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Proto-Settameric/Swadesh list: Difference between revisions

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| 8 || not || *kää-  || A prefix, used together with nominals.
| 8 || not || *kää-  || A prefix, used together with nominals.
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| 9 || all || *lčus, *nyumʼə ||
| 9 || all || *lčus, *njumʼə ||
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| 10 || many || *səłku-(t/s) || The Western and the Far Eastern languages show a final ''*-t'', while other languages point towards ''*-s'' instead.
| 10 || many || *səłku-(t/s) || The Western and the Far Eastern languages show a final ''*-t'', while other languages point towards ''*-s'' instead.
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| 31 || bone ||  *łəqʷ, *xoockʼee ||
| 31 || bone ||  *łəqʷ, *xoockʼee ||
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| 32 || grease || *woolxə, *njooš || ''*nyooš'' likely had an adjectival meaning of "containing a lot of fat".
| 32 || grease || *woolxə, *njooš || ''*njooš'' likely had an adjectival meaning of "containing a lot of fat".
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| 33 || egg || *tqaalx || The root ''*nyujee'', that evolved into words for "egg" in various languages, actually meant "caviar".
| 33 || egg || *tqaalx || The root ''*njujee'', that evolved into words for "egg" in various languages, actually meant "caviar".
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| 34 || horn || *wiiʟ ||
| 34 || horn || *wiiʟ ||
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| 37 || hair || *ʟʼeepe ||
| 37 || hair || *ʟʼeepe ||
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| 38 || head || *tʼuqʷ || Various languages derive their words for "head" from ''*qams'' "face", ''*oori'' "forward", ''*čiiŋqə'' "forehead".
| 38 || head || *tʼuqʷ || Various languages derive their words for "head" from ''*qamsə'' "face", ''*oori'' "forward", ''*čiiŋqə'' "forehead".
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| 39 || ear || *ʟʼaatə, *noo(tə)x || The root ''*noo(t)xə'' can not be easily reconstructed. It is only found among the Eastern languages and for some it can be reconstructed as ''*noox'', while for others - ''*notxə''. This is very likely a substrate word from an extinct lnguage.
| 39 || ear || *ʟʼaatə, *noo(tə)x || The root ''*noo(t)xə'' can not be easily reconstructed. It is only found among the Eastern languages and for some it can be reconstructed as ''*noox'', while for others - ''*notxə''. This is very likely a substrate word from an extinct lnguage.
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| 52 || heart || *tʼiŋqee, *łəmcas || The Southern languages evolve their words for heart from ''*łəmcas'', which meant "middle".
| 52 || heart || *tʼiŋqee, *łəmcas || The Southern languages evolve their words for heart from ''*łəmcas'', which meant "middle".
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| 53 || liver || *(r,ł)aaqʷa, || The Western languages show initial ''*r-'', while the Eastern ones show ''*ł''. The Southern branch derives their words from *łiqʷ "meat", or ''*tʰištə'' "spleen".
| 53 || liver || *(r/ł)aaqʷa, || The Western languages show initial ''*r-'', while the Eastern ones show ''*ł'-'. The Southern branch derives their words from *łiqʷ "meat", or ''*tʰištə'' "spleen".
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| 54 || drink || *mɣoor ||
| 54 || drink || *mɣoor ||
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| 62 || kill || *əłxəmʼa ||
| 62 || kill || *əłxəmʼa ||
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| 63 || swim || *moor, *ool ||
| 63 || swim || *moor, *ool || ''*ool'' meant "passive swimming" or "floating".
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| 64 || fly (v.) || ||
| 64 || fly (v.) || *njool, *njil || Likely old imperfective and perfective roots respectively.
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| 65 || go || ||
| 65 || go || *wii, *ʟʼaa ||
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| 66 || come || ||
| 66 || come || *θoonʼə ||
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| 67 || lie || ||
| 67 || lie || *łiiʟʼee, *łooθa || ''*łooθa'' probably meant "to lie down", but its reflexes often mean "to lie" in the daughter languages.
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| 68 || sit || ||
| 68 || sit || θliiqʷrə *θlaar || ''*θlaar'' was a perfective root and meant "to sit down".
