SamSkandinavisk adjectives: Difference between revisions

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-SamSkandinavisk adjectives
+[[SamSkandinavisk]] adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
+Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
+== Indefinite Paradigm: ==
-rules:
+=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
+In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. <br>
+Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. <br>
+Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending.<br>
-Past participle of verb used as an adjective
+Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree''<br>
-Weak Verbs:
+Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.''<br>
-Indefinite:
+Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams''<br>
--(e)t.  tendet, aktiveret
+=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
+In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form.<br>
-Definite -(e)de tendede, aktiverede.
+Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.''<br>
-If the past tense ends in -de , it will be -de. If it ends in -te, it will be -te.
+Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.''<br>
+Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.''<br>
+Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.''<br>
-Strong Verbs eg skoren. afbruten
+Plural definite:  Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.''<br>
-Indefinite:
+Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.''<br>
-Common -en.  (skoren, afbruten) Neuter. -et (skoret, afbrutet)
+== Definite Paradigm: ==
+This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
+When definite, all adjectives end in '''-e'''.<br>
-Definite: -ene. (skorene. afbrutene)
+Neuter Definite: Det '''store''' hus. = ''The '''big''' house.''<br>
+Common Definite: Den '''ömme''' ankel. = ''The '''sore''' ankle.''<br>
+Plural Definite: De '''skarpe''' sverd. = ''The '''sharp''' swords.''<br>
-Pp as adverb;
+== Comparative and Superlative ==
+Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este.'''<br>
-Weak Verbs
+=== Comparative ===
+The comparative ending is always '''-ere''' and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness.<br>
--(e)t
+Dette barn var '''sjukere'''. = ''This child was '''sicker'''.''<br>
+'''Vredere''' jätter = '''''angrier''' giants.''<br>
+=== Superlative ===
+The superlative ending is '''–est''' or '''–este'''. This depends on gender, number and definiteness.<br>
-Strong Verbs:
+In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is '''–est''' for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is '''–este''' for plural nouns.<br>
--et
+Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er '''sjukest''' = ''a child is '''sickest.'''''<br>
+Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne var '''klokest''' = ''a woman was '''smartest'''.''<br>
+Plural Indefinite: '''skarpeste''' sverd = '''''sharpest''' swords.''<br>
+<br>
-Comparative
+In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este.<br>
--ere
+Det '''störste''' hus = ''the '''biggest''' house.''<br>
-regardless of  indefinite, definite any gender or number and as adverb.
+Den '''ömmeste''' ankel = ''the '''sorest''' ankle.''<br>
+De '''skarpeste''' sverd = ''the '''sharpest''' swords.''<br>
+=== Irregular Comparative and Superlative ===
+A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative. <br>
-Superlative:
+For example '''stor''' (big); comparative '''större'''; superlative '''störst'''.<br>
+Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative.<br>
-Indefinite:
+For example, with '''god''' (good) the comparative is '''bettre''' and the superlative is '''best'''. <br>
--est
+'''Liten''' (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = '''liten'''; indefinite neuter = '''litet''', definite singular = '''lille'''; definite and indefinite plural = '''små''' ; comparative = '''mindre'''; superlative = '''minst'''
+== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
+Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives.<br>
+=== Weak Verbs ===
+==== Indefinite: ====
+The indefinite singular forms, both common gender and neuter, end in '''-(e)t''', just like the supine form of the verb. eg '''tendet''' (lit, illuminated), '''aktiveret''' (activated, enabled)<br>
-Definite:
+==== Indefinite Plural and Definite: ====
+The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-(e)de''' or '''-te'''. These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -'''(e)de''' , it will be '''-(e)de'''. If it ends in '''-te''', it will be '''-te'''. <br>
--este
+'''Tendede''' ljus = '''''lit''' candles.'' <br>
+Det '''aktiverede''' forsvar = ''the '''enabled''' defense.''
