Qulmian - Revision history

Yuv yuv at 18:33, 3 October 2015

2015-10-03T18:33:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:33, 3 October 2015
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	\|VerbTense = 100		\|VerbTense = 100
	\|VerbMood = 100		\|VerbMood = 100
	\|VerbVoice = 0		\|VerbVoice = 100
	\|AdjCase = 0		\|AdjCase = 0
	\|AdjNumber = 0		\|AdjNumber = 0
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	\|Infinitive = 0		\|Infinitive = 0
	\|Modality = 0		\|Modality = 0
	\|Words = ~~128~~		\|Words = 132
	\|}}		\|}}

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	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}
	/ʃ ʒ/ were originally velar stops /k g/ respectively. They were lenited to /x ɣ/ early on and shifted forward to their current values at a later stage. Modern Qulmian has no velar consonant phonemes, ~~though~~ some dialects may occasionally shift /q/ forward to a post-velar or velar position. When following a vowel and preceding another consonant, /q/ may be lenited to [χ] or [qχ].		/ʃ ʒ/ were originally velar stops /k g/ respectively. They were lenited to /x ɣ/ early on and shifted forward to their current values at a later stage.

			Modern Qulmian has no velar consonant phonemes, but some dialects may occasionally shift /q/ forward to a post-velar or velar position, and it is often pronounced [k] before an unstressed /i/: ''sitiqiti'' [sɪˈtɪkɪˌtɪ]

			When following a vowel and preceding another consonant, /q/ may be lenited to [χ] or [qχ].

	Unlike most other languages of Taercnim, Qulmian has no rhotic phonemes. Loanwords containing rhotic sounds have them transcribed as either /ʒ/ or /l/.		Unlike most other languages of Taercnim, Qulmian has no rhotic phonemes. Loanwords containing rhotic sounds have them transcribed as either /ʒ/ or /l/.
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	Word-final /ɪt/ is often realized as [ɪə̯t̚], with an unreleased [t].		Word-final /ɪt/ is often realized as [ɪə̯t̚], with an unreleased [t].
	=== Vowels ===		=== Vowels ===
			Qulmian has five vowel phonemes. Vowel articulation is always quite lax, even in long vowels.

	{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"		{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
	!		!
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	\|}		\|}

	The phoneme /æ/ is usually realized as [æ] or [a]. In the diphthong ''ai'', it is realized as [ä].		The phoneme /æ/ is usually realized as [æ] or [a]. In the diphthong ''ai'', it is sometimes realized as [ä].

	/ɯ/ may be realized as [i] in the diphthong ''oy''.		The pronunciation of /ɯ/ varies between dialects. Some dialects have retained a lax [ɯ], whereas others have reduced it to [ə], and others still have shifted it forward to [e]. In all dialects, /ɯ/ may be realized as [i] in the diphthong ''oy''.

	Vowel length is phonemic. Long vowels are marked in the script with an additional vowel symbol, and in romanization with an acute accent.		Vowel length is phonemic. Long vowels are marked in the script with an additional vowel symbol, and in romanization with an acute accent.

	=== Stress ===		=== Stress ===
	By default, stress in Qulmian is placed on the ~~antepenultimate syllable~~. If a long vowel is present in the word, it receives the stress. If there are two or more long vowels in the word, the last one of them receives the stress.		By default, stress in Qulmian is placed on the vowel between the first and second radicals. If a mutant T (see T-mutation below) is present and has vowels on both sides, the vowel following it receives the stress.

			If a long vowel is present in the word, it receives the stress. If there are two or more long vowels in the word, the last one of them receives the stress.

	== Script ==		== Script ==
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	'''Definiteness:''' Light masculine nouns only receive the prefix if they are definite. If not, the prefix is dropped entirely: compare ''umísipa'' 'the day', ''mispa'' 'a day'.		'''Definiteness:''' Light masculine nouns only receive the prefix if they are definite. If not, the prefix is dropped entirely: compare ''umísipa'' 'the day', ''mispa'' 'a day'.

			In everyday speech, the indefinite forms are always used, and no distinction is made between definite and indefinite nouns. The definite forms are reserved for more formal situations and are also used in some (mostly older) written literature.

	2. '''Verb root''' placed into a nominalization pattern. Each verb form has its own set of patterns. Some patterns may only form light nouns, some only form heavy nouns, and some change their meaning depending on the weight of the noun.		2. '''Verb root''' placed into a nominalization pattern. Each verb form has its own set of patterns. Some patterns may only form light nouns, some only form heavy nouns, and some change their meaning depending on the weight of the noun.

