Proto-Oronaic - Revision history

Sware: Added infobox

2022-04-14T18:57:34Z

Added infobox

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:57, 14 April 2022
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			{{Infobox proto-language
			\| name = Proto-Oronaic
			\| creator = User:Raistas
			\| target = [[Alpatho-Hirtic languages\|Oronaic]]
			\| region = Northwestern Russia
			\| era = 5000–2000 BCE
			\| familycolor = oronaic
			\| child1 = Proto-Alpathian
			** [[Proto-Carpathian]]
			\| child2 = Proto-Hirtic
			}}

	Proto-Oronaic is the reconstructed ancestral language of the [[Alpatho-Hirtic languages\|Oronaic]] language family. The exact time, when the language has been spoken, is unknown, but various estimates give the dates from 5000 BCE to 2000 BCE, after which it differentiated into other proto-languages. The exact location of the area of [[w:Urheimat\|Urheimat]] is not known, and various proposals have been suggested, but the usually assumed areas are [[w:Valdai Hills\|the Valdai Hills]] territory and plains between [[w:Republic of Karelia\|the Republic of Karelia]] and [[w:Arkhangelsk Oblast\|the Arkhangelsk Oblast]] in Russia.		Proto-Oronaic is the reconstructed ancestral language of the [[Alpatho-Hirtic languages\|Oronaic]] language family. The exact time, when the language has been spoken, is unknown, but various estimates give the dates from 5000 BCE to 2000 BCE, after which it differentiated into other proto-languages. The exact location of the area of [[w:Urheimat\|Urheimat]] is not known, and various proposals have been suggested, but the usually assumed areas are [[w:Valdai Hills\|the Valdai Hills]] territory and plains between [[w:Republic of Karelia\|the Republic of Karelia]] and [[w:Arkhangelsk Oblast\|the Arkhangelsk Oblast]] in Russia.

Raistas: /* Vowels */

2018-08-10T17:17:33Z

Vowels

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:17, 10 August 2018
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	Sometimes a low back rounded å /ɒ/ is reconstructed in place of a, since it regularly gives /o/ in Carpathian. As a separate phoneme å can be reconstructed on the basis of Hirtian, where it does not change into y /ɨ/ or remains a /ɑ/. In other branches it simply merged with a. Diphthongs probably did not exist in Proto-Oronaic itself, but appeared very early in its descendents.		Sometimes a low back rounded å /ɒ/ is reconstructed in place of a, since it regularly gives /o/ in Carpathian. As a separate phoneme å can be reconstructed on the basis of Hirtian, where it does not change into y /ɨ/ or remains a /ɑ/. In other branches it simply merged with a. Diphthongs probably did not exist in Proto-Oronaic itself, but appeared very early in its descendents.

	Vowel inventory in non-stressed syllables was restricted: only ~~three~~ reduced vowels were present, marked as ə<sub>1</sub>, ə<sub>2</sub>, ə<sub>3</sub> and sometimes also ə<sub>4</sub>, which probably was an allophone of ə<sub>3</sub> The actual realization of them is a question of debate: Vowel harmony also applied to those reduced vowels with ə<sub>1</sub>-ə<sub>2</sub>, ë-ə<sub>4</sub> and ə<sub>3</sub>-ə<sub>4</sub> contrasts with ə<sub>2</sub> being neutral to both ə<sub>3</sub> and ə<sub>4</sub>. Some scholars analize them as following:		Vowel inventory in non-stressed syllables was restricted: only four reduced vowels were present, marked as ə<sub>1</sub>, ə<sub>2</sub>, ə<sub>3</sub> and sometimes also ə<sub>4</sub>, which probably was an allophone of ə<sub>3</sub> The actual realization of them is a question of debate: Vowel harmony also applied to those reduced vowels with ə<sub>1</sub>-ə<sub>2</sub>, ë-ə<sub>4</sub> and ə<sub>3</sub>-ə<sub>4</sub> contrasts with ə<sub>2</sub> being neutral to both ə<sub>3</sub> and ə<sub>4</sub>. Some scholars analize them as following:
	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
	\|-		\|-

