SamSkandinavisk adjectives: Difference between revisions

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SamSkandinavisk adjectives

[[SamSkandinavisk]] adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.

Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.

== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

~~Rules:~~

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===

In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending.

Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending.

Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending.

~~Past participle of verb used as an adjective~~

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree''

~~Verbs have a past participle which can be used as an adjective that follow similar rules to other adjectives~~.

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.''

~~Weak Verbs~~:

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams''

~~Indefinite:~~

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===

~~The indefinite singular forms end in -(e)t~~, ~~just like~~ the ~~supine~~ form of the ~~verb~~.

In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form.

~~tendet (lit, illuminated), aktiveret (enabled)~~

~~Indefinite Plural and Definite~~

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.''

~~The indefinite plural and~~ definite ~~forms end in -(e)de, or -te~~

~~These forms follow the form of the past tense of the weak form~~.

~~If the past tense ends in -(e)de , it will be -(e)de. If it ends in -te, it will be -te.~~

~~tendede, aktiverede~~.

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.''

~~Strong Verbs eg skoren (cut)~~. ~~afbruten (cancelled)~~

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.''

~~Indefinite Singular~~:

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.''

The ~~indefinite singular forms end in -en when used with common gender nouns eg skoren, afbruten~~. ~~With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg skoret, afbrutet,~~

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.''

~~Indefinite plural and Definite~~:

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.''

~~The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -ene~~. ~~eg skorene, afbrutene~~.

~~Past Participles as Adverbs~~

== Definite Paradigm: ==

This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.

When definite, all adjectives end in '''-e'''.

~~Weak Verbs~~

Neuter Definite: Det '''store''' hus. = ''The '''big''' house.''

~~-(e)t eg tendet, aktiveret~~

Common Definite: Den '''ömme''' ankel. = ''The '''sore''' ankle.''

Plural Definite: De '''skarpe''' sverd. = ''The '''sharp''' swords.''

~~Strong Verbs:~~

== Comparative and Superlative ==

Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este.'''

-~~et eg skoret~~, ~~afbrutet~~

=== Comparative ===

The comparative ending is always '''-ere''' and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness.

Dette barn var '''sjukere'''. = ''This child was '''sicker'''.''

'''Vredere''' jätter = '''''angrier''' giants.''

~~Comparative~~

=== Superlative ===

The superlative ending is '''–est''' or '''–este'''. This depends on gender, number and definiteness.

~~-ere~~

In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is '''–est''' for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is '''–este''' for plural nouns.

~~regardless of indefinite, definite any gender or number and as adverb~~.

Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er '''sjukest''' = ''a child is '''sickest.'''''

Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne var '''klokest''' = ''a woman was '''smartest'''.''

Plural Indefinite: '''skarpeste''' sverd = '''''sharpest''' swords.''

~~Superlative:~~

In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este.

~~Indefinite singular:~~

Det '''störste''' hus = ''the '''biggest''' house.''

~~-est~~

Den '''ömmeste''' ankel = ''the '''sorest''' ankle.''

De '''skarpeste''' sverd = ''the '''sharpest''' swords.''

=== Irregular Comparative and Superlative ===

A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative.

~~Indefinite Plural~~ and ~~Definite:~~

For example '''stor''' (big); comparative '''större'''; superlative '''störst'''.

Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative.

~~-este~~

For example, with '''god''' (good) the comparative is '''bettre''' and the superlative is '''best'''.

'''Liten''' (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = '''liten'''; indefinite neuter = '''litet''', definite singular = '''lille'''; definite and indefinite plural = '''små''' ; comparative = '''mindre'''; superlative = '''minst'''

== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==

Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives.

~~Adverb~~:

=== Weak Verbs ===

==== Indefinite: ====

The indefinite singular forms, both common gender and neuter, end in '''-(e)t''', just like the supine form of the verb. eg '''tendet''' (lit, illuminated), '''aktiveret''' (activated, enabled)

-~~est~~

==== Indefinite Plural and Definite: ====

The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-(e)de''' or '''-te'''. These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -'''(e)de''' , it will be '''-(e)de'''. If it ends in '''-te''', it will be '''-te'''.

'''Tendede''' ljus = '''''lit''' candles.''