	The patterns change slightly depending on the definiteness of the noun. One vowel is always lengthened, causing some ~~diphthongs to mutate into monophthongs~~. Epenthetic vowels are added in some cases to avoid two consecutive consonants after a long vowel.		The patterns change slightly depending on the definiteness of the noun. One vowel is always lengthened, causing some monophthongization. Epenthetic vowels are added in some cases to avoid two consecutive consonants after a long vowel.

	{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"		{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
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	Qulmian does not directly mark the genitive case. Instead, possession is implied through syntax: the possessor is placed directly after the possessed object, without any linking morphemes that explicitly indicate a connection.		Qulmian does not directly mark the genitive case. Instead, possession is implied through syntax: the possessor is placed directly after the possessed object, without any linking morphemes that explicitly indicate a connection.

	The object of possession is definite when the speaker and the receiver both have a certain object in mind.		The object of possession can be definite when the speaker and the receiver both have a certain object in mind.

	{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"		{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
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	\|}		\|}

	When the receiver does not know what object is being referred to, the indefinite form is used. (Compare “a friend of mine” vs. “my friend”.) ~~In less formal registers~~, the indefinite form ~~may be~~ used in both cases.		When the receiver does not know what object is being referred to, the indefinite form is always used. (Compare “a friend of mine” vs. “my friend”.) As with all nouns, the indefinite form is used in both cases in less formal speech.

	{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"		{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
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	==== Aspect and mood ====		==== Aspect and mood ====

	==== Sentential nouns ====		==== Sentential nouns ==== <!-- TODO: EXAMPLES -->

			Most Qulmian nouns are derived from verbs placed into a pattern, but nouns can be derived from entire sentences as well. These kinds of nouns are not as common as ones derived directly from verbs.

			In an ordinary sentence, there are very few hard rules regarding word order. The verb can be placed anywhere in the sentence and the order of arguments changes only the emphasis within it, not its grammatical correctness. However, when deriving nouns from sentences, a few restrictions are imposed:
			* The verb must come at the end, after all the necessary arguments are introduced.
			* The verb must always be in the second-person singular present form.
			* In Conjugation I verbs, the initial a- is dropped.

			Thus, a sentential noun has the following structure:

			{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
			\|Marking for gender, weight and definiteness<br />''a, o, i, u, Ø''
			\|Arguments in free order, always keeping case marking
			\|Verb in one of four forms:<br />''XXoX, XiXoX, XtuXoX, XitiXoX''
			\|Case and number markings<br />''a, o, i, y, u, it<br />am, om, im, ym, um, imp<br />aq, oq, iq, yq, uq, iqs''
			\|}

	[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:A_priori]][[Category:Root-and-pattern languages]]		[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:A_priori]][[Category:Root-and-pattern languages]]

IlL: /* Sentential nouns */

2015-07-17T14:10:43Z

Sentential nouns

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:10, 17 July 2015
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	==== Sentential nouns ====		==== Sentential nouns ====

	[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:A_priori]][[Category:~~Consonantal root~~ languages]]		[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:A_priori]][[Category:Root-and-pattern languages]]

IlL: /* Sentential nouns */

2015-07-17T14:10:26Z

Sentential nouns

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:10, 17 July 2015
Line 797:		Line 797:
	==== Sentential nouns ====		==== Sentential nouns ====

	[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:A_priori]]		[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:A_priori]][[Category:Consonantal root languages]]

Yuv yuv at 21:39, 24 April 2015

2015-04-24T21:39:11Z

Show changes

Yuv yuv at 21:11, 8 April 2015

2015-04-08T21:11:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:11, 8 April 2015
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	\|'''n''' /n/		\|'''n''' /n/
	\|		\|
			\|'''ng''' /ɴ/
	\|		\|
	~~\|'''ng''' /ɴ/~~
	\|-		\|-
	!Plosive		!Plosive
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	Verbs in forms 3 and 4 may undergo a phonological process called ''T-mutation''. All verbs in these forms have a T sound after the first radical, and when the two consonants are not separated by a vowel, the T may either change its phonetic value or switch places with the first radical.		Verbs in forms 3 and 4 may undergo a phonological process called ''T-mutation''. All verbs in these forms have a T sound after the first radical, and when the two consonants are not separated by a vowel, the T may either change its phonetic value or switch places with the first radical.