Raistas: /* Vocabulary */

2018-07-26T18:17:09Z

Vocabulary

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:17, 26 July 2018
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	Body parts: bàˀjə<sub>3</sub> head, gèrik-i eye, wöl(g)ə<sub>2</sub> tongue, ačə<sub>3</sub> liver, tis̺ə<sub>1</sub> lung, dawə breath, kàc̺ə<sub>3</sub> cough, kəjontə<sub>4</sub> urine, kəjgü-(li) tear.		Body parts: bàˀjə<sub>3</sub> head, gèrik-i eye, wöl(g)ə<sub>2</sub> tongue, ačə<sub>3</sub> liver, tis̺ə<sub>1</sub> lung, dawə breath, kàc̺ə<sub>3</sub> cough, kəjontə<sub>4</sub> urine, kəjgü-(li) tear.
	Basic verbs: ní-jêl- to hear, wel- to live, mïr- to die, ńidä- to approach, askan- to step, s̺uppu- to suck, t̺ëgu- to eat, uri- to swim, kappa- to steal.		Basic verbs: ní-jêl- to hear, wel- to live, mïr- to die, ńidä- to approach, askan- to step, s̺uppu- to suck, t̺ëgu- to eat, uri- to swim, kappa- to steal.
	Basic objects and concepts of the natural world: t̺akc̺ə<sub>3</sub> ice, sajwə<sub>2</sub> lake, kööˀcü moon, (wəb)eedä sun c̺ec̺ä/c̺äˀc̺ä water, rüümü mist, nigə<sub>1</sub> ~~small fish~~ nigkeŋ-si big fish, gooklu(j) star, öwbə<sub>1</sub> lightning, pojə<sub>2</sub> birch, keeˀt̺ü spruce, kooru pine/fir, iˀjə<sub>1</sub> bird cherry, kullu stone, ńüwrə<sub>2</sub> wëja egg, s̺aru raven		Basic objects and concepts of the natural world: t̺akc̺ə<sub>3</sub> ice, sajwə<sub>2</sub> lake, kööˀcü moon, (wəb)eedä sun c̺ec̺ä/c̺äˀc̺ä water, rüümü mist, àsŋə<sub>2</sub>(-n) fish nigə<sub>1</sub> perch nigkeŋ-si big fish (northern pike), gooklu(j) star, öwbə<sub>1</sub> lightning, pojə<sub>2</sub> birch, keeˀt̺ü spruce, kooru pine/fir, iˀjə<sub>1</sub> bird cherry, kullu stone, ńüwrə<sub>2</sub> wëja egg, *s̺aru raven
	Elementary technology: sigdə<sub>2</sub> coal, sukko needle, kowra to bore, waŋsa bow, sujkə<sub>3</sub> arrow, sopa straw, ĺëptə<sub>2</sub> cradle, sovə<sub>4</sub>(j) ski, miiltə<sub>1</sub> fence.		Elementary technology: sigdə<sub>2</sub> coal, sukko needle, kowra to bore, waŋsa bow, sujkə<sub>3</sub> arrow, sopa straw, ĺëptə<sub>2</sub> cradle, sovə<sub>4</sub>(j) ski, miiltə<sub>1</sub> fence.
	Basic spatial concepts: ükə<sub>1</sub> back, pala half, ragu side (also bank of the river), *kuwkə<sub>3</sub> long.		Basic spatial concepts: ükə<sub>1</sub> back, pala half, ragu side (also bank of the river), *kuwkə<sub>3</sub> long.