Det '''aktiverede''' forsvar = ''the '''enabled''' defense.''

~~Adjectives ending~~ in -en. ~~(e.g. galen, open, upptagen)~~

=== Strong Verbs: ===

eg '''skoren''' (cut). '''afbruten''' (cancelled)

==== Indefinite Singular: ====

The indefinite singular forms end in '''-en''' when used with common gender nouns.

~~Behave like pp adjecives~~

En '''skoren''' potate. = ''a '''sliced''' potato.''

~~common -en~~. ~~(galen upptagen, open) Neuter -et (galen, upptaget, opet)~~

En '''afbruten''' rekning. = ''a '''cancelled''' account.''

~~Definite~~ -~~ene~~. ~~(galene, upptagene, opene)~~

With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in '''-et''' eg '''skoret, afbrutet''' -- this is the same as the supine of the verb.

~~Adverb: -et (galet, upptaget, opet)~~

Ett '''skoret''' eple. = ''a '''sliced''' apple.''

Ett '''afbrutet''' forsök. = ''an '''interrupted''' experiment.''

==== Indefinite plural and Definite: ====

The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-ene.'''

'''Skorene''' potater. = '''''sliced''' potatoes.''

~~Adjectives ending in -t eg matt (tired), rett (right)~~

Den '''afbrutene''' rekning. = ''the '''cancelled''' account.''

~~No need to change~~ for ~~adverb~~

== Present participle of verbs used as adjectives ==

The present participle of verbs end in '''-ende.''' When used as an adjective, present participles do not vary for gender number or definiteness

Den '''nuvärende''' kong = ''the '''current''' king.''

En '''veltalende''' snakkar = ''an '''articulate''' speaker''

De madrasser war '''fjedrende''' = ''the '''matresses''' were springy.''

~~No need to change for indefinite neuter~~

== Adjectives ending in -en ==

e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten)

~~Add~~ -~~e for definite eg matte, rette~~

These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were)

Indefinite common end in '''-en.'''

En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey''

En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.''

~~Adjectives ending -d eg bred (wide~~

En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.''

~~add -t for indefinite neuter e~~.g. ~~bred~~ > ~~bredt. The d becomes silent~~

Add -e for definite. eg brede

Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et'''

Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.''

Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.''

Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.''

Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.'''

'''Galene''' dyr. = '''''crazy''' animals.''

Det '''opene''' vindöge. = ''the '''open''' window.''

De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.''

Adverbs end in '''-et'''

Min bror log '''galet''' = ''my brother laughed '''insanely'''.''

Hans kone kunne ikke snakke '''opet''' om hans galenskap. = ''His wife couldn’t talk '''candidly''' about his insanity.''

De gammle eple osede '''rottet'''. = ''The old apples '''rottenly''' reeked.''

== Adjectives ending in -d ==

eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent.

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==

Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs.

Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer '''langsamt'''. = ''My wife is swimming. She’s swimming '''slowly'''.''

There are some exceptions to this rule.

=== Adjectives already ending in '''-t.''' ===

These don’t need another '''-t''' to be used as an adverb.

Han verderede tilstanden '''rett'''. = ''He appraised the situation '''correctly'''''

=== Comparative adjectives ending in '''-ere'''. ===

These does not require a '''-t''' suffix to be used as adverbs.

Ingen hest löper '''hastigere'''. = ''No horse runs '''more quickly'''.''

=== Present Participles used as an adverb ===

Adverbs from adjectives using the '''-ende''' present participle suffix do not required a '''-t''' suffix.

Ditt forsök har sluted '''lovende'''. = ''Your experiment has concluded '''encouragingly'''.''

=== Past Participles used as Adverbs. ===

These end in '''-(e)t''' eg '''bedrövet''' = ''sadly''. '''Överdrivet''' = ''excessively''.

This is the same as the supine.

=== Adjectives ending -d ===

add '''-t''' also to make an adverb, e.g. '''vid''' ''(wide)''. '''vid''' /vi:d/ > '''vidt''' /vi:t/. The '''-d''' becomes silent here also.

