Chrysophylax: Text replacement - "Category:Conlangs" to "Category:Languages"

2017-01-20T07:52:43Z

Text replacement - "Category:Conlangs" to "Category:Languages"

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:52, 20 January 2017
Line 1,145:		Line 1,145:

	[[Category:Languages]]		[[Category:Languages]]
	[[Category:~~Conlangs~~]]		[[Category:Languages]]

	[[Category:West Germanic languages]]		[[Category:West Germanic languages]]

Ealdwimor: /* Verbs */

2013-09-11T20:18:09Z

Verbs

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:18, 11 September 2013
Line 868:		Line 868:
	\|geet		\|geet
	\|gååt		\|gååt
	\|iide, ~~ginc~~		\|iide, jinc
	\|iiden, ~~gingen~~		\|iiden, jingen
	\|jegåån		\|jegåån
	\|wezen		\|wezen

Ealdwimor: Created page with "{{private}} {{ClassMeter |Name = Westlondic, Westlondish |NativeName = Westlondsch, Wesslonnsch |Type = Mixed |Alignment = Nominative-Accusative |adjective = fi..."

2013-09-11T20:15:31Z

Created page with "{{private}} {{ClassMeter |Name = Westlondic, Westlondish |NativeName = Westlondsch, Wesslonnsch |Type = Mixed |Alignment = Nominative-Accusative |adjective = fi..."

New page

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Westlondic, Westlondish
|NativeName = Westlondsch, Wesslonnsch
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = no
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 2
|NCase = no
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

[[File:oxman speaking-area.png|365px|thumb|right|''Westlondschspråkig jebiid - Westlondic-speaking area'']]

'''Westlondic''' is an [[Oxman]] dialect, a West-Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from the [[Old Oxman]] dialect spoken in Westlands (''Westlondes'' in Oxman, ''Westlonden'' or ''Wesslonnen'' in Westlondic). [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron").
Westlondic is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Oxman, Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Letters'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|'''Further information'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|ch
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|rare, Westlondic prefers to use ''kw'' istead of ''qu'' in Latin words
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|rare
|-
|z
|[z]
|voiced
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Oxman language has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ŋ
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|ç
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|χ
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|r ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|y: u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Oxman has also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|ao
|[ɑ:ʊ]
|-
|ee
|[e:ɪ]
|-
|eo
|[e:ʊ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''jemâken'', "to make up", is read as [ə'ma:kə].

=Grammar=

==Nouns, gender and number==

Oxman language has got only two genders: common gender and neuter gender. The previously masculine and feminine words have merged into the common gender, whereas neuter words have remained neuter, even if in some cases there has been a gender switch.

Nouns can be both singular (denoting just one object) and plural (denoting more than one object). The formation of plural is simple, because there is only one ways to form it:

* All nouns take -es suffix (-s if the nouns ends with 'r' or 'l'), the <e> in this suffix is generally not pronounced;

However a few nouns show irregular endings.

==Articles==

Two kinds of article exist in Westlondic: indefinite and definite article.

The indefinite article has got no plural form and the singular one is the same for all the genders: '''e, en'''. This article is used to talk about things, facts, beings that are introduces for the first time into the conversation, that is we use the indefinite article to talk about new and not known informations, to talk about undetermined informations.

The definite article is '''de, die (dii, di)''' for common nouns and for all genders at plural forms, but for singular neuter it is '''dat'''. The definite article is used to talk about well known things, facts, beings instead.

==Adjectives==

The adjectives always precede the noun to whom they refer. Adjectives take a single '''-e''' ending when the noun it refers to is common, or at plural form. Singular neuter nouns don't cause endings on the adjectives.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Strong singular'''
|'''Strong plural / Weak'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|good
|gôde
|good
|-
|aod
|aode (also aowe)
|old
|-
|jung
|junge
|young
|-
|rood
|rode
|red
|-
|lonc
|longe
|long
|-
|heet
|hete
|hot
|}

===Comparative===

The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-er'. The second term of comparation is introduced by ''donn'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.:

* ''E jebaow högher donn e treew'' - A building higher than a tree.

Just like in English and somtimes in Dutch, long adjectives form their comparative by adding the word 'meer' before the adjective. It corresponds to the 'more' formation in English.