	There are two kinds of T-mutation~~: some~~ apply in all positions, others apply only word-initially.		There are two kinds of T-mutation rules. Some rules apply in all positions, others apply only word-initially.

	{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"		{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
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	\|Anywhere		\|Anywhere
	\|*''mtosqa'' – ''mposqa''		\|*''mtosqa'' – ''mposqa''
	\|Some dialects may realize the mutated consonant as ''b'' word-initially, but it is always written as ''p''		\|Some dialects may realize the mutated consonant as [b] word-initially, but it is always written and transliterated as ''p''.
	\|-		\|-
	\|nt – ng		\|nt – ng
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	==== Word order ====		==== Word order ====
	As explained earlier in the Cases section, Qulmian cases do not have truly fixed meanings. Prepositions are almost nonexistent, and as a result, word order is highly flexible and can be used to emphasize certain words in a sentence. For example, the sentences		As explained earlier in the Cases section, Qulmian cases do not have truly fixed meanings. Prepositions are almost nonexistent, and as a result, word order is highly flexible and can be used to emphasize certain words in a sentence. For example, the sentences
	* Apahna mpuloni milni		* Apahna mpuloni milni (Apahna.1 read-3sf-PRES book.2)
	* Apahna milni mpuloni		* Apahna milni mpuloni (Apahna.1 book.2 read-3sf-PRES)
	* Milni Apahna mpuloni		* Milni Apahna mpuloni (book.2 Apahna.1 read-3sf-PRES)
	* Milni mpuloni Apahna		* Milni mpuloni Apahna (book.2 read-3sf-PRES Apahna.1)
	* Mpuloni milni Apahna		* Mpuloni milni Apahna (read-3sf-PRES book.2 Apahna.1)
	* Mpuloni Apahna milni		* Mpuloni Apahna milni (read-3sf-PRES Apahna.1 book.2)
	all have the exact same meaning: “Apahna is reading a book”, only with slightly different emphasis. Some orders are more common than others – the most common order is the one shown in the first example, used when no certain word is to be given special attention.		all have the exact same meaning: “Apahna is reading a book”, only with slightly different emphasis. Some orders are more common than others – the most common order is the one shown in the first example, used when no certain word is to be given special attention.

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	Example:		Example:

	- A: '''''So''' mpolin qody milni.'' (I haven't read that book.)		- A: '''''So''' mpolin qody milni.'' “I haven't read that book.” (no read-1s-PAST that book.2)

	- B: ''Da milnim '''so''' mpulon '''soqtaqt!''''' ~~(You~~ never read books at all!)		- B: ''Da milnim '''so''' mpulon '''soqtaqt!''''' “You never read books at all!” (you.1 book.2.PL no read-2s-PRES never)

	The negated word does not have to be a verb. Nouns can be negated in the same way:		The negated word does not have to be a verb. Nouns can be negated in the same way:
	* '''''So''' umísipi colib adnyqu yn icítai.'' ~~(It~~ is not the day that we must respect, but the night.)		* '''''So''' umísipi colib adnyqu yn icítai.'' “It is not the day that we must respect, but the night.” (no day-DEF.2 must respect-1p-PRES but night-DEF.2)

	==== Questions ====		==== Questions ====

Yuv yuv at 13:04, 6 April 2015

2015-04-06T13:04:42Z

Show changes

Yuv yuv: Created page with "{{Construction}} Qulmian (native name: '''Qulm sihpa''' or '''Qulm usíhpa''') is a language constructed by Yuv yuv for the constructed world of Taercnim. ''..."

2015-01-27T23:08:32Z

Created page with "{{Construction}} Qulmian (native name: '''Qulm sihpa''' or '''Qulm usíhpa''') is a language constructed by Yuv yuv for the constructed world of Taercnim. ''..."

New page

{{Construction}}
Qulmian (native name: '''Qulm sihpa''' or '''Qulm usíhpa''') is a language constructed by [[User:Yuv yuv|Yuv yuv]] for the constructed world of Taercnim.

'''Please note:''' a large part of this language has already been completed but is currently undergoing heavy revision and rewriting before being published.

