Sprik - Revision history

Sware at 22:02, 4 July 2021

2021-07-04T22:02:13Z

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	\|name = Sprik		\|name = Sprik
	\|nativename = Sprik		\|nativename = Sprik
	\|pronunciation = [sprɪk]		\|pronunciation = sprɪk
	\|~~region~~ = six towns in Moselle, France		\|setting = six towns in Moselle, France
	~~\|states = <!-- N/A -->~~
	~~\|nation = <!-- N/A -->~~
	\|speakers = < 200		\|speakers = < 200
	\|date = 2012		\|date = 2012
	\|familycolor = Indo-European		\|familycolor = Indo-European
	~~\|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages\|Indo-European]]~~
	\|fam2 = [[w:Germanic_languages\|Germanic]]		\|fam2 = [[w:Germanic_languages\|Germanic]]
	\|fam3 = [[w:West_Germanic_languages\|West Germanic]]		\|fam3 = [[w:West_Germanic_languages\|West Germanic]]
	\|fam4 = [[w:Low Franconian languages\|Low Franconian]]		\|fam4 = [[w:Low Franconian languages\|Low Franconian]]
	\|~~map = <!-- N/A -->~~		\|script1 = Latn
	~~\|mapcaption = <!-- N/A -->~~		\|creator = User:Zev
	~~\|iso1~~ = ~~<!-- N/A -->~~
	\|~~iso2~~ = ~~<!-- N/A -->~~
	~~\|iso3 = <!-- N/A -->~~
	~~\|script = [[w~~:~~Latin script\|Latin script]]~~
	~~\|agency = <!-- N/A -->~~
	}}		}}

Chrysophylax: Text replacement - "Category:Conlangs" to "Category:Languages"

2017-01-20T09:43:37Z

Text replacement - "Category:Conlangs" to "Category:Languages"

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	<!-- Categories -->		<!-- Categories -->
	[[Category:Languages]]		[[Category:Languages]]
	[[Category:~~Conlangs~~]]		[[Category:Languages]]
	[[Category:West Germanic languages]]		[[Category:West Germanic languages]]

Zev: /* Addendum: Phonology */ fix chart a bit, add allophone of [n] that I forgot to mention

2013-09-05T07:04:27Z

Addendum: Phonology: fix chart a bit, add allophone of [n] that I forgot to mention

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:04, 5 September 2013
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	\|n		\|n
	\|[n]		\|[n]
	\|		\|[ŋ] before [g] or [k]
	\|-		\|-
	\|o		\|o
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	\|z		\|z
	\|[z]		\|[z]
			\|
			\|-
	\|}		\|}

Zev: tpyo

2013-08-19T01:46:38Z

tpyo

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:46, 19 August 2013
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	;Articles and numerals.		;Articles and numerals.
	The definite article is ''dij'', ''dei'', ''den'', ''dei''. The indefinite article is ''ij'', ''ei'', ''ei'', ''ei''. If the next word begins with a vowel, or if the article is the last word of a sentence or standalone statement, ''-n'' will be added to the indefinite article to produce ''ijn'', ''ein'', ''ein'', ''ein''. Many speakers will not decline the articles in rapid or informal speech, instead using the forms ''de'' and ''e(n)'' (rarely written, so the spelling may vary). The indefinite article is also used for the number one, in which case it is always fully pronounced and declined. No other numbers decline. The cardinal numbers one to twenty are ''ij''(''n''), ''tvei'', ''trie'', ''fer'', ''fief'', ''zij'', ''zefin'', ''ijcht'', ''nefin'', ''tijn'', ''ijten'', ''tveten'', ''treten'', ''ferten'', ''fiften'', ''zijten'', ''zeften'', ''ijchten'', ''neften'', ''tveintik''. In the towns, where the digraph ''ch'' is pronounced more softly, it is common to hear ''ijkten'' for eighteen to avoid confusion with ''ijten''. There is no word for zero, but ''nijn'' (“none”) is commonly accepted in such use. The ordinals are regularly declining adjectives, and are used to form fractions as well (so "one half" is ''ij tveidt''.		The definite article is ''dij'', ''dei'', ''den'', ''dei''. The indefinite article is ''ij'', ''ei'', ''ei'', ''ei''. If the next word begins with a vowel, or if the article is the last word of a sentence or standalone statement, ''-n'' will be added to the indefinite article to produce ''ijn'', ''ein'', ''ein'', ''ein''. Many speakers will not decline the articles in rapid or informal speech, instead using the forms ''de'' and ''e(n)'' (rarely written, so the spelling may vary). The indefinite article is also used for the number one, in which case it is always fully pronounced and declined. No other numbers decline. The cardinal numbers one to twenty are ''ij''(''n''), ''tvei'', ''trie'', ''fer'', ''fief'', ''zij'', ''zefin'', ''ijcht'', ''nefin'', ''tijn'', ''ijten'', ''tveten'', ''treten'', ''ferten'', ''fiften'', ''zijten'', ''zeften'', ''ijchten'', ''neften'', ''tveintik''. In the towns, where the digraph ''ch'' is pronounced more softly, it is common to hear ''ijkten'' for eighteen to avoid confusion with ''ijten''. There is no word for zero, but ''nijn'' (“none”) is commonly accepted in such use. The ordinals are regularly declining adjectives, and are used to form fractions as well (so "one half" is ''ij tveidt'').