====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong comparative'''
|'''Weak comparative'''
|-
|good
|beter
|betere
|-
|üvel (bad)
|wirre
|wirre
|-
|üvel (inferior)
|sommer (rare)
|sommere (rare)
|-
|lüttel
|småller
|smållere
|-
|wenig
|minner
|minnere
|-
|aod
|eoder
|eodere
|-
|junc, jung
|jünger
|jüngere
|-
|stronc (strict)
|strönger
|ströngere
|-
|lonc
|lönger
|löngere
|-
|föör (fore)
|förmer
|förmere
|-
|ver, verr, vern (far)
|verder
|verdere
|-
|monig/michel (many, much)
|meer
|mêre
|}

===Superlative===

The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-st/-est' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-st').

* ''De schöönste bloom in den werlt'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong superlative'''
|'''Weak superlative'''
|-
|good
|bes, betst
|beste, betste
|-
|üvel (bad)
|wirst
|wirste
|-
|üvel (inferior)
|sommst (rare)
|sommste (rare)
|-
|lüttol
|smållst
|smållste
|-
|wenig
|minnst, mindst
|minnste, mindste
|-
|aod
|eodst
|eodste
|-
|junc
|jüngst
|jüngste
|-
|ver, verr, vern
|verrst, verdst
|verrste, verdste
|-
|stronc
|ströngst
|ströngste
|-
|lonc
|löngst
|löngste
|-
|föör
|förmst
|förmste
|-
|monig/michel (many, much)
|meest
|meeste
|}

===Numerals===

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Number'''
|'''Cardinal'''
|'''Ordinal'''
|-
|0
|nieght
| -
|-
|1
|een
|eerst (time), fürst (place)
|-
|2
|twee, two
|efter, tweede
|-
|3
|drie, drii
|dirde, dridde
|-
|4
|fier
|fierde
|-
|5
|fiif
|fifte
|-
|6
|sex
|sexte
|-
|7
|seven
|sevende
|-
|8
|oght
|oghtte
|-
|9
|nejen
|nejende
|-
|10
|teen
|tende
|-
|11
|elve(n)
|elfte
|-
|12
|twölf
|twölfte
|-
|13
|dirten, driten
|dirtende
|-
|14
|fierten
|fiertende
|-
|15
|fiften
|fiftende
|-
|16
|sexten
|sextende
|-
|17
|seventen
|seventende
|-
|18
|oghtten
|oghttende
|-
|19
|nejenten
|nejentende
|-
|20
|twintig
|twintigste
|-
|21
|een-onn-twintig
|een-onn-twintigste
|-
|22
|twee-onn-twintig
|twee-onn-twintigste
|-
|30
|dirtig
|dirtigste
|-
|40
|fiertig
|fiertigste
|-
|50
|fiftig
|fiftigste
|-
|60
|sextig
|sextigste
|-
|70
|seventig
|seventigste
|-
|80
|toghttig
|toghttigste
|-
|90
|nejentig
|nejentigste
|-
|100
|hunderd, hunnerd
|hunderdste
|}

===Personal pronouns===

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan=2|ich
|colspan="2"|wie, wii
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|mie
|colspan="2"|uus
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|mie
|colspan="2"|uus
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|miinn mien
|colspan="2"|uuzer, uure
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan="2"|du
|colspan="2"|jie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|di(e), dii
|colspan="2"|jiw
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|di(e), dii
|colspan="2"|jiw
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|diin, dien
|colspan="2"|jiire, jire
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine'''
!'''Feminine'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|hii, hi(e)
|sii, si(e)
|et, het
|hee
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|hin, him**
|sii, hir**
|him, hit**
|hee, heen**
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|him
|hir
|et
|heen
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|siin, sien, (h)iss
|hir
|siin, sien, (h)iss
|heere
|}
* Dialectal or archaic forms.
** Common errors, often found in vulgar language

