Valthungian - Revision history

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2025-04-27T15:45:43Z

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Bpnjohnson at 20:35, 25 March 2025

2025-03-25T20:35:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:35, 25 March 2025
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	The name “Valthungian” comes from the name ''Valthungi'' – a Latin term derived from a pre-Old Valthungian name *''Walþungae'' – meaning “Forest-dweller,” likely a branch of or related to the [[w: Thervingi\|Thervingians]] (''idem''), though the Valthungian people refer to themselves as '''''[[Contionary: grējutunga#Valthungian\|Grējutunga]]''''', which is probably from an earlier ''[[w: Greuthungi\|Griutuggai]]'' (the name of an Ostrogothic tribe living along the northern shore of the Black Sea), which underwent reanalysis (griut+ung‑ → griw+tung‑) and came to mean ‘the Grey-Tongued (ones)’. In turn, they call their language '''''[[Contionary: so#Valthungian\|so]] [[Contionary: grējus#Valthungian\|Grējuga]] [[Contionary: tunga#Valthungian\|Tunga]]''''' ‘the Grey Tongue’.		The name “Valthungian” comes from the name ''Valthungi'' – a Latin term derived from a pre-Old Valthungian name *''Walþungae'' – meaning “Forest-dweller,” likely a branch of or related to the [[w: Thervingi\|Thervingians]] (''idem''), though the Valthungian people refer to themselves as '''''[[Contionary: grējutunga#Valthungian\|Grējutunga]]''''', which is probably from an earlier ''[[w: Greuthungi\|Griutuggai]]'' (the name of an Ostrogothic tribe living along the northern shore of the Black Sea), which underwent reanalysis (griut+ung‑ → griw+tung‑) and came to mean ‘the Grey-Tongued (ones)’. In turn, they call their language '''''[[Contionary: so#Valthungian\|so]] [[Contionary: grējus#Valthungian\|Grējuga]] [[Contionary: tunga#Valthungian\|Tunga]]''''' ‘the Grey Tongue’.

			When the Goths, including many Griutungi, sacked Rome in 410ᴀᴅ, most lost the Gothic language in favour of Latin within a few generations, though some speakers of Griutungi remained in the areas to the north and east of Rome, eventually making their way to the alps north of the modern [[w: Udine\|city of Udine]]. Over the course of the next five centuries, small pockets of Gothic ([[Griutungi]]) speakers remained in eastern parts of the Italian Alps, and by about 800ᴀᴅ the language had developed into what we now consider [[Old Valthungian]]. In 1025ᴀᴅ a group of Late-Old-Valthungian-speaking Valthungi set out to return to their ancestral Gothic homeland, and, to make a very long and tedious story unsatisfyingly short, they got lost and ended up in Bavaria, where, after a few hundred years, they were speaking [[Middle Valthungian]]. The language of the Valthungi who stayed behind also continued to evolve and blend with Latin and Romance influences, first becoming [[Italian Gothic]] and then eventually the modern mixed language [[Gothic Romance]].

	==Writing System==		==Writing System==

Bpnjohnson at 18:48, 25 March 2025

2025-03-25T18:48:40Z

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	{{Bpnjohnson.info\|Valthungian, the Grey Tongue\|So Grējuga Tunga\|so̞ ˈɡrai̯.ju.ɡa ˈtuŋ.ɡa\|2010\|Europe, vaguely\|Indo-European\|Indo-European\|Germanic\|East Germanic\|Griutungi\|Old Valthungian\|Middle Valthungian\|\|qgt\|grey}}		{{Bpnjohnson.info\|Valthungian, the Grey Tongue\|So Grējuga Tunga\|so̞ ˈɡrai̯.ju.ɡa ˈtuŋ.ɡa\|2010\|Europe, vaguely\|Indo-European\|Indo-European\|Germanic\|East Germanic\|Griutungi\|Old Valthungian\|Middle Valthungian\|\|qgt\|grey}}

	Valthungian is an [[wiki:East_Germanic_languages\|East Germanic]] language descended from a language that was probably mutually intelligible with [[wiki:Gothic_language\|Gothic]], though much of its corpus cannot have been inherited from the language of [[wiki:Ulfilas\|Wulfila]]. It is likely, however, that the speakers of the ancestor of Valthungian did consider themselves Goths (or Gutai or Gutþiudōs), and that their language was mutually intelligible with other dialects of Gothic. The Valthungian relationship to “Classical Gothic” can be thought of as analogous to the relationship between Modern ~~High German~~ and [[wiki:Old_High_German\|Old High German]]: that is, not a direct lineage, but the modern languages are descended from neighboring dialects spoken by people who would likewise have considered themselves to be ~~“Gutisks~~,” in the case of Valthungian, or ~~“Diotisk”~~ in the case of German.		Valthungian is an [[wiki:East_Germanic_languages\|East Germanic]] language descended from a language that was probably mutually intelligible with [[wiki:Gothic_language\|Gothic]], though much of its corpus cannot have been inherited from the language of [[wiki:Ulfilas\|Wulfila]]. It is likely, however, that the speakers of the ancestor of Valthungian did consider themselves Goths (or ''Gutai'' or ''Gutþiudōs''), and that their language was mutually intelligible with other dialects of Gothic. The Valthungian relationship to “Classical Gothic” can be thought of as analogous to the relationship between Modern and [[wiki:Old_High_German\|Old High German]] – that is, not a direct lineage, but the modern languages are descended from neighboring dialects spoken by people who would likewise have considered themselves to be speaking “Gutiska,” in the case of Valthungian, or “Diutiska” in the case of German.