	;Borrowings.		;Borrowings.

Zev: Added: phonology chart and added specifics on stress, bitransitive verbs, etc.

2013-08-19T01:31:00Z

Added: phonology chart and added specifics on stress, bitransitive verbs, etc.

Show changes

Chrysophylax at 14:01, 18 August 2013

2013-08-18T14:01:41Z

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	\|fam2 = [[w:Germanic_languages\|Germanic]]		\|fam2 = [[w:Germanic_languages\|Germanic]]
	\|fam3 = [[w:West_Germanic_languages\|West Germanic]]		\|fam3 = [[w:West_Germanic_languages\|West Germanic]]
	\|fam4 = [[w:~~Istvaeonic_languages~~\|~~Istvaeonic~~]] <!-- just guessing, fix :P -->		\|fam4 = [[w:Low Franconian languages\|Low Franconian]] <!-- just guessing, fix :P -->
	\|map = <!-- N/A -->		\|map = <!-- N/A -->
	\|mapcaption = <!-- N/A -->		\|mapcaption = <!-- N/A -->

Chrysophylax: categoramising

2013-08-18T13:58:38Z

categoramising

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	<!-- Categories -->		<!-- Categories -->
	[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]]~~[[Category:Indo-European languages]]~~[[Category:West Germanic languages]]		[[Category:Languages]]
			[[Category:Conlangs]]
			[[Category:West Germanic languages]]

Chrysophylax at 13:58, 18 August 2013

2013-08-18T13:58:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:58, 18 August 2013
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	<!-- Categories -->		<!-- Categories -->
	[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Indo-European ~~languages]][[Category:Germanic~~ languages]][[Category:West Germanic languages]]		[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Indo-European languages]][[Category:West Germanic languages]]

Chrysophylax at 13:45, 18 August 2013

2013-08-18T13:45:25Z

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 ==Sprik: A survey==
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 ''Bruin, bren, brenin, brit, brin, brenin, brit, gebruicht''<br>
 ''Duin, dooi, dun, dit, duil, duil, dyt, gedunt''<br>

Zev: Created page with "==Sprik: A survey== This brief work is intended to describe the salient features of Sprik, a minor West Germanic language reported in six towns in France near the Luxembourgi..."

2013-08-17T23:15:06Z

Created page with "==Sprik: A survey== This brief work is intended to describe the salient features of Sprik, a minor West Germanic language reported in six towns in France near the Luxembourgi..."

New page

==Sprik: A survey==

This brief work is intended to describe the salient features of Sprik, a minor West Germanic language reported in six towns in France near the Luxembourgish border. Almost solely older residents belonging to the merchant class speak the language to a fully fluent level. It is believed that the unusual and highly irregular development of the language is a result of its use as a cant and the roving habits of those who spoke it, before the immigration laws of the 20th century restricted it to its present range.

This survey is intended to allow any reader with experience in West Germanic languages to comprehend text written in Sprik, and to elucidate the prominent features of the language.