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Qulmian
|NativeName = '''Qulm sihpa''' / '''Qulm usíhpa'''
|Type = Fusional
|Alignment = Nominative-accusative

|adjective = first
|adposition = first
|adverb = final
|article = first
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = no
|Genders = Masculine, feminine
|Declined = Yes
|Conjugated = Yes
|Case = Yes
|Number = Yes
|Definiteness = Yes
|Gender = Yes
|Voice = No
|Mood = No
|Person = Yes
|Number = Yes
|Tense = Yes
|Aspect = Yes

|Phonology = 100
|NounCases = 0
|NounDef = 100
|NounNumbers = 100
|NounGender = 100
|VerbPerson = 100
|VerbNumber = 100
|VerbAspect = 100
|VerbTense = 100
|VerbMood = 100
|VerbVoice = 0
|AdjCase = 0
|AdjNumber = 0
|AdjDef = 0
|AdjGen = 0
|AdjSuperlative = 0
|AdjComparative = 0
|Supine = 0
|Gerund = 0
|Participle = 0
|Infinitive = 0
|Modality = 0
|Words = 128
|}}

== Background ==
The Qulmian language started, like many of my languages, as an experiment in grammar and writing. I put to use some rather unusual grammatical ideas that I had been collecting for a period of several months before starting work on it, combining them with a script that I developed during a boring 11th-grade class.

In the world of Taercnim, Qulmian is spoken by about 55 million people in the southeastern region of Qulma on the continent Lerta. It is also used throughout Lerta as a liturgical language for religious purposes.

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===
Qulmian has sixteen consonants.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalv.
!Uvular
!Glottal
|-
!Nasal
|'''m''' /m/
|
|'''n''' /n/
|
|
|'''ng''' /ɴ/
|-
!Plosive
|'''p''' /p/
'''b''' /b/
|'''t''' /t/
'''d''' /d/
|
|
|'''q''' /q/
|'''‘''' /ʔ/
|-
!Fricative
|'''v''' /v/
|
|'''s''' /s/
'''z''' /z/
|'''c''' /ʃ/
'''j''' /ʒ/
|
|'''h''' /h/
|-
!Approximant
|
|
|'''l''' /l/
|
|
|
|}
/ʃ ʒ/ were originally velar stops /k g/ respectively. They were lenited to /x ɣ/ early on and shifted forward to their current values at a later stage. Modern Qulmian has no velar consonant phonemes, though some dialects may occasionally shift /q/ forward to a post-velar or velar position.

Unlike most other languages of Taercnim, Qulmian has no rhotic phonemes. Loanwords containing rhotic sounds have them transcribed as either /ʒ/ or /l/.

Word-final /ɪt/ is often realized as [ɪə̯t̚], with an unreleased [t].
=== Vowels ===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
!
!Front
!Back
|-
!Close
|'''i''' /ɪ/
|'''y''' /ɯ/
'''u''' /u/
|-
!Open
|'''a''' /æ/
|'''o''' /ɒ/
|}

The phoneme /æ/ is usually realized as [æ] or [a]. In the diphthong ''ai'', it is realized as [ä].

/ɯ/ may be realized as [i] in the diphthong ''oy''.

Vowel length is phonemic. Long vowels are marked in the script with an additional vowel symbol, and in romanization with an acute accent.

=== Stress ===
By default, stress in Qulmian is placed on the antepenultimate syllable. If a long vowel is present in the word, it receives the stress. If there are two or more long vowels in the word, the last one of them receives the stress.

== Script ==
Under construction ...

=== Consonants ===

=== Vowels ===

=== Long vowels ===

=== Punctuation ===

== Grammar ==
=== Morphology ===
Qulmian morphology is fusional and nonconcatenative, using a system of triconsonantal roots placed into patterns to form words.

==== Verb morphology ====
Verbs morphologically encode tense and aspect along with the person, gender and number of the subject. Perfective and imperfective aspect are distinguished in the past tense.

