Wena - Revision history

Nicomega: adding categories

2021-02-08T15:04:20Z

adding categories

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:04, 8 February 2021
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	===''Nenge la''===		===''Nenge la''===
	===''Nenge hu''===		===''Nenge hu''===

			[[Category:Languages]]
			[[Category:Conlangs]]

Imralu at 18:28, 15 March 2017

2017-03-15T18:28:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:28, 15 March 2017
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			{{privatelang}}
	'''Wena''' (also known as '''Hibu''', '''Hibuese''', '''Mannenese''' or '''Nenge''') is a language isolate spoken by around 60,000 people on the Hibu Islands in the Hibu Province of Papua New Guinea. It is called by its speakers either ''nenge wena'' or ''nenge wana'', both essentially meaning 'our language', the former using the exclusive word 'we, not you' and the latter using the inclusive word 'we, including you'. The closest land to the Hibu Islands is Simberi Island about 150 kilometres to the southwest. Nuguria Atoll is a similar distance away to the southeast. About half of the Wena people are monolingual, the other half also having knowledge of Tok Pisin and a much smaller percentage know English. Dialectal differences are little-documented and appear to be small, most likely owing to the high degree of travel around the islands.		'''Wena''' (also known as '''Hibu''', '''Hibuese''', '''Mannenese''' or '''Nenge''') is a language isolate spoken by around 60,000 people on the Hibu Islands in the Hibu Province of Papua New Guinea. It is called by its speakers either ''nenge wena'' or ''nenge wana'', both essentially meaning 'our language', the former using the exclusive word 'we, not you' and the latter using the inclusive word 'we, including you'. The closest land to the Hibu Islands is Simberi Island about 150 kilometres to the southwest. Nuguria Atoll is a similar distance away to the southeast. About half of the Wena people are monolingual, the other half also having knowledge of Tok Pisin and a much smaller percentage know English. Dialectal differences are little-documented and appear to be small, most likely owing to the high degree of travel around the islands.

Imralu: /* Personal */

2017-03-03T12:53:47Z

Personal

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:53, 3 March 2017
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	The distinction between '''''wena''''' "we" and '''''wana''''' "we" is that the latter includes any listeners whereas the former does not. In the second person, '''''wewa''''' is used to refer to a group with all members present and being addressed. '''''~~Wede~~''''' refers to a group whose members are not all present or being spoken to.		The distinction between '''''wena''''' "we" and '''''wana''''' "we" is that the latter includes any listeners whereas the former does not. In the second person, '''''wewa''''' is used to refer to a group with all members present and being addressed. '''''Wade''''' refers to a group whose members are not all present or being spoken to.

	All the pronouns have distinct genitive forms equivalent to being preceded with '''''ya'''''. For example, '''''ya na''''' is equivalent to '''''nga''''', with the former being more emphatic and the latter being more common. The forms are shown in the following table.		All the pronouns have distinct genitive forms equivalent to being preceded with '''''ya'''''. For example, '''''ya na''''' is equivalent to '''''nga''''', with the former being more emphatic and the latter being more common. The forms are shown in the following table.

Imralu: /* Predicate clauses */

2017-03-02T01:52:01Z

Predicate clauses

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:52, 2 March 2017
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	In context, the unstate subject may refer to a specific entity, ~~generally whatever~~ is ~~topical~~ at the ~~time~~.		In context, the unstate subject may refer to a specific entity understood from context. For example, after being asked the question "Where is the banana?" the answer may be ...


			:{\|
			\|-
			\| colspan="3" \| '''''I lu vumbadi.'''''
			\|-
			\| i \|\| lu \|\| vumbadi
			\|-
			\| <small>COP</small> \|\| <small>LOC</small>.<small>E</small> \|\| bathroom
			\|-
			\| colspan="3" \| ''(It's) in the bathroom.''
			\|}


			Note that removing the copula and saying '''''lu vumbadi''''' would not simply mean "in the bathroom" but, being an unmarked noun phrase ("entity which is in the bathroom"), this forms an appellative sentence essentially meaning "You are in the bathroom." The copula thus appears at the beginning of short utterances warning of the presence of something.