	While Valthungian shares many of the areal changes common to [[wiki:North_Germanic_languages\|North]] and [[wiki:West_Germanic_languages\|West Germanic languages]], it is also marked by distinctive changes in palatalisation, which, while similar to those of Old English, are most likely influenced by contact with Romance and Slavic languages. Modern Valthungian can be traced back to [[Middle Valthungian]] (spoken from around 1200‒1600ᴀᴅ) through [[Old Valthungian]] (800‒1200ᴀᴅ) and ultimately to [[Griutungi]], which would likely have been ~~considered~~ a dialect of Gothic (400‒800ᴀᴅ).		While Valthungian shares many of the areal changes common to [[wiki:North_Germanic_languages\|North]] and [[wiki:West_Germanic_languages\|West Germanic languages]], it is also marked by distinctive changes in palatalisation, which, while similar to those of Old English, are most likely influenced by contact with Romance and Slavic languages. Modern Valthungian can be traced back to [[Middle Valthungian]] (spoken from around 1200‒1600ᴀᴅ) through [[Old Valthungian]] (800‒1200ᴀᴅ) and ultimately to [[Griutungi]], which would likely have been thought of as a dialect of Gothic (400‒800ᴀᴅ).

	The name “Valthungian” comes from the name ''Valthungi'' – a Latin term ~~likely~~ derived from a pre-Old Valthungian name *''Walþungae'' – meaning “Forest-dweller,” likely a branch of, or related to, the [[w: Thervingi\|Thervingians]] (''idem''), though the Valthungian people refer to themselves as '''''[[Contionary: ~~grējutungišk~~#Valthungian\|~~Grējutungišk~~]]''''', which is probably from an earlier ''[[w: Greuthungi\|~~Griutuggs~~]]'' (the name of an Ostrogothic tribe living along the northern shore of the Black Sea), which underwent reanalysis ~~over the generations~~ and came to mean ‘the ~~grey~~-~~tongued ones’~~. In turn, they call their language '''''[[Contionary: so#Valthungian\|So]] [[Contionary: grējus#Valthungian\|Grējuga]] [[Contionary: tunga#Valthungian\|Tunga]]''''' ‘the Grey Tongue’.		The name “Valthungian” comes from the name ''Valthungi'' – a Latin term derived from a pre-Old Valthungian name *''Walþungae'' – meaning “Forest-dweller,” likely a branch of or related to the [[w: Thervingi\|Thervingians]] (''idem''), though the Valthungian people refer to themselves as '''''[[Contionary: grējutunga#Valthungian\|Grējutunga]]''''', which is probably from an earlier ''[[w: Greuthungi\|Griutuggai]]'' (the name of an Ostrogothic tribe living along the northern shore of the Black Sea), which underwent reanalysis (griut+ung‑ → griw+tung‑) and came to mean ‘the Grey-Tongued (ones)’. In turn, they call their language '''''[[Contionary: so#Valthungian\|so]] [[Contionary: grējus#Valthungian\|Grējuga]] [[Contionary: tunga#Valthungian\|Tunga]]''''' ‘the Grey Tongue’.

	==Writing System==		==Writing System==

Bpnjohnson: /* Orthographic Variants */

2025-03-25T10:41:24Z

Orthographic Variants

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	Stress is indicated in the standard orthography with an acute accent ''only'' if: The stress is ''not'' on the first syllable (by default, stress falls on the primary syllable); the stressed vowel is short (all unstressed long vowels were reduced to short vowels in the [[Middle Valthungian]] period); and the stressed vowel is not ⟨œ⟩ or ⟨y⟩ (the rounded front vowels can ''only'' occur as the result of i‑umlaut, which could only affect a stressed vowel). For example, ''in'''í'''la '' ‘excuse’, ''ak'''é'''čim'' ‘even so’; but ''gar'''ǣ'''ts'' ‘correct’ or ''gawr'''œ'''čin'' ‘to handle’.		Stress is indicated in the standard orthography with an acute accent ''only'' if: The stress is ''not'' on the first syllable (by default, stress falls on the primary syllable); the stressed vowel is short (all unstressed long vowels were reduced to short vowels in the [[Middle Valthungian]] period); and the stressed vowel is not ⟨œ⟩ or ⟨y⟩ (the rounded front vowels can ''only'' occur as the result of i‑umlaut, which could only affect a stressed vowel). For example, ''in'''í'''la '' ‘excuse’, ''ak'''é'''čim'' ‘even so’; but ''gar'''ǣ'''ts'' ‘correct’ or ''gawr'''œ'''čin'' ‘to handle’.