+=== Strong Verbs: ===
+eg '''skoren''' (cut). '''afbruten''' (cancelled)
+==== Indefinite Singular: ====
+The indefinite singular forms end in '''-en''' when used with common gender nouns. <br>
-Adverb:
+En '''skoren''' potate. = ''a '''sliced''' potato.''<br>
--est
+En '''afbruten''' rekning. = ''a '''cancelled''' account.''<br>
+<br>
+With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in '''-et''' eg '''skoret, afbrutet''' -- this is the same as the supine of the verb.<br>
+Ett '''skoret''' eple. = ''a '''sliced''' apple.''<br>
-Adjectives ending in -en. (e.g. galen, open, upptagen)
+Ett '''afbrutet''' forsök. = ''an '''interrupted''' experiment.''
-Behave like pp adjecives
+==== Indefinite plural and Definite: ====
+The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-ene.'''<br>
+'''Skorene''' potater. = '''''sliced''' potatoes.''<br>
-common -en. (galen upptagen, open) Neuter -et (galen, upptaget, opet)
+Den '''afbrutene''' rekning. = ''the '''cancelled''' account.''
-Definite -ene. (galene, upptagene, opene)
+== Present participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
+The present participle of verbs end in '''-ende.''' When used as an adjective, present participles do not vary for gender number or definiteness<br>
+Den '''nuvärende''' kong = ''the '''current''' king.''<br>
+En '''veltalende''' snakkar = ''an '''articulate''' speaker''<br>
+De madrasser war '''fjedrende''' = ''the '''matresses''' were springy.''
-Adverb: -et (galet, upptaget, opet)
+== Adjectives ending in -en ==
+e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten)<br>
+These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were)<br>
+<br>
+Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' <br>
+En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey''<br>
-Adjectives ending in -t (matt)
+En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.''<br>
-No need to change for adverb
+En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' <br>
+<br>
-No need to change for indefinite neuter
+Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et'''<br>
-Add -e for definite (matte)
+Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.'' <br>
+Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.''<br>
+Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.''<br>
+<br>
+Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.'''<br>
-Adjectives ending -d (ond)
+'''Galene''' dyr. = '''''crazy''' animals.''<br>
-add -t for indefinite neuter e.g. ond > ondt. The d becomes silent
+Det '''opene''' vindöge. = ''the '''open''' window.'' <br>
-Add -e for definite. (onde)
+De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.''<br>
+<br>
+Adverbs end in '''-et''' <br>
+Min bror log '''galet''' = ''my brother laughed '''insanely'''.''<br>
+Hans kone kunne ikke snakke '''opet''' om hans galenskap. = ''His wife couldn’t talk '''candidly''' about his insanity.'' <br>
+De gammle eple osede '''rottet'''. = ''The old apples '''rottenly''' reeked.''
+== Adjectives ending in -d ==
+eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent.<br>
+Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''
+== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
+Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs.<br>
+Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer '''langsamt'''. = ''My wife is swimming. She’s swimming '''slowly'''.''<br>
+There are some exceptions to this rule.<br>
+=== Adjectives already ending in '''-t.''' ===
+These don’t need another '''-t''' to be used as an adverb.<br>
+Han verderede tilstanden '''rett'''. = ''He appraised the situation '''correctly'''''<br>
+=== Comparative adjectives ending in '''-ere'''. ===
+These does not require a '''-t''' suffix to be used as adverbs.<br>
+Ingen hest löper '''hastigere'''. = ''No horse runs '''more quickly'''.''
+=== Present Participles used as an adverb ===
+Adverbs from adjectives using the '''-ende''' present participle suffix do not required a '''-t''' suffix.<br>
+Ditt forsök har sluted '''lovende'''. = ''Your experiment has concluded '''encouragingly'''.''<br>
+=== Past Participles used as Adverbs. ===
+These end in '''-(e)t''' eg '''bedrövet''' = ''sadly''. '''Överdrivet''' = ''excessively''.<br>
+This is the same as the supine.<br>
+=== Adjectives ending -d ===
+add '''-t''' also to make an adverb, e.g. '''vid''' ''(wide)''. '''vid''' /vi:d/ > '''vidt''' /vi:t/. The '''-d''' becomes silent here also.
+[[Category:Samskandinavisk]]