User:Ceige/Madyastani - Revision history

Ceige: /* Full-Ablaut Words */

2014-03-18T09:34:30Z

Full-Ablaut Words

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:34, 18 March 2014
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	===Full-Ablaut Words===		===Full-Ablaut Words===
	While not necessarily equivalent to the Proto-Indo-European ablaut, Madyastani has a special class of root variations known as ''full-ablaut words''. While the name is somewhat misleading (for example, <u> and <i> don't necessarily transform into <awa> and <aya>), it generally involves the insertion of many <a>s into the root word, thus creating a new word.		While not necessarily equivalent to the Proto-Indo-European ablaut, Madyastani has a special class of root variations known as ''full-ablaut words''. While the name is somewhat misleading (for example, u and i don't necessarily transform into <awa> and <aya>), it generally involves the insertion of many <a>s into the root word, thus creating a new word.
	For example:		For example:
	* <small>PIE</small> *medʰyo- > madahaya = ''madya'' (middle)		* <small>PIE</small> *medʰyo- > madahaya = ''madya'' (middle)
Line 166:		Line 166:
	''but''		''but''
	* <small>PIE</small> *suro- > sura (no change) (cheese)		* <small>PIE</small> *suro- > sura (no change) (cheese)
	* <small>PIE</small> *steh₂no- > stana (no change), or astana.		* <small>PIE</small> *steh₂no- > stana (no change), or astana (state)

	Here we can see that PIE s-w- does not work according to a single system, and not all s+consonant combinations work the same either. As a result, this series is not considered productive anymore, although new vocabulary can be made via analogy.		Here we can see that PIE s-w- does not work according to a single system, and not all s+consonant combinations work the same either. As a result, this series is not considered productive anymore, although new vocabulary can be made via analogy.

Ceige: /* Phonology */

2014-03-18T09:33:24Z

Phonology

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:33, 18 March 2014
Line 123:		Line 123:
	<small><Jh> tends to be pronounced as [d͡ʒ] word initially, and as [h] word medially. The allophonic status of this phoneme has not exactly been sorted out.</small>		<small><Jh> tends to be pronounced as [d͡ʒ] word initially, and as [h] word medially. The allophonic status of this phoneme has not exactly been sorted out.</small>
	<small>Even after redoing the consonant system, I'm not sure how I want PII <*ĵʱ> to turn out. J, jh, or h? It's tempting to choose the latter for compatibility with Sanskrit, but it's also tempting to choose J to keep things systematic. Ultimately, the deciding part is whether voiced consonants merge before or after palatalisation.</small>		<small>Even after redoing the consonant system, I'm not sure how I want PII <*ĵʱ> to turn out. J, jh, or h? It's tempting to choose the latter for compatibility with Sanskrit, but it's also tempting to choose J to keep things systematic. Ultimately, the deciding part is whether voiced consonants merge before or after palatalisation.</small>


	===Vowels===		===Vowels===
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	* <small>PIE</small> dék̂m̥ > <small>PII</small> dáĉa > <small>MDY</small> '''daśa''' (dasha)		* <small>PIE</small> dék̂m̥ > <small>PII</small> dáĉa > <small>MDY</small> '''daśa''' (dasha)
	* <small>PIE</small> h2r̥tk̂os > <small>PII</small> r̥kša-> <small>MDY</small> '''rksha'''		* <small>PIE</small> h2r̥tk̂os > <small>PII</small> r̥kša-> <small>MDY</small> '''rksha'''

			===Full-Ablaut Words===
			While not necessarily equivalent to the Proto-Indo-European ablaut, Madyastani has a special class of root variations known as ''full-ablaut words''. While the name is somewhat misleading (for example, <u> and <i> don't necessarily transform into <awa> and <aya>), it generally involves the insertion of many <a>s into the root word, thus creating a new word.
			For example:
			* <small>PIE</small> *medʰyo- > madahaya = ''madya'' (middle)
			* <small>PIE</small> *medʰyo- > madahaya = ''madya''