	===Orthographic Variants===		===Orthographic Variants===
	There are a few regional and stylistic variations in the orthography of Valthungian romanisation.		There are a few regional and stylistic variations in the orthography of Valthungian romanisation.
	* In some areas, rather than indicating non-initial stress by placing an acute diacritic on the stressed vowel, the vowel of the initial ''unstressed'' syllable is marked with a grave diacritic. This is not standard anywhere, but is often used in children’s books and language learning tools, as it is a more consistent indicator of stress than the acute, which is not deployed over long vowels or rounded front vowels. It is often used in combination with the acute stress system, and the acute may also be used on otherwise exempt characters. E.g.:		* In some areas, rather than indicating non-initial stress by placing an acute diacritic on the stressed vowel, the vowel of the initial ''unstressed'' syllable is marked with a grave diacritic. This is not standard anywhere, but is often used in children’s books and language learning tools, as it is a more consistent indicator of stress than the acute, which is not deployed over long vowels or rounded front vowels. It is often used in combination with the acute stress system, and the acute may also be used on otherwise exempt characters. E.g.:
	** ''~~ǧukospríngna~~'' ‘to leap up’ → ''~~ǧùkospringna~~'' or ''~~ǧùkospríngna~~''		** ''žukuspríngna'' ‘to leap up’ → ''žùkuspringna'' or ''žùkuspríngna''
	** ''gadrynis'' ‘symphony’ → ''gàdrynis'' or ''gàdrýnis''		** ''gadrynis'' ‘symphony’ → ''gàdrynis'' or ''gàdrýnis''
	** ''miðlǣði'' ‘sympathy’ → ''mìðlǣði'' or ''mìðlǣ́ði'' (~~sometimes~~ ''mìðlǽði'')		** ''miðlǣði'' ‘sympathy’ → ''mìðlǣði'' or ''mìðlǣ́ði'' (rarely ''mìðlǽði'')
	* ⟨w⟩ ~~may be used in place of~~ word-initial ~~⟨v⟩~~ or ~~pre-vocalic~~ ⟨u⟩ ~~to represent /w/ as~~ a ~~more direct transliteration of the letter~~ ''~~vynia~~''. ~~There is no logical or efficient reason for~~ this ~~transliteration to be split up the way~~ it ~~is in~~ the ~~standard language: Its existence is purely aesthetic, and many people are not as interested in aesthetics as efficiency~~.		* A rather old-fashioned romanisation convention does not use ⟨w⟩ for ''wynia'',but transcribes it as ⟨v⟩ when word-initial or ⟨u⟩ after a consonant, e.g. ''windis'' ‘wind’, ''þwagna'' ‘wash’, ''wrǣti'' ‘drawing’ → ⟨vindis⟩, ⟨þuagna⟩, ⟨vrǣti⟩. Even those not following this convention may romanise wynia as ⟨v⟩ before a liquid where it has the value of [v].
	* ~~Conversely, there~~ are ~~some~~ who romanise ''jēr'' as ⟨i⟩ rather than as ⟨j⟩, likely out of spite ~~towards those who use ⟨w⟩ as above~~.		* There are a select few who also romanise ''jēr'' as ⟨i⟩ rather than as ⟨j⟩, likely out of spite.

	==Phonology==		==Phonology==

Bpnjohnson: /* Orthography & Allophony */

2025-03-25T10:26:04Z

Orthography & Allophony

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	The orthography of Valthungian is quite regular to its phonology; indeed, there are very few exceptions:		The orthography of Valthungian is quite regular to its phonology; indeed, there are very few exceptions:

	* The letter ⟨n⟩ before ⟨g⟩ or ⟨k⟩ is realised as a velar nasal [ŋ]~~. Specifically, ⟨ng⟩ is [ŋɡ] and ⟨nk⟩ is [ŋk]~~. (E.g. ''drinkna'' [driŋk.na] ‘to drink’.)		* The letter ⟨n⟩ before ⟨g⟩ or ⟨k⟩ is realised as a velar nasal {{IPA\|[ŋ]}}. (E.g. ''drinkna'' {{IPA\|[driŋk.na]}} ‘to drink’.)
	In combinations where ⟨ng⟩ is followed by another nasal consonant, [ɡ] is elided in speech: ⟨ngm⟩ is [ŋm] and ⟨ngn⟩ is [ŋn]. (E.g. ''gangna'' [gaŋ.na] ‘to go’; not [gaŋɡ.na].) In rapid speech this may also occur to the other nasal-stop combinations ⟨mbn⟩, ⟨mbm⟩, ⟨ndm⟩, and ⟨ndn⟩; sometimes the stop may also become glottal.		In combinations where ⟨ng⟩ is followed by another nasal consonant, {{IPA\|[ɡ]}} is elided in speech: ⟨ngm⟩ is {{IPA\|[ŋm]}} and ⟨ngn⟩ is {{IPA\|[ŋn]}}. (E.g. ''gangna'' {{IPA\|[gaŋ.na]}} ‘to go’; not {{IPA\|[gaŋɡ.na]}}.) In rapid speech this may also occur to the other nasal-stop combinations ⟨mbn⟩, ⟨mbm⟩, ⟨ndm⟩, and ⟨ndn⟩; sometimes the stop may also become glottal.
	* In the combinations ⟨hw⟩ ~~(i.e. ⟨hu⟩ followed by a vowel)~~, ⟨hl⟩, and ⟨hr⟩,⟨h⟩ is realised as [x].		* In the combinations ⟨hw⟩, ⟨hl⟩, and ⟨hr⟩,⟨h⟩ is realised as {{IPA\|[x]}}.
	* The sequence ⟨lju⟩ is realised as [ljɛu̯] (rather than the expected [lju]). (E.g. ''ljuga'' [ljɛu̯.ɡa] ‘lion’.)		* The sequence ⟨lju⟩ is realised as {{IPA\|[ljɛu̯]}} (rather than the expected {{IPA\|[lju]}}). (E.g. ''ljuga'' {{IPA\|[ljɛu̯.ɡa]}} ‘lion’.)
	* The sequence ⟨rju⟩ is realised as [rɛu̯] (rather than the expected [rju]). (E.g. ''frjusna'' [frɛu̯s.na] ‘to freeze’.)		* The sequence ⟨rju⟩ is realised as {{IPA\|[rɛu̯]}} (rather than the expected {{IPA\|[rju]}}). (E.g. ''frjusna'' {{IPA\|[frɛu̯s.na]}} ‘to freeze’.)
	* The diphthong ⟨eu⟩ is realised as [ɛu̯] (rather than the expected [e̞u̯]). (E.g. ''þreugi'' [θrɛu̯.ɡi] ‘wrath’.)		* The diphthong ⟨eu⟩ is realised as {{IPA\|[ɛu̯]}} (rather than the expected {{IPA\|[e̞u̯]}}). (E.g. ''þreugi'' {{IPA\|[θrɛu̯.ɡi]}} ‘wrath’.)
	* The diphthong ⟨œu⟩ is realised as [œy̑] (rather than the expected [ø̞u̯]). (E.g. ''grœunis'' [ɡrœy̑.nis] ‘green’.)		* The diphthong ⟨œu⟩ is realised as {{IPA\|[œy̑]}} (rather than the expected {{IPA\|[ø̞u̯]}}). (E.g. ''grœunis'' {{IPA\|[ɡrœy̑.nis]}} ‘green’.)
	* Medial ⟨dl⟩ (usually derived from earlier /ll/) is realised as [dɮ]. (E.g. ''hadla'' [ha.dɮa] ‘mansion’.)		* For some speakers, word-final ⟨þs⟩ is realised as {{IPA\|[t̪s]}}.
	* For some speakers, word-final ⟨þs⟩ ~~may be~~ realised as [t̪s].
	* Inexplicably, the letter ''wynia'', while quite regular in and of itself, has a rather irregular romanisation. It is sometimes romanised quite regularly as ⟨w⟩, though in combination with consonants before a vowel (/dw/, /tw/, /þw/, /hw/, /gw/, /kw/, or /sw/), it is romanised as ⟨u⟩ (i.e. ⟨du⟩, ⟨tu⟩, ⟨þu⟩, ⟨hu⟩, ⟨gu⟩,⟨ku⟩ and ⟨su⟩.)
	This process cannot cross morpheme boundaries, so ''iþ'' + ''wītna'' → ''iþwītna'', not ''iþuītna''.

	Stress is indicated in the standard orthography with an acute accent ''only'' if:		Stress is indicated in the standard orthography with an acute accent ''only'' if: The stress is ''not'' on the first syllable (by default, stress falls on the primary syllable); the stressed vowel is short (all unstressed long vowels were reduced to short vowels in the [[Middle Valthungian]] period); and the stressed vowel is not ⟨œ⟩ or ⟨y⟩ (the rounded front vowels can ''only'' occur as the result of i‑umlaut, which could only affect a stressed vowel). For example, ''in'''í'''la '' ‘excuse’, ''ak'''é'''čim'' ‘even so’; but ''gar'''ǣ'''ts'' ‘correct’ or ''gawr'''œ'''čin'' ‘to handle’.
	* The stress is ''not'' on the first syllable.
	** (By default, stress falls on the primary syllable.)
	* The stressed vowel is short.
	** (~~All~~ unstressed long vowels were reduced to short vowels in the [[Middle Valthungian]] period.)
	* The stressed vowel is not ⟨œ⟩ or ⟨y⟩.
	** (~~The~~ rounded front vowels can only occur as the result of i‑umlaut, which could only ~~arise from~~ a stressed vowel.)

	For example, ''in'''í'''la '' ‘excuse’, ''ak'''é'''čim'' ~~'even so'~~; but ''gar'''ǣ'''ts'' ‘correct’ or ''~~gavr~~'''œ'''čin'' ‘to handle’.

	===Orthographic Variants===		===Orthographic Variants===

Bpnjohnson: /* Consonants */

2025-03-25T10:14:37Z

Consonants

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:14, 25 March 2025
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	===Consonants===		===Consonants===
	''(Pardon the compactified consonant table. ~~I know it~~ doesn't quite ~~all~~ line up “properly,” but it does make more sense this way as regards the Valthungian language. If in doubt, rely on the transcription and not the row or column.)''		''(Pardon the compactified consonant table. It doesn't quite line up “properly,” but it does make more sense this way as regards the Valthungian language. If in doubt, rely on the transcription and not the row or column.)''