			:{\|
			\|-
			\| colspan="2" \| '''''I mongo'''''
			\|-
			\| i \|\| mongo
			\|-
			\| <small>COP</small> \|\| shark
			\|-
			\| colspan="2" \| ''(There's a) shark!''
			\|}


			:{\|
			\|-
			\| colspan="2" \| '''''I vyada'''''
			\|-
			\| i \|\| vyada
			\|-
			\| <small>COP</small> \|\| tree
			\|-
			\| colspan="2" \| ''(There's a) tree!''
			\|}

	===Subject predicate clauses===		===Subject predicate clauses===

Imralu: /* Predicate clauses */

2017-02-28T10:05:06Z

Predicate clauses

@@ Line 469: / Line 469: @@
 ===Predicate clauses===
-Predicate clauses consist of a noun phrase introduced by the copula '''''i'''''.
+Predicate clauses consist of nothing but a predicate, which itself consists of the copula (or predicate marker) '''''i''''' of a noun phrase introduced by the copula. The missing subject in these sentences can, without further context, be thought of as representing an unspoken "someone" or "something". They therefore often have an existential meaning.
 ===Subject predicate clauses===

Imralu: /* Appellative clauses */

2017-02-28T08:45:36Z

Appellative clauses

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:45, 28 February 2017
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	===Appellative clauses===		===Appellative clauses===

	The simplest sentence type in Wena is an appellative clause, which consists of a single bare noun-phrase. The function of these clauses is to name the addressee. The meaning is the same as a clause beginning with '''''Wa i ...''''' 'You are ...' although in tone it is much more direct. The closest equivalent in English are the kind of vocative exclamations such as "Idiot!" or "Creep!" which are not used to gain attention but instead to make an assertion about the addressee.		The simplest sentence type in Wena is an appellative clause, which consists of a single bare noun-phrase. The function of these clauses is to name the addressee. The meaning is the same as a clause beginning with '''''Wa i ...''''' 'You are ...' although in tone it is much more direct. The closest equivalent in English are the kind of vocative exclamations such as "Idiot!" or "Creep!" which are not used to gain attention but instead to make an assertion about the addressee (i.e. not "Hey, creep!" but "You are a creep!").

Imralu: /* Predicate clauses */

2017-02-28T00:20:24Z

Predicate clauses

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:20, 28 February 2017
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	===Predicate clauses===		===Predicate clauses===

			Predicate clauses consist of a noun phrase introduced by the copula '''''i'''''.

	===Subject predicate clauses===		===Subject predicate clauses===
	===Topic fronting===		===Topic fronting===

Imralu at 17:38, 25 February 2017

2017-02-25T17:38:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:38, 25 February 2017
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	'''Wena''' (also known as '''Hibu''', '''Hibuese''', '''Mannenese''' or '''Nenge''') is a language isolate spoken by around 60,000 people on the Hibu Islands in the Hibu Province of Papua New Guinea. It is called by its speakers either ''nenge wena'' or ''nenge wana'', both essentially meaning 'our language', the former using the exclusive word 'we, not you' and the latter using the inclusive word 'we, including you'. The closest land to the Hibu Islands is Simberi Island about 150 kilometres to the southwest. Nuguria Atoll is a similar distance away to the southeast. About half of the Wena people are monolingual, the other half also having knowledge of Tok Pisin and a much smaller percentage know English. Dialectal differences are little-documented and appear to be small, most likely owing to the high degree of travel around the ~~island~~.		'''Wena''' (also known as '''Hibu''', '''Hibuese''', '''Mannenese''' or '''Nenge''') is a language isolate spoken by around 60,000 people on the Hibu Islands in the Hibu Province of Papua New Guinea. It is called by its speakers either ''nenge wena'' or ''nenge wana'', both essentially meaning 'our language', the former using the exclusive word 'we, not you' and the latter using the inclusive word 'we, including you'. The closest land to the Hibu Islands is Simberi Island about 150 kilometres to the southwest. Nuguria Atoll is a similar distance away to the southeast. About half of the Wena people are monolingual, the other half also having knowledge of Tok Pisin and a much smaller percentage know English. Dialectal differences are little-documented and appear to be small, most likely owing to the high degree of travel around the islands.