[[Category:Samskandinavisk]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-SamSkandinavisk adjectives
+[[SamSkandinavisk]] adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
+Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
+== Indefinite Paradigm: ==
-Rules:
+=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
+In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. <br>
+Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. <br>
+Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending.<br>
-Past participle of verb used as an adjective
+Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree''<br>
-Verbs have a past participle which can be used as an adjective that follow similar rules to other adjectives.
+Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.''<br>
-Weak Verbs:
+Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams''<br>
-Indefinite:
+=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
-The indefinite singular forms end in -(e)t, just like the supine form of the verb.
+In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form.<br>
-tendet (lit, illuminated), aktiveret (enabled)
-Indefinite Plural and Definite
+Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.''<br>
-The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -(e)de, or -te
-These forms follow the form of the past tense of the weak form.
-If the past tense ends in -(e)de , it will be -(e)de. If it ends in -te, it will be -te.
-tendede, aktiverede.
+Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.''<br>
-Strong Verbs eg skoren (cut). afbruten (cancelled)
+Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.''<br>
-Indefinite Singular:
+Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.''<br>
-The indefinite singular forms end in -en when used with common gender nouns eg skoren, afbruten. With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg skoret, afbrutet,
+Plural definite:  Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.''<br>
-Indefinite plural and Definite:
+Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.''<br>
-The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -ene. eg skorene, afbrutene.
-Past Participles as Adverbs
+== Definite Paradigm: ==
+This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
+When definite, all adjectives end in '''-e'''.<br>
-Weak Verbs
+Neuter Definite: Det '''store''' hus. = ''The '''big''' house.''<br>
--(e)t eg tendet, aktiveret
+Common Definite: Den '''ömme''' ankel. = ''The '''sore''' ankle.''<br>
+Plural Definite: De '''skarpe''' sverd. = ''The '''sharp''' swords.''<br>
-Strong Verbs:
+== Comparative and Superlative ==
+Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este.'''<br>
--et eg skoret, afbrutet
+=== Comparative ===
+The comparative ending is always '''-ere''' and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness.<br>
+Dette barn var '''sjukere'''. = ''This child was '''sicker'''.''<br>
+'''Vredere''' jätter = '''''angrier''' giants.''<br>
-Comparative
+=== Superlative ===
+The superlative ending is '''–est''' or '''–este'''. This depends on gender, number and definiteness.<br>
--ere
+In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is '''–est''' for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is '''–este''' for plural nouns.<br>
-regardless of indefinite, definite any gender or number and as adverb.
+Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er '''sjukest''' = ''a child is '''sickest.'''''<br>
+Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne var '''klokest''' = ''a woman was '''smartest'''.''<br>
+Plural Indefinite: '''skarpeste''' sverd = '''''sharpest''' swords.''<br>
+<br>
-Superlative:
+In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este.<br>
-Indefinite singular:
+Det '''störste''' hus = ''the '''biggest''' house.''<br>
--est
+Den '''ömmeste''' ankel = ''the '''sorest''' ankle.''<br>
+De '''skarpeste''' sverd = ''the '''sharpest''' swords.''<br>
+=== Irregular Comparative and Superlative ===
+A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative. <br>
-Indefinite Plural and Definite:
+For example '''stor''' (big); comparative '''större'''; superlative '''störst'''.<br>
+Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative.<br>
--este
+For example, with '''god''' (good) the comparative is '''bettre''' and the superlative is '''best'''. <br>
+'''Liten''' (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = '''liten'''; indefinite neuter = '''litet''', definite singular = '''lille'''; definite and indefinite plural = '''små''' ; comparative = '''mindre'''; superlative = '''minst'''
+== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
+Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives.<br>
-Adverb:
+=== Weak Verbs ===
+==== Indefinite: ====
+The indefinite singular forms, both common gender and neuter, end in '''-(e)t''', just like the supine form of the verb. eg '''tendet''' (lit, illuminated), '''aktiveret''' (activated, enabled)<br>