	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
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	\|-		\|-
	!'''Plosive'''		!'''Plosive'''
	\|'''p · b'''<br />[p~pʰ · b]		\|'''p · b'''<br />{{IPA\|/p · b/<br />[p~pʰ · b]}}
	\|'''t · d'''<br />[t̪~t̪ʰ · d̪]		\|'''t · d'''<br />{{IPA\|/t · d/<br />[t̪~t̪ʰ · d̪]}}
	\|		\|
	\|'''č · ǧ'''<br />[ʨ · ʥ]		\|'''č · ǧ'''<br />{{IPA\|/ʧ · ʤ/<br />[ʨ · ʥ]}}
	\|'''k · g'''<br />[k~kʰ · ɡ]		\|'''k · g'''<br />{{IPA\|/k · ɡ/<br />[k~kʰ · ɡ]}}
	\|-		\|-
	!'''Nasal'''		!'''Nasal'''
	\|''' · m'''<br />[m]		\|''' · m'''<br />{{IPA\|/m/}}<br />
	\|''' · n'''<br />[n̪]		\|''' · n'''<br />{{IPA\|/n/<br />[n̪]}}
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|''' · n'''<ref>Before ⟨g⟩ or ⟨k⟩.</ref><br />[ŋ]		\|''' · n'''<ref>Before ⟨g⟩ or ⟨k⟩.</ref><br />{{IPA\|/ŋ/}}<br />
	\|-		\|-
	!'''Fricative'''		!'''Fricative'''
	\|'''f · v'''<br />[f · v]		\|'''f · v'''<br />{{IPA\|/f · v/}}<br />
	\|'''ð · þ'''<br />[ð · θ]		\|'''ð · þ'''<br />{{IPA\|/ð · θ/}}<br />
	\|'''s ·'''<br />[s]		\|'''s ·'''<br />{{IPA\|/s/}}<br />
	\|'''š · ž'''<br />[ɕ · ʑ]		\|'''š · ž'''<br />{{IPA\|ʃ · ʒ/<br />[ɕ · ʑ]}}
	\|'''h ·'''<br />[h~x]		\|'''h ·'''<br />{{IPA\|/h/<br />[h~x]}}
	\|-		\|-
	!'''Approximant'''		!'''Approximant'''
	\|''' · w/u'''<br />[w~v]		\|''' · w'''<br />{{IPA\|/w/<br />[w~ʋ]}}
	\|''' · l'''<br />[l̪]		\|''' · l'''<br />{{IPA\|/l/<br />[l̪]}}
	\|''' · r'''<br />[r~ɾ]		\|''' · r'''<br />{{IPA\|/r/<br />[r~ɾ]}}
	\|''' · j'''<br />[j]		\|''' · j'''<br />{{IPA\|/j/}}<br />
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}

Bpnjohnson: /* Vowels */

2025-03-25T10:03:54Z

Vowels

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	! colspan="2"\| '''Diphthongs'''		! colspan="2"\| '''Diphthongs'''
	\|-		\|-
	! width=~~85px~~\| '''Front'''		! width=65px\| '''Front'''
	! width=65px\| '''Back'''		! width=65px\| '''Back'''
	! width=~~110px~~\| '''Front'''		! width=65px\| '''Front'''
	! width=65px\| '''Back'''		! width=65px\| '''Back'''
	! width=65px\| '''Front'''		! width=65px\| '''Front'''
	! width=~~75px~~\| '''Back'''		! width=65px\| '''Back'''
	\|-		\|-
	!'''Closed'''		!'''Closed'''
	\|'''i · y'''<br />/i/ · /y/		\|'''i · y'''<br />{{IPA\|/i/ · /y/}}
	\|'''u'''<br />/u/		\|'''u'''<br />{{IPA\|/u/}}
	\|'''ī · ȳ'''<br />/iː/ · /yː/		\|'''ī · ȳ'''<br />{{IPA\|/iː/ · /yː/}}
	\|'''ū'''<br />/uː/		\|'''ū'''<br />{{IPA\|/uː/}}
	!'''Closed-to-'''		!'''Closed-to-'''
	\|'''ui'''<br />/ui̯/		\|'''ui'''<br />{{IPA\|/ui̯/}}
	\|'''iu'''<br />/iu̯/		\|'''iu'''<br />{{IPA\|/iu̯/}}
	\|-		\|-
	!'''Mid'''		!'''Mid'''
	\|'''e · œ'''<br />/e/[e̞] · ~~/ø/~~[ø̞]		\|'''e · œ'''<br />{{IPA\|/e/ · /ø/<br />[e̞] · [ø̞]}}
	\|'''o'''<br />/o/[o̞]		\|'''o'''<br />{{IPA\|/o/<br />[o̞]}}
	\|'''ǣ · œ̄'''<br />/eː/[e̞ː] · ~~/øː/~~[ø̞ː]		\|'''ǣ · œ̄'''<br />{{IPA\|/eː/ · /øː/<br />[e̞ː] · [ø̞ː]}}
	\|'''ǭ'''<br />/oː/[o̞ː]		\|'''ǭ'''<br />{{IPA\|/oː/<br />[o̞ː]}}
	!'''Mid-to-'''		!'''Mid-to-'''
	\|'''œu'''<br />/øy̑/[œy̑]		\|'''œu'''<br />/{{IPA\|øy̑/<br />[œy̑]}}
	\|'''eu''', '''ew'''<br />/eu̯/[ɛu̯]		\|'''eu''','''ew'''<br />{{IPA\|/eu̯/<br />[ɛu̯]}}
	\|-		\|-
	!'''Open'''		!'''Open'''
	\|		\|colspan=2\|'''a'''<br />{{IPA\|/a/<br />[ä]}}
	\|'''a'''<br />/a/[ä]		\|colspan=2\|'''ā'''<br />{{IPA\|/aː/<br />[äː]}}
	\|
	\|'''ā'''<br />/aː/[äː]
	!'''Open-to-'''		!'''Open-to-'''
	\|'''ē'''<br />/ai̯/		\|'''ē'''<br />{{IPA\|/ai̯/}}
	\|'''ō''', '''au''', '''aw'''<br />/au̯/		\|'''ō''','''au''','''aw'''<br />{{IPA\|/au̯/}}
	\|-		\|-
	\|}		\|}