===Grammatical survey===

;Nouns.
There are four cases: nominative, genitive, accusative and dative (all words that are declined will be declined in this order). Nouns only inflect for one of them, the genitive. The genitive is regularly formed identically for singular and plural by suffixing the noun with ''–s''; if it ends in a vowel, with ''–jes''. Some nouns undergo umlaut as well, but this is nowadays rare outside of the countryside, and can be safely ignored. Almost all nouns are pluralized in the nominative, accusative, and dative by adding ''–e'' (or ''–n'' if they end in an ''e'' already); speakers from the South may use ''–(e)n'' for all nouns instead, as will any speaker when trying to appear formal. Nouns have one of two genders, common and neuter; they are only distinguished in a few situations and a noun’s gender may easily be forgotten or confused. New borrowings are always of the common gender.

;Adjectives.
Adjectives are inflected for all oblique cases in certain situations. Adjectives normally precede a noun; when used postpositively, they do not inflect. They always inflect for the genitive, singular and plural, in an identical manner to the nouns, except that there is never umlaut. Adjective inflection also produces what is called the “attributive form”, used before a noun belonging to the common gender in the accusative and dative cases for both singular and plural nouns. The attributive form is produced like the noun plural, except that adjectives that already end in ''e'' take ''–ne'' and the attempt at formality described above almost never occurs, being seen as a sign of poor education when misapplied to adjectives.

;Personal pronouns and possessive adjectives.
The possessive adjectives are as follows: ''mijn'' (my), ''dijn'' (your), ''hijn'' (his), ''schijn'' (her), ''ijen'' (its), ''vijn'' (our), ''jijn'' (your pl.), ''dijen'' (their). They act like normal adjectives in the nominative and genitive cases, except for the fact that the attributive form is only used postpositively. The possessive adjectives are thus indeclinable in regard to the accusative and dative cases when used before a noun, as they normally are. Due to the existence of the possessive adjectives, the personal pronouns have no genitive forms, but all decline for the other cases. No second-personal plural exists; the second-person singular is used instead or the second-person plural possessive adjective is used if there is ambiguity. However, there is a separate third-person singular form for both natural genders and the grammatical gender, neuter; masculine forms are generally used to refer to objects referred to by the common gender. Sprik is not a pro-drop language, so the personal pronouns are essential, and often allow for inconsistency in using or pronouncing the conjugated forms of verbs. The personal pronouns are as follows: I: ''mij'', ''mij'', ''mei''; you: ''u'', ''ju'', ''ooi''; he: ''hij'', ''hen'', ''hooi''; she: ''schij'', ''hen'', ''schei''; it: ''et'', ''et'', ''ijt''; we: ''vij'', ''uins'', ''ijch''; they: ''dije'', ''dij'', ''deie''.

;Verbs.
Verbs have as a lemma form their infinitive, which always consists of the verbal stem followed by ''–in''. For the following discussion, we will use the verb ''sprikin'' (“to speak”). Verbs undergo a complex conjugation in the present tense, which is regular for the vast majority of verbs. However, the verbs can still be considered according to principal parts, of which there are three: the first-person singular (in this case, ''sprek''), the neuter third-person singular (''sprich'') and either the infinitive or the past participle, both of which preserve the verbal stem (''sprikin'' and ''gesprikt'' respectively). The first-person singular, second-person singular, and third-person plural change the stem’s vowel; the remaining forms change the stem’s final consonant. Verbs have no second-person plural form, and ignore gender except in the third-person singular, where common gender nouns take a different form from neuter ones. ''Sprikin'' is conjugated thus: ''mij sprek'', ''u sprekin'', (''sc'')''hij spricht'', ''vij sprichin'', ''dije sprekin'', ''et sprich''.

;Conjugation continued.
Regular conjugation always follows the same rules to produce the vowel change and the consonant change, one of which (never both) is found in each conjugated form. The vowel shifts are as follows: ''ij'' becomes ''ie'', ''i'' becomes ''e'', ''e'' becomes ''ij'', ''ie'' becomes ''i'', ''u''(''i'') becomes ''oo''(''i''), and ''oo''(''i'') becomes ''u''(''i''). The consonant shifts are more limited, and are only in the following cases: ''k'' becomes ''ch'', ''ch'' becomes ''g'', ''t'' becomes ''d'', and ''v'' becomes ''f''. The past participle is formed from the verbal stem prefixed with ''ge-'' and suffixed with ''–t''; it is an adjective and declines normally. The present participle is identical to the infinitive, and declines normally; although the attributive form is proscriptively suffixed with ''–de'' (so ''sprikinde'', for example) few speakers actually say this. It is variously spelt as ''sprikine'' or ''sprikinne'' when reflecting the spoken form. There are also two nouns regularly derived from verbs, one of which is the verbal stem, which takes on the meaning of “that which is acted upon by the verb” and is of the neuter gender, and the other which is the verbal stem suffixed with ''–ijt'' (“-ness”) and is of the common gender.

