ɣ/ → [ɰ] / /ɯ/ __ | |||
A voiced velar fricative becomes a velar approximate when following a high back unrounded vowel. | |||
Ex.: /ʽlɛɣɯa/ ‘ghastly’ → [‘lɛɰɯa] | |||
'''14. Alveolar stop affricativization''' | |||
/t/ → /tʃ] / __ /j/ | |||
A voiceless alveolar stop becomes a post-alveolar affricate when preceding palatal approximate. | |||
Ex.: /ʽtjaβɛ/ ‘understandably’ → [‘tʃaβɛ] | |||
'''15. Stop voicing assimilation''' | |||
/+voice -syl/ → [-voice] / [-voice -syl] __ | |||
Ex.: /’besga/ ‘digusting person’ → [‘beska] | |||
=== Stress Rules === | |||
Stress typically falls on the penultimate syllable of the word. There are exceptions, however, in which stress falls on the antepenultimate. | |||
mu'labɛɾɛ 'helpful' | |||
'naɾɪdo 'cleanliness' | |||
'nɛɾɛkʌ 'abdicate' | |||
'nɛspɛa 'whisper | |||
nʌ'ɬatɛtiŋ 'snowflake' | |||
ʃe'atɛpa 'cop a feel' | |||
suilɛda 'prison' | |||
tɛ'nɛpɾɛa 'irritate' | |||
'tsɛpɛɾɛ 'marble' | |||
'ʌndɛɾɯ 'code of honor between a guest and host' | |||
'xɛxɛɾu 'massacre' | |||
'mɛmtɪa 'peer at' | |||
'egɪda 'older woman' | |||
'mɯtɛtiŋ 'faraway place' | |||
'mɪppɔky 'attempt' | |||
'mɛmtɪdo 'awareness' | |||
'lɛɣɯa 'ghastly' | |||
'iskɛdo 'height' | |||
'daɣɯra 'empathy' | |||
'bɛɾɛbu 'if you please' | |||
'bɛptɔa 'recover' | |||
'ændɛu 'k.o. tree'. | |||
===Historical Rílin Sound Changes in Vowels=== | |||
In Proto-Rílin, there were two phonemically distinguishable vowel lengths, long and short. The vowels i, e, a, o, and u had both long and short versions. When the ancestral Rílin language transformed into modern Rílin, the vowels shifted. Short vowels became lax in the case of the high- and mid-front vowels (i, e), unrounded in the case of the high- and mid- back vowels (o, u), and the low back vowel became more front. ø was pushed back and became ʌ (causing a merger of ø and o). ə became ɛ. The long vowels simply became short versions of themselves. | |||
i → ɪ | |||
iː → i | |||
ə → ɛ | |||
e → ɛ | |||
eː → e | |||
o → ʌ | |||
ø → ʌ | |||
oː → o | |||
u → ɯ | |||
uː → u | |||
a → æ | |||
aː → a | |||
There were also three diphthongs in the earlier Rílin which became monothongs in modern Rílin. | |||
au → ɔ | |||
ju → y | |||
eu → ø | |||
In Lunauli, ɔ became merged with a and is no longer a distinguishable phoneme. | |||
(N.B. In the word “Lunauli”, and other words with the a + u combination, this sequence is not considered a phonemic diphthong but rather a sequence of two separate phonemes, a and u. This applies to all words in either modern Rílin dialect with a + u, j + u, or e + u combinations.) | |||
===Histaxa Dialectal Differences=== | |||
/æ/ vs /a/ | |||
Some speaker populations, such as that around the Histaxa fields region, pronounce /æ/ as [a]. Some in these groups pronounce /æ/ as a more back vowel but not as far back as the standard phonemic /a/, so it is possible that the two phonemes /æ/ and /a/ have not split for either group. In other groups around the same area, /a/ has come to be pronounced [ɑ] or [ɒ] to differentiate between /æ/ which has come to be pronounced as [a], created a chain shift. No other vowels are shifted in these dialects, so it is not a systemic change. | |||
== Orthography == | |||
The writing system is called Sér̂a /'seʂa/ (meaning also ‘be made real, manifest’). It exists in three modes: Ture /'tuɾɛ/ ('soft'), which is a cursive script, R̂ek /ʂɛk/ ('hard'), which is a runic system, and the default, which is standard. | |||
It is a phonemic alphabet with 42 symbols, one for each phoneme in the language. | |||
[[File:Screen_Shot_2018-08-14_at_11.28.06_PM.png]] | |||
===Romanization=== | |||
There is also a standardized Romanization for the Rílin alphabet, as seen below in brackets. In some cases, there are options between using a diacritic to modify a Latin character and using a digraph, such in the case with /β/, which may be written ẃ or bh. | |||
'''Vowels''' | |||
/a/ < a > | |||
/æ/ < ä > | |||
/e/ < é > | |||
/ɛ/ < e > | |||
/i/ < í > | |||
/ɪ/ < i > | |||
/y/ < y > | |||
/ø/ < ö > | |||
/o/ < ó> | |||
/ɔ/ < o > | |||
/ʌ/ < û > | |||
/ɯ/ < ŭ > | |||
/u/ < u > | |||
'''Examples of Variations in Romanization''' | |||
aghûbhadógha ‘stare into someone’s eyes’ | |||
aǵûẃadóǵa /ɑɣʌβɑdoɣɑ/ | |||
bíhzara ‘custom’ | |||
bíŕara /biʐɑɾɑ/ | |||
öhsa ‘soft | |||
öŕa /øʂɑ/ | |||
tshimlŭ ‘mush, goo’ | |||
tŝimlŭ /tʃɪmlʌ/ | |||
[[Category:Languages]] | |||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | |||
[[Category:A priori]] | |||
[[Category:Artlangs]] | |||