Bpnjohnson: /* Vowels */

2025-03-25T09:45:19Z

Vowels

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:45, 25 March 2025
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	! colspan="2"\| '''Diphthongs'''		! colspan="2"\| '''Diphthongs'''
	\|-		\|-
	! width=~~65px~~\| '''Front'''		! width=85px\| '''Front'''
	! width=65px\| '''Back'''		! width=65px\| '''Back'''
	! width=~~65px~~\| '''Front'''		! width=110px\| '''Front'''
	! width=65px\| '''Back'''		! width=65px\| '''Back'''
	! width=65px\| '''Front'''		! width=65px\| '''Front'''
	! width=~~65px~~\| '''Back'''		! width=75px\| '''Back'''
	\|-		\|-
	!'''Closed'''		!'''Closed'''
	\|'''i · y'''<br />[i · y]		\|'''i · y'''<br />/i/ · /y/
	\|'''u'''<br />[u]		\|'''u'''<br />/u/
	\|'''ī · ȳ'''<br />[iː · yː]		\|'''ī · ȳ'''<br />/iː/ · /yː/
	\|'''ū'''<br />[uː]		\|'''ū'''<br />/uː/
	!'''Closed-to-'''		!'''Closed-to-'''
	\|		\|'''ui'''<br />/ui̯/
	\|		\|'''iu'''<br />/iu̯/
	\|-		\|-
	!'''Mid'''		!'''Mid'''
	\|'''e · œ'''<br />[e̞ · ø̞]		\|'''e · œ'''<br />/e/[e̞] · /ø/[ø̞]
	\|'''o'''<br />[o̞]		\|'''o'''<br />/o/[o̞]
	\|'''ǣ · œ̄'''<br />[e̞ː · ø̞ː]		\|'''ǣ · œ̄'''<br />/eː/[e̞ː] · /øː/[ø̞ː]
	\|'''ǭ'''<br />[o̞ː]		\|'''ǭ'''<br />/oː/[o̞ː]
	!'''Mid-to-'''		!'''Mid-to-'''
	\|'''œu'''<br />[œy̑]		\|'''œu'''<br />/øy̑/[œy̑]
	\|'''eu'''<br />[ɛu̯]		\|'''eu''', '''ew'''<br />/eu̯/[ɛu̯]
	\|-		\|-
	!'''Open'''		!'''Open'''
	\|		\|
	\|'''a'''<br />[ɑ]		\|'''a'''<br />/a/[ä]
	\|		\|
	\|'''ā'''<br />[ɑː]		\|'''ā'''<br />/aː/[äː]
	!'''Open-to-'''		!'''Open-to-'''
	\|'''ē'''<br />[ai̯]		\|'''ē'''<br />/ai̯/
	\|'''ō''', '''au'''<br />[au̯]		\|'''ō''', '''au''', '''aw'''<br />/au̯/
	\|-		\|-
	\|}		\|}

Bpnjohnson at 09:31, 25 March 2025

2025-03-25T09:31:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:31, 25 March 2025
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	[[Category: Conlangs]]		[[Category: Conlangs]]
	[[Category: Artlangs]]		[[Category: Artlangs]]
	[[Category: ~~A_posteriori~~]]		[[Category: A posteriori]]
	[[Category: Indo-~~European_languages~~]]		[[Category: Indo-European languages]]
	[[Category: Germanic languages]]		[[Category: Germanic languages]]
	[[Category: East Germanic languages]]		[[Category: East Germanic languages]]
Line 9:		Line 9:

	{{construction}}		{{construction}}
	{{Bpnjohnson.info\|Valthungian, the Grey Tongue\|~~Grējutungiška Rasta,~~ So Grējuga Tunga\|~~ˈgrai̯.juˌtuŋ.giɕ.kɑ ˈrɑs.tɑ,~~ so̞ ~~ˈgrai̯~~.ju.ɡɑ ˈtuŋ.gɑ\|2010\|Europe, vaguely\|Indo-European\|Indo-European\|Germanic\|East Germanic\|Griutungi\|Old Valthungian\|Middle Valthungian\|\|qgt\|grey}}		{{Bpnjohnson.info\|Valthungian, the Grey Tongue\|So Grējuga Tunga\|so̞ ˈɡrai̯.ju.ɡa ˈtuŋ.ɡa\|2010\|Europe, vaguely\|Indo-European\|Indo-European\|Germanic\|East Germanic\|Griutungi\|Old Valthungian\|Middle Valthungian\|\|qgt\|grey}}