			Often, full-ablaut words will indicate phonemes that no longer exist in the standard language, such as <dh>. While in PIE, *dʰ is a single consonant, in Madyastani, these have been either analysed as clusters, or have evolved into them, being preserved in a way by the full-ablaut series of vocabulary. However, the process is not entirely straightforward or regular. For example:
			* <small>PIE</small> *swésōr > sawasara = ''swasar'' (sister)
			* <small>PIE</small> *swépno- > sawapana = ''swapna'' (dream)
			* <small>PIE</small> *sóh₂wl̥ > sawara = ''sura, surya'' (sun)
			''but''
			* <small>PIE</small> *suro- > sura (no change) (cheese)
			* <small>PIE</small> *steh₂no- > stana (no change), or astana.

			Here we can see that PIE s-w- does not work according to a single system, and not all s+consonant combinations work the same either. As a result, this series is not considered productive anymore, although new vocabulary can be made via analogy.

	<!--===Phonotactics===-->		<!--===Phonotactics===-->
	<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->		<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->


	<!--===Orthography===-->		<!--===Orthography===-->
	<!--Explain your conlang's alphabet. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IPA then visit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet and read up. -->		<!--Explain your conlang's alphabet. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IPA then visit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet and read up. -->


	<!--==Grammar==-->		<!--==Grammar==-->

Ceige: /* Vowels */

2014-03-18T09:10:36Z

Vowels

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:10, 18 March 2014
Line 134:		Line 134:
	\| ē, ō, CoCV \|\| ā \|\| [äː~ɑː~ä] \|\| ā/a		\| ē, ō, CoCV \|\| ā \|\| [äː~ɑː~ä] \|\| ā/a
	\|-		\|-
	\| Ch₂CC, Ch₂Ø \|\| *i \|\| [i] \|\| i		\| Ch₂CC, Ch₂Ø, i \|\| i \|\| [i] \|\| i
	\|-		\|-
	\| - \|\| *ai \|\| [e(ː)] \|\| e		\| - \|\| *ai \|\| [e(ː)] \|\| e
	\|-		\|-
	\| - \|\| *au \|\| [o(ː)] \|\| o		\| - \|\| *au \|\| [o(ː)] \|\| o
			\|-
			\| u \|\| u \|\| [u] \|\| u
	\|-		\|-
	\| - \|\| - \|\| [ə] \|\| e/ə		\| - \|\| - \|\| [ə] \|\| e/ə

Ceige: /* Examples of Sound Change */

2014-03-18T09:09:15Z

Examples of Sound Change

Ceige: /* Vowels */

2014-03-18T09:07:54Z

Vowels

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:07, 18 March 2014
Line 139:		Line 139:
	\|-		\|-
	\| - \|\| *au \|\| [o(ː)] \|\| o		\| - \|\| *au \|\| [o(ː)] \|\| o
			\|-
	\| - \|\| - \|\| [ə] \|\| e/ə		\| - \|\| - \|\| [ə] \|\| e/ə
	\|}		\|}

Ceige: Still not done yet. Need to gut a lot of stuff still.

2014-03-18T09:06:49Z

Still not done yet. Need to gut a lot of stuff still.