--est
+==== Indefinite Plural and Definite: ====
+The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-(e)de''' or '''-te'''. These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -'''(e)de''' , it will be '''-(e)de'''. If it ends in '''-te''', it will be '''-te'''. <br>
+'''Tendede''' ljus = '''''lit''' candles.'' <br>
+Det '''aktiverede''' forsvar = ''the '''enabled''' defense.''
-Adjectives ending in -en. (e.g. galen, open, upptagen)
+=== Strong Verbs: ===
+eg '''skoren''' (cut). '''afbruten''' (cancelled)
+==== Indefinite Singular: ====
+The indefinite singular forms end in '''-en''' when used with common gender nouns. <br>
-Behave like pp adjecives
+En '''skoren''' potate. = ''a '''sliced''' potato.''<br>
-common -en. (galen upptagen, open) Neuter -et (galen, upptaget, opet)
+En '''afbruten''' rekning. = ''a '''cancelled''' account.''<br>
+<br>
-Definite -ene. (galene, upptagene, opene)
+With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in '''-et''' eg '''skoret, afbrutet''' -- this is the same as the supine of the verb.<br>
-Adverb: -et (galet, upptaget, opet)
+Ett '''skoret''' eple. = ''a '''sliced''' apple.''<br>
+Ett '''afbrutet''' forsök. = ''an '''interrupted''' experiment.''
+==== Indefinite plural and Definite: ====
+The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-ene.'''<br>
+'''Skorene''' potater. = '''''sliced''' potatoes.''<br>
-Adjectives ending in -t eg matt (tired), rett (right)
+Den '''afbrutene''' rekning. = ''the '''cancelled''' account.''
-No need to change for adverb
+== Present participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
+The present participle of verbs end in '''-ende.''' When used as an adjective, present participles do not vary for gender number or definiteness<br>
+Den '''nuvärende''' kong = ''the '''current''' king.''<br>
+En '''veltalende''' snakkar = ''an '''articulate''' speaker''<br>
+De madrasser war '''fjedrende''' = ''the '''matresses''' were springy.''
-No need to change for indefinite neuter
+== Adjectives ending in -en ==
+e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten)<br>
-Add -e for definite  eg matte, rette
+These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were)<br>
+<br>
+Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' <br>
+En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey''<br>
+En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.''<br>
-Adjectives ending -d eg bred (wide
+En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' <br>
-add -t for indefinite neuter e.g. bred > bredt. The d becomes silent
+<br>
-Add -e for definite. eg brede
+Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et'''<br>
+Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.'' <br>
+Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.''<br>
+Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.''<br>
+<br>
+Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.'''<br>
+'''Galene''' dyr. = '''''crazy''' animals.''<br>
+Det '''opene''' vindöge. = ''the '''open''' window.'' <br>
+De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.''<br>
+<br>
+Adverbs end in '''-et''' <br>
+Min bror log '''galet''' = ''my brother laughed '''insanely'''.''<br>
+Hans kone kunne ikke snakke '''opet''' om hans galenskap. = ''His wife couldn’t talk '''candidly''' about his insanity.'' <br>
+De gammle eple osede '''rottet'''. = ''The old apples '''rottenly''' reeked.''
+== Adjectives ending in -d ==
+eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent.<br>
+Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''
+== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
+Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs.<br>
+Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer '''langsamt'''. = ''My wife is swimming. She’s swimming '''slowly'''.''<br>
+There are some exceptions to this rule.<br>
+=== Adjectives already ending in '''-t.''' ===
+These don’t need another '''-t''' to be used as an adverb.<br>
+Han verderede tilstanden '''rett'''. = ''He appraised the situation '''correctly'''''<br>
+=== Comparative adjectives ending in '''-ere'''. ===
+These does not require a '''-t''' suffix to be used as adverbs.<br>
+Ingen hest löper '''hastigere'''. = ''No horse runs '''more quickly'''.''
+=== Present Participles used as an adverb ===
+Adverbs from adjectives using the '''-ende''' present participle suffix do not required a '''-t''' suffix.<br>
+Ditt forsök har sluted '''lovende'''. = ''Your experiment has concluded '''encouragingly'''.''<br>
+=== Past Participles used as Adverbs. ===
+These end in '''-(e)t''' eg '''bedrövet''' = ''sadly''. '''Överdrivet''' = ''excessively''.<br>
+This is the same as the supine.<br>
+=== Adjectives ending -d ===
+add '''-t''' also to make an adverb, e.g. '''vid''' ''(wide)''. '''vid''' /vi:d/ > '''vidt''' /vi:t/. The '''-d''' becomes silent here also.
+[[Category:Samskandinavisk]]