	Valthungian is an [[wiki:East_Germanic_languages\|East Germanic]] language descended from a language that was probably mutually intelligible with [[wiki:Gothic_language\|Gothic]], though much of its corpus cannot have been inherited from the language of [[wiki:Ulfilas\|Wulfila]]. It is likely, however, that the speakers of the ancestor of Valthungian did consider themselves Goths (or Gutai or Gutþiudōs), and that their language was mutually intelligible with other dialects of Gothic. The Valthungian relationship to “Classical Gothic” can be thought of as analogous to the relationship between Modern High German and [[wiki:Old_High_German\|Old High German]] – that is, not a direct lineage, but the modern languages are descended from neighboring dialects spoken by people who would likewise have considered themselves to be “Gutisks,” in the case of Valthungian, or “Diotisk” in the case of German.		Valthungian is an [[wiki:East_Germanic_languages\|East Germanic]] language descended from a language that was probably mutually intelligible with [[wiki:Gothic_language\|Gothic]], though much of its corpus cannot have been inherited from the language of [[wiki:Ulfilas\|Wulfila]]. It is likely, however, that the speakers of the ancestor of Valthungian did consider themselves Goths (or Gutai or Gutþiudōs), and that their language was mutually intelligible with other dialects of Gothic. The Valthungian relationship to “Classical Gothic” can be thought of as analogous to the relationship between Modern High German and [[wiki:Old_High_German\|Old High German]]: that is, not a direct lineage, but the modern languages are descended from neighboring dialects spoken by people who would likewise have considered themselves to be “Gutisks,” in the case of Valthungian, or “Diotisk” in the case of German.

	While Valthungian shares many of the areal changes common to [[wiki:North_Germanic_languages\|North]] and [[wiki:West_Germanic_languages\|West Germanic languages]], it is also marked by distinctive changes in palatalisation, which, while similar to those of Old English, are most likely influenced by contact with Romance and Slavic languages. Modern Valthungian can be traced back to [[Middle Valthungian]] (spoken from around 1200‒1600ᴀᴅ) through [[Old Valthungian]] (800‒1200ᴀᴅ) and ultimately to [[Griutungi]], which would likely have been ~~thought of as~~ a dialect of Gothic (400‒800ᴀᴅ).		While Valthungian shares many of the areal changes common to [[wiki:North_Germanic_languages\|North]] and [[wiki:West_Germanic_languages\|West Germanic languages]], it is also marked by distinctive changes in palatalisation, which, while similar to those of Old English, are most likely influenced by contact with Romance and Slavic languages. Modern Valthungian can be traced back to [[Middle Valthungian]] (spoken from around 1200‒1600ᴀᴅ) through [[Old Valthungian]] (800‒1200ᴀᴅ) and ultimately to [[Griutungi]], which would likely have been considered a dialect of Gothic (400‒800ᴀᴅ).

	The name “Valthungian” comes from the name ''Valthungi'' – a Latin term likely derived from a pre-Old Valthungian name *''Walþungae'' – meaning “Forest-dweller,” likely a branch of or related to the [[w: Thervingi\|Thervingians]] (''idem''), though the Valthungian people refer to themselves as '''''[[Contionary: grējutungišk#Valthungian\|Grējutungišk]]''''', which is probably from an earlier ''[[w: Greuthungi\|Griutuggs]]'' (the name of an Ostrogothic tribe living along the northern shore of the Black Sea), ~~but~~ which underwent ~~some semantic~~ reanalysis over the generations and came to mean ‘the grey-tongued ones’. In turn, they call their language ~~'''''[[Contionary: grējutungišk#Valthungian\|Grējutungiška]] [[Contionary: rasta#Valthungian\|Rasta]]''''' ‘Grey-tonguish Language’ or just~~ '''''[[Contionary: so#Valthungian\|So]] [[Contionary: grējus#Valthungian\|Grējuga]] [[Contionary: tunga#Valthungian\|Tunga]]''''' ‘the Grey Tongue’.		The name “Valthungian” comes from the name ''Valthungi'' – a Latin term likely derived from a pre-Old Valthungian name *''Walþungae'' – meaning “Forest-dweller,” likely a branch of, or related to, the [[w: Thervingi\|Thervingians]] (''idem''), though the Valthungian people refer to themselves as '''''[[Contionary: grējutungišk#Valthungian\|Grējutungišk]]''''', which is probably from an earlier ''[[w: Greuthungi\|Griutuggs]]'' (the name of an Ostrogothic tribe living along the northern shore of the Black Sea), which underwent reanalysis over the generations and came to mean ‘the grey-tongued ones’. In turn, they call their language '''''[[Contionary: so#Valthungian\|So]] [[Contionary: grējus#Valthungian\|Grējuga]] [[Contionary: tunga#Valthungian\|Tunga]]''''' ‘the Grey Tongue’.

	==Writing System==		==Writing System==
	===Alphabet & Pronunciation===		===Alphabet & Pronunciation===
	Here I give the traditional Valthungian letters followed by the romanisation I use for them in the second ~~row~~. This romanisation is otherwise used throughout this article.		Here I give the traditional Valthungian letters followed by the romanisation I use for them in the second column. This romanisation is otherwise used throughout this article.

	{\| style="border:0px; background:none;"		{\| style="border:0px; background:none;"
Line 63:		Line 63:
	\|width=75 style="font-size:18pt;"\|D d		\|width=75 style="font-size:18pt;"\|D d
	\|width=50\|[d]		\|width=50\|[d]
	\|\|''[[Contionary:~~daǧ~~\|~~daǧ~~]]''		\|\|''[[Contionary:dagis\|dagis]]''
	\|style="text-align:left;"\|‘day’		\|style="text-align:left;"\|‘day’
	\|-		\|-