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:06, 18 March 2014
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	! Indo-European !! Indo-Aryan !! Madyastani !! Romanisation		! Indo-European !! Indo-Aryan !! Madyastani !! Romanisation
	\|-		\|-
	\| p \|\| p \|\| p \|\| p		\| p \|\| p \|\| [p] \|\| p
	\|-		\|-
	\| b, (~~bʱ)~~ \|\| b, (bʱ) \|\| b \|\| b		\| (b), bʰ \|\| (b), bʱ \|\| [b] \|\| b
	\|-		\|-
	\| t \|\| t \|\| t \|\| t		\| t \|\| t \|\| [t] \|\| t
	\|-		\|-
	\| d, dʱ \|\| d, dʱ \|\| d \|\| d		\| d, dʰ \|\| d, dʱ \|\| [d] \|\| d
	\|-		\|-
	\| k̂ \|\| ĉ \|\| [ɕ~ʃ] \|\| ś/sh		\| k̂ \|\| ĉ \|\| [ɕ~ʃ] \|\| ś/sh
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	\| ĝ \|\| ĵ \|\| [ʑ~d͡ʒ] \|\| j		\| ĝ \|\| ĵ \|\| [ʑ~d͡ʒ] \|\| j
	\|-		\|-
	\| ĝʱ \|\| ĵʱ \|\| [ʑ~d͡ʒ~h] \|\| jh~h		\| ĝʰ \|\| ĵʱ \|\| [ʑ~d͡ʒ~h] \|\| jh~h
	\|-		\|-
	\| k(ʷ) + i, e \|\| č \|\| [t͡ʃ] \|\| c/ch		\| k(ʷ) + i, e \|\| č \|\| [t͡ʃ] \|\| c/ch
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	\| g(ʷ) + i, e \|\| ǰ \|\| [d͡ʒ] \|\| j		\| g(ʷ) + i, e \|\| ǰ \|\| [d͡ʒ] \|\| j
	\|-		\|-
	\| gʱ(ʷ) + i, e \|\| ǰʱ \|\| [d͡ʒ~h] \|\| jh~h		\| gʰ(ʷ) + i, e \|\| ǰʱ \|\| [d͡ʒ~h] \|\| jh~h
	\|-		\|-
	\| k(ʷ) \|\| k \|\| [g] \|\| k		\| k(ʷ) \|\| k \|\| [g] \|\| k
	\|-		\|-
	\| g(ʷ) gʱ(ʷ) \|\| g, gʱ \|\| [g] \|\| g		\| g(ʷ) gʰ(ʷ) \|\| g, gʱ \|\| [g] \|\| g
	\|-		\|-
	\| r + s \|\| rš \|\| [rʃ] \|\| (r)š/(r)sh		\| r + s \|\| rš \|\| [rʃ] \|\| (r)š/(r)sh
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	\| k̂ + t/d \|\| št \|\| [ʃt~ʂʈ] \|\| št/sht(h)		\| k̂ + t/d \|\| št \|\| [ʃt~ʂʈ] \|\| št/sht(h)
	\|-		\|-
	\| ĝ/ĝʱ + t/d \|\| št \|\| [ʒd~ɖ] \|\| jd(h)/(j)dd(h)		\| ĝ/ĝʱ + t/d \|\| št \|\| [ʒd~ɖ~dː] \|\| jd(h)/(j)dd(h)
	\|-		\|-
	\| k̂ + s \|\| šš \|\| [ʃ~ʃː] \|\| šš/ssh		\| k̂ + s \|\| šš \|\| [ʃ~ʃː] \|\| šš/ssh
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	===Vowels===		===Vowels===
	{\| ~~border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"~~ class="~~bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"~~		{\| class="wikitable"
	~~! style="width: 90px; "\|~~
	~~! style="width: 90px; " \|Front~~
	~~! style="width: 90px; " \|Near-front~~
	~~! style="width: 90px; " \|Central~~
	~~! style="width: 90px; " \|Near-back~~
	~~! style="width: 90px;~~ " ~~\|Back~~
	\|-		\|-
	! ~~style="" \|Close~~		! Indo-European !! Indo-Aryan !! Madyastani !! Romanisation
	~~\| '''i'''~~
	\|
	~~\| (u)~~
	\|
	~~\| '''u'''~~
	\|-		\|-
	~~! style=""~~ \|~~Near-close~~		\| e [æ], o [ɑ], CnC \|\| a \|\| [ä~a~æ] \|\| a
	\|
	\| ~~(i)~~
	\|
	\| ~~(u)~~
	\|
	\|-		\|-
	~~! style=""~~ \|~~Close-mid~~		\| ē, ō, CoCV \|\| ā \|\| [äː~ɑː~ä] \|\| ā/a
	\| ~~'''ae'''~~
	\|
	\|
	\|
	\| ~~(o)~~
	\|-		\|-
	~~! style=""~~ \|~~Mid~~		\| Ch₂CC, Ch₂Ø \|\| *i \|\| [i] \|\| i
	\| ~~'''e''' (ae)~~
	\|
	\|
	\|
	\| ~~'''o'''~~
	\|-		\|-
	~~! style=""~~ \|~~Open~~-~~mid~~		\| - \|\| *ai \|\| [e(ː)] \|\| e
	\| (e)
	\|
	\|
	\|
	\|
	\|-		\|-
	~~! style=""~~ \|~~Near~~-~~open~~		\| - \|\| *au \|\| [o(ː)] \|\| o
	\| (a)		\| - \|\| - \|\| [ə] \|\| e/ə
	\|
	\|
	\|
	\|
	\|-
	~~! style=""~~ \|~~Open~~
	\| ~~(a)~~
	\|
	~~\| '''a'''~~
	\| ~~(a)~~
	\|
	\|}		\|}
	===Phonotactics===		<small>The macron is not considered entirely necessary by this point in the language's development, due to the slow-but-sure collapse of the vowel length system and its replacement with one based on stress and syllable structure.</small>