== Verbs ==

===Inflections===

Here are some very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Infinitive'''
|'''1st person'''
|'''2nd person'''
|'''3rd person'''
|'''plural persons'''
|'''singular preterit'''
|'''plural preterit'''
|'''past participle'''
|'''Auxiliary'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|hebben
|hebb
|hast
|hat
|hebbt
|had
|hadden
|jehafd
|hebben
|''to have''
|-
|wezen
|bi, biin, bien
|best
|is, es
|sinn, senn
|was
|wären
|jeweest, jewezen
|wezen
|''to be''
|-
|doon
|doo
|deest
|deet
|doot
|deed
|deden
|jedoon, jedåån
|hebben
|''to do''
|-
|gåån
|gåå
|geest
|geet
|gååt
|iide, ginc
|iiden, gingen
|jegåån
|wezen
|''to go''
|-
|våren
|våår
|veerst
|veert
|våårt
|voor
|vôren
|jevåren
|wezen
|''to go''
|-
|flêje, flieje
|fleej, fliej
|fleejst, fliejst
|fleejt, fliejt
|fleejt, fliejt
|flooj
|flôjen
|jeflôjen
|wezen
|''to fly''
|-
|ziin, zien
|zii
|ziist
|ziit
|ziit
|zåj
|zåjen
|jeziin
|hebben
|''to see''
|-
|lejjen
|lej
|lejst
|lejt
|lejt
|leide
|leiden
|jeleid
|hebben
|''to lay''
|-
|möten
|muut
|muust
|muut
|mööt(t)
|mööste
|möösten
|—
|hebben
|''to may, must''
|-
|komen
|koom
|küümst
|küümt
|koomt
|kwam
|kwamen
|jekomen
|wezen
|''to come''
|-
|künnen
|kann
|kannst
|kann
|künnt
|küüde
|küden
|jeküüd
|hebben
|''to can''
|-
|sejje
|sej
|sejst, sajst
|sejt, sajt
|sejt
|seide
|seiden
|jeseid
|hebbe
|''to say''
|-
|fortellen
|fortell
|fortellst
|fortellt
|fortellt
|fortellde
|fortellden
|fortelld
|hebben
|''to tell''
|-
|witen
|weet
|weest
|weet
|witt
|wisse
|wissen
|jewiten
|hebben
|''to know''
|-
|knåwen
|knåw
|knewst
|knewth
|knåweth
|kniew
|kniewen
|jeknowen
|hebben
|''to recognise''
|-
|willen
|will
|willt, willst
|will
|willt
|wöllde
|wöllden
|jewilld
|hebben
|''to want to''
|-
|schüllen
|schall
|schallt, schallst
|schall
|schüllt
|schöllde
|schöllden
| —
|hebben
|''to shall, must''
|-
|sterven
|sterf
|stirfst
|stirfth
|sterft
|storf
|storven
|jestorven
|wezen
|''to die''
|-
|måken
|mååk
|mååkst
|mååkt
|mååkt
|mååkte
|mååkten
|jemååkt
|hebben
|''to make''
|-
|êten
|eet
|itst
|itt
|eet
|åt
|åten
|jeëten
|hebben
|''to eat''
|-
|müjje
|maj
|majst, maght
|maj
|müjt
|moghte
|moghten
| — (jemoght)
|hebben
|''to may''
|-
|haoden
|haod
|heodst
|heodth
|haodeth
|heeod
|heeoden
|jehaoden, gehaoden
|hebben
|''to hold''
|-
|wirchen
|wirch
|wirchst
|wircht
|wircht
|wroghte
|wroghten
|jewroght, gewrocht
|hebben
|''to work''
|}

===Indefinites===

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|iemann
|somebody
|-
|ieeen
|someone
|-
|evending
|something/anything
|-
|evenwær
|somewhere
|-
|neaman
|nobody
|-
|newær
|nowhere
|-
|nene (also neëne)
|none
|-
|neding
|nothing
|-
|enyman
|anybody
|-
|enyene
|anyone
|-
|enyding
|anything
|-
|enywær
|anywhere
|-
|theyene
|the one (who)
|-
|thatean
|that one (which)
|-
|elc
|each
|-
|all
|all
|-
|othor
|other
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

[[Category:West Germanic languages]]

Westlondic - Revision history

Chrysophylax: Text replacement - "Category:Conlangs" to "Category:Languages"

Ealdwimor: /* Verbs */

Ealdwimor: Created page with "{{private}} {{ClassMeter |Name = Westlondic, Westlondish |NativeName = Westlondsch, Wesslonnsch |Type = Mixed |Alignment = Nominative-Accusative |adjective = fi..."