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:48, 25 March 2025
Line 11:		Line 11:
	{{Bpnjohnson.info\|Valthungian, the Grey Tongue\|So Grējuga Tunga\|so̞ ˈɡrai̯.ju.ɡa ˈtuŋ.ɡa\|2010\|Europe, vaguely\|Indo-European\|Indo-European\|Germanic\|East Germanic\|Griutungi\|Old Valthungian\|Middle Valthungian\|\|qgt\|grey}}		{{Bpnjohnson.info\|Valthungian, the Grey Tongue\|So Grējuga Tunga\|so̞ ˈɡrai̯.ju.ɡa ˈtuŋ.ɡa\|2010\|Europe, vaguely\|Indo-European\|Indo-European\|Germanic\|East Germanic\|Griutungi\|Old Valthungian\|Middle Valthungian\|\|qgt\|grey}}

	Valthungian is an [[wiki:East_Germanic_languages\|East Germanic]] language descended from a language that was probably mutually intelligible with [[wiki:Gothic_language\|Gothic]], though much of its corpus cannot have been inherited from the language of [[wiki:Ulfilas\|Wulfila]]. It is likely, however, that the speakers of the ancestor of Valthungian did consider themselves Goths (or Gutai or Gutþiudōs), and that their language was mutually intelligible with other dialects of Gothic. The Valthungian relationship to “Classical Gothic” can be thought of as analogous to the relationship between Modern ~~High German~~ and [[wiki:Old_High_German\|Old High German]]: that is, not a direct lineage, but the modern languages are descended from neighboring dialects spoken by people who would likewise have considered themselves to be ~~“Gutisks~~,” in the case of Valthungian, or ~~“Diotisk”~~ in the case of German.		Valthungian is an [[wiki:East_Germanic_languages\|East Germanic]] language descended from a language that was probably mutually intelligible with [[wiki:Gothic_language\|Gothic]], though much of its corpus cannot have been inherited from the language of [[wiki:Ulfilas\|Wulfila]]. It is likely, however, that the speakers of the ancestor of Valthungian did consider themselves Goths (or ''Gutai'' or ''Gutþiudōs''), and that their language was mutually intelligible with other dialects of Gothic. The Valthungian relationship to “Classical Gothic” can be thought of as analogous to the relationship between Modern and [[wiki:Old_High_German\|Old High German]] – that is, not a direct lineage, but the modern languages are descended from neighboring dialects spoken by people who would likewise have considered themselves to be speaking “Gutiska,” in the case of Valthungian, or “Diutiska” in the case of German.

	While Valthungian shares many of the areal changes common to [[wiki:North_Germanic_languages\|North]] and [[wiki:West_Germanic_languages\|West Germanic languages]], it is also marked by distinctive changes in palatalisation, which, while similar to those of Old English, are most likely influenced by contact with Romance and Slavic languages. Modern Valthungian can be traced back to [[Middle Valthungian]] (spoken from around 1200‒1600ᴀᴅ) through [[Old Valthungian]] (800‒1200ᴀᴅ) and ultimately to [[Griutungi]], which would likely have been ~~considered~~ a dialect of Gothic (400‒800ᴀᴅ).		While Valthungian shares many of the areal changes common to [[wiki:North_Germanic_languages\|North]] and [[wiki:West_Germanic_languages\|West Germanic languages]], it is also marked by distinctive changes in palatalisation, which, while similar to those of Old English, are most likely influenced by contact with Romance and Slavic languages. Modern Valthungian can be traced back to [[Middle Valthungian]] (spoken from around 1200‒1600ᴀᴅ) through [[Old Valthungian]] (800‒1200ᴀᴅ) and ultimately to [[Griutungi]], which would likely have been thought of as a dialect of Gothic (400‒800ᴀᴅ).

	The name “Valthungian” comes from the name ''Valthungi'' – a Latin term ~~likely~~ derived from a pre-Old Valthungian name *''Walþungae'' – meaning “Forest-dweller,” likely a branch of, or related to, the [[w: Thervingi\|Thervingians]] (''idem''), though the Valthungian people refer to themselves as '''''[[Contionary: ~~grējutungišk~~#Valthungian\|~~Grējutungišk~~]]''''', which is probably from an earlier ''[[w: Greuthungi\|~~Griutuggs~~]]'' (the name of an Ostrogothic tribe living along the northern shore of the Black Sea), which underwent reanalysis ~~over the generations~~ and came to mean ‘the ~~grey~~-~~tongued ones’~~. In turn, they call their language '''''[[Contionary: so#Valthungian\|So]] [[Contionary: grējus#Valthungian\|Grējuga]] [[Contionary: tunga#Valthungian\|Tunga]]''''' ‘the Grey Tongue’.		The name “Valthungian” comes from the name ''Valthungi'' – a Latin term derived from a pre-Old Valthungian name *''Walþungae'' – meaning “Forest-dweller,” likely a branch of or related to the [[w: Thervingi\|Thervingians]] (''idem''), though the Valthungian people refer to themselves as '''''[[Contionary: grējutunga#Valthungian\|Grējutunga]]''''', which is probably from an earlier ''[[w: Greuthungi\|Griutuggai]]'' (the name of an Ostrogothic tribe living along the northern shore of the Black Sea), which underwent reanalysis (griut+ung‑ → griw+tung‑) and came to mean ‘the Grey-Tongued (ones)’. In turn, they call their language '''''[[Contionary: so#Valthungian\|so]] [[Contionary: grējus#Valthungian\|Grējuga]] [[Contionary: tunga#Valthungian\|Tunga]]''''' ‘the Grey Tongue’.

	==Writing System==		==Writing System==