			===Examples of Sound Change===
			Note that the above rules are not entirely regular, as you will see below.
			* <small>PIE</small> deywós > <small>PII</small> daiwá- > <small>MDY</small> dewa
			* <small>PIE</small> dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s > <small>Pre-PII</small> ǵnǵʰwéh₂s > <small>PII</small> *ĵiĵʰwa- > <small>MDY</small> jihwa (jijhwa)
			* <small>PIE</small> ph₂tēr > <small>PII</small> pitā́r > <small>MDY</small> pitar (pitā)
			* <small>PIE</small> bʰeh₂tēr > <small>PII</small> bhrā́tār > <small>MDY</small> bratar (brātār)
			* <small>PIE</small> dék̂m̥ > <small>PII</small> dáĉa > <small>MDY</small> daśa (dasha)
			* <small>PIE</small> h2r̥tk̂os > <small>PII</small> r̥kša-> <small>MDY</small> rksha

			<!--===Phonotactics===-->
	<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->		<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
	*Whenever a+i appears, it tends to form ae, except in loanwords, and rare cases
	*Whenever a+u appears, it tends to form o, except in loanwords, and in rare cases (where it will for "ao" in writing)
	*Many vowels can shift according to position, or subsequent vowels. In some dialects, subtle vowel harmony or umlauting may occur
	*In many dialects there is a tendency to reduce consonant clusters, however, there is no strict rule against them in Medyachi, but since Medyachi is dictated by things popular in the other dialects, it has no real sway on the issue
	* L historically has been marginally used, but remains in the language for reasons unknown/unexplained