There are four different types of conjugation patterns for verbs. Many roots can be placed into more than one pattern, forming verbs with different meanings.
* Form 1 – XoXXa (using example root ''hml'' – to give)
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
!''Person/Number/Gender''
!Perf. past
!Impf. past
!Present
!Future
|-
!1st person singular
|homil
|húmil
|ahmyl
|ahmil
|-
!2nd person singular
|homal
|húmal
|ahmol
|ahmal
|-
!3rd person masculine singular
|homla
|húmla
|ahmola
|ahmala
|-
!3rd person feminine singular
|homli
|húmli
|ahmoli
|ahmali
|-
!1st person plural
|homilu
|húmilu
|ahmylu
|ahmilu
|-
!2nd person plural
|homila
|húmila
|ahmól
|ahmila
|-
!3rd person masculine plural
|homlá
|húmlá
|ahmólá
|ahmalá
|-
!3rd person feminine plural
|homlí
|húmlí
|ahmólí
|ahmalí
|}
* Form 2 – XaiXoXa (using example root ''hml'' – to hold someone dear)
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
!''Person/Number/Gender''
!Perf. past
!Impf. past
!Present
!Future
|-
!1st person singular
|hómil
|huimil
|himyl
|himil
|-
!2nd person singular
|hómal
|huimal
|himol
|himal
|-
!3rd person masculine singular
|hómla
|huimla
|himola
|himala
|-
!3rd person feminine singular
|hómli
|huimli
|himoli
|himali
|-
!1st person plural
|hómilu
|huimilu
|himylu
|himilu
|-
!2nd person plural
|hómila
|huimila
|himól
|himila
|-
!3rd person masculine plural
|hómlá
|huimlá
|himólá
|himalá
|-
!3rd person feminine plural
|hómlí
|huimlí
|himólí
|himalí
|}
* Form 3 – XtoXXa (using example root ''sqt'' – to have the right to do something)
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
!''Person/Number/Gender''
!Perf. past
!Impf. past
!Present
!Future
|-
!1st person singular
|stoqit
|stúqit
|stuqyt
|stuqit
|-
!2nd person singular
|stoqat
|stúqat
|stuqot
|stuqat
|-
!3rd person masculine singular
|stoqta
|stúqta
|stuqota
|stuqata
|-
!3rd person feminine singular
|stoqti
|stúqti
|stuqoti
|stuqati
|-
!1st person plural
|stoqitu
|stúqitu
|stuqytu
|stuqitu
|-
!2nd person plural
|stoqita
|stúqita
|stuqót
|stuqita
|-
!3rd person masculine plural
|stoqtá
|stúqtá
|stuqótá
|stuqatá
|-
!3rd person feminine plural
|stoqtí
|stúqtí
|stuqótí
|stuqatí
|}
* Form 4 – XtaXoXa (using example root ''sqt'')
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
!''Person/Number/Gender''
!Perf. past
!Impf. past
!Present
!Future
|-
!1st person singular
|sitoiqit
|situiqit
|sitiqyt
|sitiqit
|-
!2nd person singular
|sitoiqat
|situiqat
|sitiqot
|sitiqat
|-
!3rd person masculine singular
|sitoiqata
|situiqata
|sitiqota
|sitiqata
|-
!3rd person feminine singular
|sitoiqati
|situiqati
|sitiqoti
|sitiqati
|-
!1st person plural
|sitoiqiti
|situiqiti
|sitiqyti
|sitiqiti
|-
!2nd person plural
|sitoiqita
|situiqita
|sitiqót
|sitiqita
|-
!3rd person masculine plural
|sitoiqitá
|situiqitá
|sitiqótá
|sitiqatá
|-
!3rd person feminine plural
|sitoiqití
|situiqití
|sitiqótí
|sitiqatí
|}

===== T-mutation =====
Verbs in forms 3 and 4 may undergo a phonological process called ''T-mutation''. All verbs in these forms have a T sound after the first radical, and when the two consonants are not separated by a vowel, the T may either change its phonetic value or switch places with the first radical.

There are two kinds of T-mutation: some apply in all positions, others apply only word-initially.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
!Mutation
!Position
!Example
!Notes
|-
|No mutation
|–
|''stoqta''
|
|-
|mt – mp
|Anywhere
|*''mtosqa'' – ''mposqa''
|Some dialects may realize the mutated consonant as ''b'' word-initially, but it is always written as ''p''
|-
|nt – ng
|Word-initially
|*''ntamoda'' – ''ngamoda''
|The two sounds fuse into a single uvular nasal /ɴ/ represented by ''ng''. (/g/ as a phoneme does not exist in Qulmian.)
|-
|ngt – ngq
|Anywhere
|...
|
|-
|tt – ts, qt – qs
|Word-initially
|*''ttonqa'' – ''tsonqa''
*''qtaqta'' – ''qsaqta''
|
|-
|dt – dz
|Word-initially
|...
|
|-
|bt – bd, dt – dd, jt – jd
|Anywhere
|*''idtaloma'' – ''iddaloma''
*''jtovda'' – ''jdovda''
|
|-
|ht – th, ‘t – t‘
|Anywhere
|*''htosta'' – ''thosta''
*''‘tanona'' – ''t‘anona''
|
|}

==== Noun morphology ====
Like verb morphology, Qulmian noun morphology is highly fusional and only partially concatenative. Qulmian nouns are mostly formed by placing verb roots into nominalization patterns. Different patterns indicate different meanings, and each verb form has its own set of patterns.