	Wena appears to be a language isolate. It is a right-branching, strongly isolating language, notable for its largely oligoanalytic nature, its complete lack of verbs other than the non-inflecting copula ''i'', and for its sex-based speech registers, whereby initiated men pronounce all consonants other than /h/ as voiced.		Wena appears to be a language isolate. It is a right-branching, strongly isolating language, notable for its largely oligoanalytic nature, its complete lack of verbs other than the non-inflecting copula ''i'', and for its sex-based speech registers, whereby initiated men pronounce all consonants other than /h/ as voiced.

Imralu: /* Correlative coordination */

2017-02-25T14:32:02Z

Correlative coordination

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:32, 25 February 2017
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	\| <small>DEF</small>.<small>E</small> \|\| <small>COP</small> \|\| man \|\| <small>COORD</small> \|\| strike.<small>AG</small> \|\| then \|\| see.<small>AG</small>		\| <small>DEF</small>.<small>E</small> \|\| <small>COP</small> \|\| man \|\| <small>COORD</small> \|\| strike.<small>AG</small> \|\| then \|\| see.<small>AG</small>
	\|-		\|-
	\| colspan="7" \| ''He's a "hit first, ask questions later" kind of guy.''		\| colspan="7" \| ''He's a "hit <span style="color:blue">first</span>, ask questions <span style="color:blue">later</span>" kind of guy.''
	\|}		\|}

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	\| <small>COORD</small> \|\| <small>COP</small> \|\| should.<small>AG</small> \|\| stay.<small>AG</small> \|\| <small>ADJN</small> \|\| <small>time</small> \|\| <small>COP</small> \|\| increasingly_intense.<small>E</small> \|\| large.<small>E</small> \|\| thus \|\| food \|\| <small>COP</small> \|\| increasingly_intense.<small>E</small> \|\| tasty.<small>E</small>		\| <small>COORD</small> \|\| <small>COP</small> \|\| should.<small>AG</small> \|\| stay.<small>AG</small> \|\| <small>ADJN</small> \|\| <small>time</small> \|\| <small>COP</small> \|\| increasingly_intense.<small>E</small> \|\| large.<small>E</small> \|\| thus \|\| food \|\| <small>COP</small> \|\| increasingly_intense.<small>E</small> \|\| tasty.<small>E</small>
	\|-		\|-
	\| colspan="14" \| ''The longer you have to wait, the better food tastes.''		\| colspan="14" \| ''<span style="color:blue">The</span> longer you have to wait, <span style="color:blue">the</span> better food tastes.''
	\|}		\|}

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	\| <small>COORD</small> \|\| <small>COP</small> \|\| many.<small>E</small> \|\| small_animal \|\| <small>LOC</small>.<small>E</small> \|\| room \|\| <small>GEN</small>.2p \|\| but \|\| <small>COP</small> \|\| should.<small>AG</small> \|\| remember.<small>AG</small> \|\| <small>GEN</small>.<small>C</small> \|\| <small>DEM</small>.<small>E</small> \|\| guesthouse \|\| <small>COP</small> \|\| cheap.<small>E</small>		\| <small>COORD</small> \|\| <small>COP</small> \|\| many.<small>E</small> \|\| small_animal \|\| <small>LOC</small>.<small>E</small> \|\| room \|\| <small>GEN</small>.2p \|\| but \|\| <small>COP</small> \|\| should.<small>AG</small> \|\| remember.<small>AG</small> \|\| <small>GEN</small>.<small>C</small> \|\| <small>DEM</small>.<small>E</small> \|\| guesthouse \|\| <small>COP</small> \|\| cheap.<small>E</small>
	\|-		\|-
	\| colspan="12" \| ''Yes, admittedly your room '''is''' full of creepy crawlies, but please remember: this guesthouse '''is''' cheap.''		\| colspan="12" \| ''<span style="color:blue">Yes</span>, <span style="color:blue">admittedly</span> your room '''is''' full of creepy crawlies, <span style="color:blue">but</span> please remember: this guesthouse '''is''' cheap.''
	\|}		\|}