	<!--===Orthography===-->		<!--===Orthography===-->

Ceige at 08:18, 18 March 2014

2014-03-18T08:18:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:18, 18 March 2014
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	\| k̂ \|\| ĉ \|\| [ɕ~ʃ] \|\| ś/sh		\| k̂ \|\| ĉ \|\| [ɕ~ʃ] \|\| ś/sh
	\|-		\|-
	\| ĝ~~, ĝʱ~~ \|\| ĵ~~, ĵʱ~~ \|\| [ʑ~d͡ʒ] \|\| j		\| ĝ \|\| ĵ \|\| [ʑ~d͡ʒ] \|\| j
	\|-		\|-
	\| ~~k + i, e~~ \|\| č \|\| [~~t͡ʃ~~] \|\| ~~c/ch~~		\| ĝʱ \|\| ĵʱ \|\| [ʑ~d͡ʒ~h] \|\| jh~h
	\|-		\|-
	\| ~~g, gʱ~~ + i, e \|\| ~~ǰ, ǰʱ~~ \|\| [~~d͡ʒ~~] \|\| j		\| k(ʷ) + i, e \|\| č \|\| [t͡ʃ] \|\| c/ch
	\|-		\|-
	\| k \|\| k \|\| [g] \|\| k		\| g(ʷ) + i, e \|\| ǰ \|\| [d͡ʒ] \|\| j
	\|-		\|-
	\| g gʱ \|\| g, gʱ \|\| [g] \|\| g		\| gʱ(ʷ) + i, e \|\| ǰʱ \|\| [d͡ʒ~h] \|\| jh~h
			\|-
			\| k(ʷ) \|\| k \|\| [g] \|\| k
			\|-
			\| g(ʷ) gʱ(ʷ) \|\| g, gʱ \|\| [g] \|\| g
	\|-		\|-
	\| r + s \|\| rš \|\| [rʃ] \|\| (r)š/(r)sh		\| r + s \|\| rš \|\| [rʃ] \|\| (r)š/(r)sh
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	\| k̂ + t/d \|\| št \|\| [ʃt~ʂʈ] \|\| št/sht(h)		\| k̂ + t/d \|\| št \|\| [ʃt~ʂʈ] \|\| št/sht(h)
	\|-		\|-
	\| ĝ/ĝʱ + t/d \|\| št \|\| [ʒd~ɖ] \|\| jd(h)/(j)dh		\| ĝ/ĝʱ + t/d \|\| št \|\| [ʒd~ɖ] \|\| jd(h)/(j)dd(h)
	\|-		\|-
	\| k̂ + s \|\| šš \|\| [ʃ~ʃː] \|\| šš/ssh		\| k̂ + s \|\| šš \|\| [ʃ~ʃː] \|\| šš/ssh
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	\|}		\|}
	<small>Round-bracketed bits are rarer or less important, and orthographical conventions are ordered left-to-right according to acceptance.</small>		<small>Round-bracketed bits are rarer or less important, and orthographical conventions are ordered left-to-right according to acceptance.</small>
			<small><Jh> tends to be pronounced as [d͡ʒ] word initially, and as [h] word medially. The allophonic status of this phoneme has not exactly been sorted out.</small>
	<small>Even after redoing the consonant system, I'm not sure how I want PII <*ĵʱ> to turn out. J, jh, or h? It's tempting to choose the latter for compatibility with Sanskrit, but it's also tempting to choose J to keep things systematic. Ultimately, the deciding part is whether voiced consonants merge before or after palatalisation.</small>		<small>Even after redoing the consonant system, I'm not sure how I want PII <*ĵʱ> to turn out. J, jh, or h? It's tempting to choose the latter for compatibility with Sanskrit, but it's also tempting to choose J to keep things systematic. Ultimately, the deciding part is whether voiced consonants merge before or after palatalisation.</small>


	===Vowels===		===Vowels===

Ceige: Added mah velars.

2014-03-18T08:10:16Z

Added mah velars.

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:10, 18 March 2014
Line 84:		Line 84:
	\| k + i, e \|\| č \|\| [t͡ʃ] \|\| c/ch		\| k + i, e \|\| č \|\| [t͡ʃ] \|\| c/ch
	\|-		\|-
	\| gi, gʱ + i, e \|\| ǰ, ǰʱ \|\| d͡ʒ \|\| j		\| g, gʱ + i, e \|\| ǰ, ǰʱ \|\| [d͡ʒ] \|\| j
			\|-
			\| k \|\| k \|\| [g] \|\| k
			\|-
			\| g gʱ \|\| g, gʱ \|\| [g] \|\| g
	\|-		\|-
	\| r + s \|\| rš \|\| [rʃ] \|\| (r)š/(r)sh		\| r + s \|\| rš \|\| [rʃ] \|\| (r)š/(r)sh
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	\| w \|\| w \|\| [w~ʋ] \|\| w/(v)		\| w \|\| w \|\| [w~ʋ] \|\| w/(v)
	\|-		\|-
	\| (H) \|\| (H) \|\| [h] \|\| (h)		\| (H, ĝʱ) \|\| (H, ĵʱ) \|\| [h] \|\| h
	\|}		\|}
	<small>Round-bracketed bits are rarer or less important, and orthographical conventions are ordered left-to-right according to acceptance.</small>		<small>Round-bracketed bits are rarer or less important, and orthographical conventions are ordered left-to-right according to acceptance.</small>
			<small>Even after redoing the consonant system, I'm not sure how I want PII <*ĵʱ> to turn out. J, jh, or h? It's tempting to choose the latter for compatibility with Sanskrit, but it's also tempting to choose J to keep things systematic. Ultimately, the deciding part is whether voiced consonants merge before or after palatalisation.</small>