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| 69 || stand || ||
| 69 || stand || *ʟaa || The Southern languages don't show this root, instead their words for "to stand" are derived from ''*ɣaap''.
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| 70 || give || ||  
| 70 || give || – || No root can be reconstructed. Western languages show the root ''*-iq-'', which also had the meaning of "carrying". Other languages have different roots and in the Eastern languages the verb "to give" has no root and its person and aspect affixes do not attach to anything.
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| 71 || || ||
| 71 || say || *qoołt ||  
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| 72 || || ||
| 72 || sun || *cos || All Eastern languages derive their word for "sun" from the root ''*kiŋ'' "day".
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| 73 || moon || ||
| 73 || moon || *lʼunčə ||
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| 74 || star || ||
| 74 || star || *neejus ||
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| 75 || water || ||
| 75 || water || *qʷʰee, *wʼeep || The root ''*qʷʰee'' could mean "any liquid in general", not specifically "drinking water".
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| 76 || rain || ||
| 76 || rain || *ijʼu || Some Southern languages point toward ''*jooɣʷ'', which is the word for "dew" in the Western languages.
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| 77 || stone || ||
| 77 || stone || *njiɣee, *čikʷee || The root ''*čikʷee'' probably meant "large rock".
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| 78 || sand || ||
| 78 || sand || *qʼoop, *iłxiθ ||
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| 79 || land || ||
| 79 || land || *eemxə, *mʼee, *čakʰ || Roots ''*čakʰ'' and ''*eemxə'' likely meant "dirt".
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| 80 || cloud || ||
| 80 || cloud || *awʼaθa, *eensur || *eensur gave words for "sky" in various languages. Some also derive them from ''awʼiin'', that likely contained the older root for "cloud ''*awʼ-''.
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| 81 || smoke || ||
| 81 || smoke || *(a)wʼeečqee || It contains the old root ''*awʼ-'', but the initial ''*a-'' was lost in most languages.
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| 82 || fire || ||
| 82 || fire || *eeŋeeŋqʼʷə, *fleeŋqʼʷə || Both roots contain ''*-eeŋqʼʷə'' of an unknown meaning.
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| 83 || ashes || ||
| 83 || ashes || *kiflum, *pilaŋkʼee ||
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| 84 || burn || ||
| 84 || burn || *pooł, *qʷʰał ||
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| 85 || path || ||  
| 85 || path || *łəɣtə ||  
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| 86 || mountain || ||
| 86 || mountain || *mooθum ||
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| 87 || red || ||
| 87 || red || *pʼač(-kə) ||
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| 88 || green || ||
| 88 || green || *qʼoomi, *tqʼoom, *quuł || Both ''*qʼoomi'' and ''*quuł'' often give words for "blue".
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| 89 || yellow || ||
| 89 || yellow || *riiqu ||
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| 90 || white || ||
| 90 || white || *eequ ||
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| 91 || black || ||
| 91 || black || *quɣu ||
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| 92 || night || ||
| 92 || night || *tʰax, *nääɣtə, *eetʰək ||
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| 93 || warm || ||  
| 93 || warm || *pacʰee, *kʷääxi || ''*kʷääxi'' meant "hot", while ''*pacʰee'' meant "mildly warm".
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| 94 || cold || ||  
| 94 || cold || *kʼiiwŋə, *ljirqə || ''*kʼiiwŋə'' meant "mildly cool", while ''*ljirqə'' meant "freezing, cold".
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| 95 || full || ||
| 95 || full || *njuši ||
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| 96 || new || ||  
| 96 || new || *cʼiiwi, *setni ||  
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| 97 || good || ||
| 97 || good || *qarsi ||
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| 98 || round || ||
| 98 || round || *wulun, *qʼʷeelxə, *duki ||
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| 99 || dry || ||
| 99 || dry || *qʼaarkə ||
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| 100 || name || ||
| 100 || name || *qʰal || The Southern and Far Eastern langauges derive their words for "name" from ''*akł-'' "to call" with the addition of suffixes ''*-iin'', ''*-tee'', or ''*-kə''.
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[[Category:Swadesh lists]]
[[Category:Swadesh lists]] [[Category:Settameric languages]]
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