===== Structure of a noun =====
A Qulmian noun has the following fixed structure:

1. '''Prefix''' indicating class and (in some cases) definiteness. This prefix takes the form of a single short vowel.

'''Class:''' There are two separately functioning sets of noun classes.

* '''''Gender:''''' Nouns can be either masculine or feminine. Often, gender acts as a way to create a subtle variation on a word, differentiating pairs of otherwise identical words describing similar or related concepts.
* '''''Weight:''''' Nouns can be either “light” or “heavy”. Places and people are usually heavy nouns, while other nouns are light, but this is not a hard rule and many exceptions exist.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
!
!Light
!Heavy
|-
!Masculine
|u–
|o–
|-
!Feminine
|i–
|a–
|}

'''Definiteness:''' Light masculine nouns only receive the prefix if they are definite. If not, the prefix is dropped entirely: compare ''umíspa'' 'the day', ''mispa'' 'a day'.

2. '''Verb root''' placed into a nominalization pattern. Each verb form has its own set of patterns. Some patterns may only form light nouns, some only form heavy nouns, and some change their meaning depending on the weight of the noun.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
!Form 1
!Form 2
!Form 3
!Form 4
!Light meaning
!Heavy meaning
|-
|XoXX
|XaiXoX
|XtoXX
|XtaXoX
|The act of <verb>ing
|–
|-
|XaXX
|XoXaX
|XtaXX
|XtoXaX
|Something that <verb>s
|A person who <verb>s
|-
|XuXX
|XuXoX
|XtuXX
|XtuXoX
|The act of being <verb>ed
|–
|-
|XiXX
|XoiXoX
|XtiXX
|XtoXaX
|Something that is <verb>ed
|A person who is <verb>ed
|-
|nXaXX, nXiXX
|XoXnaX, XuXnoX
|naXtaXX, naXtiXX
|XatoXnaX, XatiXnaX
|–
|A place where the act of <verb>ing is done
|-
|–
|XoXnaX, XuXnoX
|–
|XatoXnaX, XatiXnaX
|A place where the act of <verb>ing is done (forms 2, 4 only)
|–
|}

3. '''Case suffix''', usually consisting of a single short vowel. See ''Cases'' below.

4. '''Plural suffix''': ''–m'' for masculine nouns, ''–q'' for feminine nouns.

===== Cases =====
While most languages use a system of cases with more or less fixed meanings and roles, Qulmian uses a system of five “numbered cases”, where the role of each case is determined by the verb in the sentence. In other words, each verb can be described as having its own set of multiple “parameters”.

A sixth case, called “case T”, exists and functions alongside the numbered cases. This case is the only one with an inherent meaning, and is usually equivalent to the inessive or temporal cases. It is used mostly for adverbials.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
!Case
!Suffix
|-
|1
|–a
|-
|2
|–i
|-
|3
|–o
|-
|4
|–y
|-
|5
|–u
|-
|T
|–it
|}

* Note: in plural nouns in case T, the suffix ''–it'' fuses with the plural marker: ''–imp'' for masculine nouns, ''–iqs'' for feminine.

In most verbs with only two parameters, case 1 is the nominative case and case 2 is the accusative case:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|c'''a'''
|amnyq
|maln'''i'''
|-
|1s.'''1'''
|hold-1s-PRES
|pen.'''2'''
|-
| colspan="3"| “I am holding a pen.”
|}

Some verbs with more parameters may differ. For example, the verb ''homla'' (to give) defines case 2 as the dative (the person to whom the object is given), and case 3 as the accusative (the object that is given):

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|c'''a'''
|ahmil
|d'''i'''
|maln'''o'''
|-
|1s.'''1'''
|give-1s-FUT
|2s.'''2'''
|pen.'''3'''
|-
| colspan="4"| “I will give you a pen.”
|}

==== Adjectives ====
Under construction ...

=== Syntax ===
Under construction ...