	===Vowels===		===Vowels===

Ceige: "Finished" the consonant table and realised I forgot the bloody normal velars. Oh well.

2014-03-18T07:28:28Z

"Finished" the consonant table and realised I forgot the bloody normal velars. Oh well.

@@ Line 72: / Line 72: @@
 | *p || *p || p || p
 |-
-| *b, *bʱ || *b, *bʱ || b || b
+| *b, (*bʱ) || *b, (*bʱ) || b || b
 |-
 | *t || *t || t || t
@@ Line 78: / Line 78: @@
 | *d, *dʱ || *d, *dʱ || d || d
 |-
-| *k̂ || *ĉ || -im || ś/sh
+| *k̂ || *ĉ || [ɕ~ʃ] || ś/sh
 |-
-| *ĝ, *ĝʱ || *ĵ, *ĵʱ || -i || j/jh
+| *ĝ, *ĝʱ || *ĵ, *ĵʱ || [ʑ~d͡ʒ] || j
 |}
 ===Vowels===

Ceige at 07:00, 18 March 2014

2014-03-18T07:00:26Z

Show changes

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:09, 18 March 2014
Line 146:		Line 146:
	===Examples of Sound Change===		===Examples of Sound Change===
	Note that the above rules are not entirely regular, as you will see below.		Note that the above rules are not entirely regular, as you will see below.
	* <small>PIE</small> deywós > <small>PII</small> daiwá- > <small>MDY</small> dewa		* <small>PIE</small> deywós > <small>PII</small> daiwá- > <small>MDY</small> '''dewa'''
	* <small>PIE</small> dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s > <small>Pre-PII</small> ǵnǵʰwéh₂s > <small>PII</small> *ĵiĵʰwa- > <small>MDY</small> jihwa (jijhwa)		* <small>PIE</small> dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s > <small>Pre-PII</small> ǵnǵʰwéh₂s > <small>PII</small> *ĵiĵʰwa- > <small>MDY</small> '''jihwa''' (jijhwa)
	* <small>PIE</small> ph₂tēr > <small>PII</small> pitā́r > <small>MDY</small> pitar (pitā)		* <small>PIE</small> ph₂tēr > <small>PII</small> pitā́r > <small>MDY</small> '''pitar''' (pitā)
	* <small>PIE</small> bʰeh₂tēr > <small>PII</small> bhrā́tār > <small>MDY</small> bratar (brātār)		* <small>PIE</small> bʰeh₂tēr > <small>PII</small> bhrā́tār > <small>MDY</small> '''bratar''' (brātār)
	* <small>PIE</small> dék̂m̥ > <small>PII</small> dáĉa > <small>MDY</small> daśa (dasha)		* <small>PIE</small> dék̂m̥ > <small>PII</small> dáĉa > <small>MDY</small> '''daśa''' (dasha)
	* <small>PIE</small> h2r̥tk̂os > <small>PII</small> r̥kša-> <small>MDY</small> rksha		* <small>PIE</small> h2r̥tk̂os > <small>PII</small> r̥kša-> <small>MDY</small> '''rksha'''

	<!--===Phonotactics===-->		<!--===Phonotactics===-->
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	<!--==Grammar==-->		<!--==Grammar==-->

	==Morphology and Grammar==		==Morphology and Grammar==
	<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->		<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->