;Prefixed verbs.
Verbs have two kinds of prefixes, separable and inseparable. Inseparable prefixes, like ''un-'', simply become part of the verbal stem and do not change what case the verb takes if it is transitive (the default is the accusative). Separable prefixes are prepositions in their own right, and the verb once thus prefixed will take whatever case the preposition does (usually the dative). The most common such prefix is ''fer-''', which as an independent preposition means “for” but as a prefix renders an intransitive verb transitive; we shall use ''fersprikin'' (“to tell”) as an example. The prefix is removed from the front and placed after the verb in all the conjugated forms to produce ''mij sprek fer hooi'' (“I tell him”) and ''et sprich fer hooi'' (“it tells him”). The past participle places ''ge-'' between the prefix and the stem, as in ''fergesprikt''. If one wanted to say “he speaks for him”, it would be necessary to put the object in the genitive (and if it is a pronoun, to substitute the appropriate possessive adjective for the nonexistent genitive) as ''hij spricht fer hijn''.

;Irregular verbs.
All but two of the twelve irregular verbs are auxiliaries (the exceptions are ''duin'', “to do” and ''gooin'', “to go”). Some also have nonauxiliary uses as independent verbs in their own right; only the auxiliary uses will be discussed here, but the irregular verbs will be glossed with their nonauxiliary meanings (where such meanings exist) before their auxiliary ones in the list at the end of this paragraph. ''Zijin'' (“to be”) can be followed with the present or past participle; in the former case, it forms the present progressive tense, and the latter, the passive perfect tense. ''Hijbin'' (“to have”) is followed by the past participle to form the active perfect tense of all regular verbs, and most irregular verbs, but for the irregular verbs ''zijin'', ''zolin'', ''mochin'', ''kijnin'', ''gooin'', and ''bruin'' (this last one only when used as an auxiliary) the verb ''zijin'' fills this function instead. All irregular verbs used as auxiliaries except ''zijin'' and ''hijbin'' are always followed by the present participle. The list of irregular verbs is: ''zijin'' (“to be”), ''hijbin'' (“to have”), ''vielin'' (“to want”), ''zolin'' (“shall”), ''mochin'' (“may”), ''mokin'' (“to make, cause to”), ''vijsin'' (“to know, know how to”), ''kijnin'' (“to be able”), ''gooin'' (“to go”), ''bruin'' (“to burn, must”), and ''duin'' (“to do”). They are all fully conjugated in the appendix at the end of this guide.

;Articles and numerals.
The definite article is ''dij'', ''dei'', ''den'', ''dei''. The indefinite article is ''ij'', ''ei'', ''ei'', ''ei''. If the next word begins with a vowel, or if the article is the last word of a sentence or standalone statement, ''-n'' will be added to the indefinite article to produce ''ijn'', ''ein'', ''ein'', ''ein''. Many speakers will not decline the articles in rapid or informal speech, instead using the forms ''de'' and ''e(n)'' (rarely written, so the spelling may vary). The indefinite article is also used for the number one, in which case it is always fully pronounced and declined. No other numbers decline. The cardinal numbers one to twenty are ''ij''(''n''), ''tvei'', ''trie'', ''fer'', ''fief'', ''zij'', ''zefin'', ''ijcht'', ''nefin'', ''tijn'', ''ijten'', ''tveten'', ''treten'', ''ferten'', ''fiften'', ''zijten'', ''zeften'', ''ijchten'', ''neften'', ''tveintik''. In the towns, where the digraph ''ch'' is pronounced more softly, it is common to hear ''ijkten'' for eighteen to avoid confusion with ''ijten''. There is no word for zero, but ''nijn'' (“none”) is commonly accepted in such use. The ordinals are regularly declining adjectives.