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	\| 2s \|\| <small>COP</small> \|\| able.<small>E</small> \|\| <small>COORD</small> \|\| stay.<small>AG</small> \|\| <small>LOC</small>.<small>E</small> \|\| <small>DEM</small>.<small>E</small> \|\| <small>ADJN</small> \|\| watch.<small>AG</small> \|\| ant \|\| <small>XOR</small> \|\| accompany.<small>AG</small> \|\| <small>GEN</small>.1s \|\| <small>ADJN</small> \|\| beat_sago.<small>AG</small>		\| 2s \|\| <small>COP</small> \|\| able.<small>E</small> \|\| <small>COORD</small> \|\| stay.<small>AG</small> \|\| <small>LOC</small>.<small>E</small> \|\| <small>DEM</small>.<small>E</small> \|\| <small>ADJN</small> \|\| watch.<small>AG</small> \|\| ant \|\| <small>XOR</small> \|\| accompany.<small>AG</small> \|\| <small>GEN</small>.1s \|\| <small>ADJN</small> \|\| beat_sago.<small>AG</small>
	\|-		\|-
	\| colspan="15" \| ''You can either stay here twiddling your thumbs'' (lit. "watching ants") ''or come and beat sago with me.''		\| colspan="15" \| ''You can <span style="color:blue">either</span> stay here twiddling your thumbs'' (lit. "watching ants") ''<span style="color:blue">or</span> come and beat sago with me.''
	\|}		\|}

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	:{\|		:{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
	\|-		\|-
	\|-		\|-

Imralu: /* Reflexive */

2017-02-25T14:27:55Z

Reflexive

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:27, 25 February 2017
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	\| 1s \|\| <small>COP</small> \|\| <small>NEG</small>.<small>E</small> \|\| murder.<small>AG</small> \|\| GEN.1s		\| 1s \|\| <small>COP</small> \|\| <small>NEG</small>.<small>E</small> \|\| murder.<small>AG</small> \|\| GEN.1s
	\|-		\|-
	\| colspan="5" \| ''I'm not going to kill myself.''		\| colspan="5" \| ''I'm not going to kill <span style="color:blue">myself</span>.''
	\|}		\|}

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	\| 1s \|\| <small>COP</small> \|\| <small>NEG</small>.<small>E</small> \|\| murder.<small>AG</small> \|\| GEN.1s.<small>REFL</small>		\| 1s \|\| <small>COP</small> \|\| <small>NEG</small>.<small>E</small> \|\| murder.<small>AG</small> \|\| GEN.1s.<small>REFL</small>
	\|-		\|-
	\| colspan="5" \| ''I'm not going to kill ~~'''~~myself~~'''~~.''		\| colspan="5" \| ''I'm not going to kill <span style="color:blue">myself</span> (but possibly others).''
	\|}		\|}

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	\| 1s \|\| <small>COP</small> \|\| <small>NEG</small>.<small>E</small> \|\| murder.self.<small>AG</small>		\| 1s \|\| <small>COP</small> \|\| <small>NEG</small>.<small>E</small> \|\| murder.self.<small>AG</small>
	\|-		\|-
	\| colspan="5" \| ''I'm not going to commit ~~suicide~~.''		\| colspan="5" \| ''I'm not going to commit <span style="color:blue">su</span>icide.''
	\|}		\|}

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	\| 1s \|\| <small>COP</small> \|\| <small>NEG</small>.<small>E</small> \|\| murder.<small>AG</small> \|\| ADJN \|\| 1s		\| 1s \|\| <small>COP</small> \|\| <small>NEG</small>.<small>E</small> \|\| murder.<small>AG</small> \|\| ADJN \|\| 1s
	\|-		\|-
	\| colspan="5" \| ''I'm not going to kill (anyone) myself.''		\| colspan="5" \| ''I'm not going to kill (anyone) <span style="color:blue">myself</span>.''
	\|}		\|}