;Borrowings.
Sprik has borrowed many words from the Latinate wordstock, often by taking a French word and later having it be modified to better match its Neo-Latin source, and sometimes via the German lects. A detailed study of such borrowings is beyond the scope of this overview, but a few examples may assist the reader in recognizing relevant patterns: Lat. ''qualitas'' → Spr. ''kfaalitijt'' (“quality”), Lat. ''essentia'' → Spr. ''essenz'' (“essence”), Lat. ''Cæsar'' → Spr. ''keizer'' (“king”), Lat. ''scientia'' → Spr. ''schienz'' (“science”), Lat. ''etymologia'' → Spr. ''etiemologij'' (“etymology”), Lat. ''imitatio'' → Spr. ''imitaasjen'' (“imitation”). Recent borrowings are chiefly from English and attempt to match the original pronunciation as close as possible, as in ''odijefooil'' (“audiofile”). Often there are native words that are synonymous to borrowings, and any may be used, as in the native word ''vijsinkraft'', which is synonymous to Latinate ''schienz'' and German-derived ''vijsinschaft''.

;Syntax and conversation.
Word order and syntax follows other West Germanic languages closely, and the only noticeable deviation from a generalised Afrikaans word order is that in a simple declarative sentence, the verb is often placed last. In complex sentences, the STOMPI rule generally holds, and the reader is advised to research this unless (s)he already speaks Afrikaans. Negation is accomplished by placing ''nit'' (“not”) immediately before the verb; double negatives are nonstandard. Dependent clauses are most often introduced by ''vyt'' (“what; that”) but other common words in this use are ''on'' (“and”), ''zo'' (“so”), ''onzo'' (“therefore”), ''as'' ("if"), ''vie'' (“who”), and ''ver'' (“where”). There is no distinction between interrogative and relative pronouns. Some simple responses are: ''hooi'' (“hello”), ''jij'' (“yes”), ''nij'' (“no”), and ''midt Godt'' (“goodbye”, literally “[go] with God”). Note that in speech ''hooi'' ("hello") is distinguished from ''hooi'' ("to him") by pronouncing the /h/ as [x].

===Addendum: Phonology===

Sprik has no agreed-upon phonology, in part because of the lack of a standard prestige dialect, and in part due to lack of study. Recordings have only been made of male speakers in the northwest sector, specifically from the town of Mont St. Gerard, and are reported to resemble “if you got a Dutch guy, and an Australian guy, and tried to make them compete to see whose vowels could overpower the others” (Christian James Meredith).

That said, there is in fact one extant phonological analysis that merits repetition here, not for its accuracy (one can be assured that there is no speaker who realizes his or her phonemes anything like this, and important features like glottal stops are completely ignored) but simply as a general guide. Below is a table that shows correspondences where a grapheme and phoneme are not identical in broad IPA, although one should remember that although <a> and <r> are represented in this analysis as /a/ and /r/, they are more likely closer to [ɑ] and [ɻ] to most speakers, at least in the northwest. Also, final voiced consonants are regularly devoiced, with the exception of /z/.

;Orthography – Broad IPA
<ij> – /ej/ 
<ei> – /aj/ 
<ie> – /iː/ 
<y> – /ə/ 
<e> – /ɛ/ (regularly /ə/ when unstressed) 
<ch> – /ç/ or /h/ 
<nowiki><dt></nowiki> – /d/ 
<nowiki></nowiki> – /ɪ/ (tending to /ə/ when unstressed) 
<oo> – /oː/ 
<nowiki></nowiki> – /ø/ 

===Appendix===

What follows is the full conjugation of the twelve irregular verbs, in the following order: infinitive, 1st-person singular, 2nd-person singular, 3rd-person singular, 1st-person plural, 3rd-person neuter singular, past participle.

''Zijin, bien, bit, it, zen, zen, it, gezent'' 
''Hijbin, hib, hijn, hijt, hijb, hijb, het, gehijt'' 
''Vielin, viel, vien, viet, vijl, vijl, vit, gevilt'' 
''Zolin, zuil, zon, zot, zooil, zooil, zot, gezolt'' 
''Mochin, mijch, mochin, mocht, mol, mol, mot, gemokt'' 
''Vijsin, vijs, vijin, vit, vije, vije, vit, gevijt'' 
''Kijnin, kijn, ken, ket, kijl, kijl, kit, gekijt'' 
''Gooin, gooi, gon, got, gol, gol, git, gegooit'' 
''Bruin, bren, brenin, brit, brin, brenin, brit, gebruicht'' 
''Duin, dooi, dun, dit, duil, duil, dyt, gedunt''