Raistas: /* Vocabulary */

2018-07-26T17:23:58Z

Vocabulary

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:23, 26 July 2018
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	Pronouns: mu(n) I, tu(n) you, su(n)/te this kin/kön who, *wə<sub>1</sub> what.		Pronouns: mu(n) I, tu(n) you, su(n)/te this kin/kön who, *wə<sub>1</sub> what.
	Kinship terms: ěmmè/ěmbe mother, ät̺ä father, ékkə<sub>1</sub> uncle, neeˀni maternal aunt, *wìˀnə<sub>1</sub> daughter-in-law.		Kinship terms: ěmmè/ěmbe mother, ät̺ä father, ékkə<sub>1</sub> uncle, neeˀni maternal aunt, *wìˀnə<sub>1</sub> daughter-in-law.
	Body parts: bàˀjə<sub>3</sub> head, gèrik-i eye, wöl(g)ə<sub>4</sub> tongue, ačə<sub>3</sub> liver, tis̺ə<sub>1</sub> lung, dawə breath, kàc̺ə<sub>3</sub> cough, kəjontə<sub>4</sub> urine, kəjgü-(li) tear.		Body parts: bàˀjə<sub>3</sub> head, gèrik-i eye, wöl(g)ə<sub>2</sub> tongue, ačə<sub>3</sub> liver, tis̺ə<sub>1</sub> lung, dawə breath, kàc̺ə<sub>3</sub> cough, kəjontə<sub>4</sub> urine, kəjgü-(li) tear.
	Basic verbs: ní-jêl- to hear, wel- to live, mïr- to die, ńidä- to approach, askan- to step, s̺uppu- to suck, t̺ëgu- to eat, uri- to swim, kappa- to steal.		Basic verbs: ní-jêl- to hear, wel- to live, mïr- to die, ńidä- to approach, askan- to step, s̺uppu- to suck, t̺ëgu- to eat, uri- to swim, kappa- to steal.
	Basic objects and concepts of the natural world: t̺akc̺ə<sub>3</sub> ice, sajwə<sub>2</sub> lake, kööˀcü moon, (wəb)eedä sun c̺ec̺ä/c̺äˀc̺ä water, rüümü mist, nigə<sub>1</sub> small fish nigkeŋ-si big fish, gooklu(j) star, öwbə<sub>1</sub> lightning, pojə<sub>2</sub> birch, keeˀt̺ü spruce, kooru pine/fir, iˀjə<sub>1</sub> bird cherry, kullu stone, ńüwrə<sub>2</sub> wëja egg, s̺aru raven		Basic objects and concepts of the natural world: t̺akc̺ə<sub>3</sub> ice, sajwə<sub>2</sub> lake, kööˀcü moon, (wəb)eedä sun c̺ec̺ä/c̺äˀc̺ä water, rüümü mist, nigə<sub>1</sub> small fish nigkeŋ-si big fish, gooklu(j) star, öwbə<sub>1</sub> lightning, pojə<sub>2</sub> birch, keeˀt̺ü spruce, kooru pine/fir, iˀjə<sub>1</sub> bird cherry, kullu stone, ńüwrə<sub>2</sub> wëja egg, s̺aru raven

Raistas: /* Vocabulary */

2018-07-19T13:30:52Z

Vocabulary

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:30, 19 July 2018
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	Pronouns: mu(n) I, tu(n) you, su(n)/te this kin/kön who, *wə<sub>1</sub> what.		Pronouns: mu(n) I, tu(n) you, su(n)/te this kin/kön who, *wə<sub>1</sub> what.
	Kinship terms: ěmmè/ěmbe mother, ät̺ä father, ékkə<sub>1</sub> uncle, neeˀni maternal aunt, *wìˀnə<sub>1</sub> daughter-in-law.		Kinship terms: ěmmè/ěmbe mother, ät̺ä father, ékkə<sub>1</sub> uncle, neeˀni maternal aunt, *wìˀnə<sub>1</sub> daughter-in-law.
	Body parts: bàˀjə<sub>3</sub> head, gèrik-i eye, wöl(g)ə<sub>4</sub> tongue, tis̺ə<sub>1</sub> ~~liver~~, dawə breath, kàc̺ə<sub>3</sub> cough, kəjontə<sub>4</sub> urine, *kəjgü-(li) tear.		Body parts: bàˀjə<sub>3</sub> head, gèrik-i eye, wöl(g)ə<sub>4</sub> tongue, ačə<sub>3</sub> liver, tis̺ə<sub>1</sub> lung, dawə breath, kàc̺ə<sub>3</sub> cough, kəjontə<sub>4</sub> urine, kəjgü-(li) tear.
	Basic verbs: ní-jêl- to hear, wel- to live, mïr- to die, ńidä- to approach, askan- to step, s̺uppu- to suck, t̺ëgu- to eat, uri- to swim, kappa- to steal.		Basic verbs: ní-jêl- to hear, wel- to live, mïr- to die, ńidä- to approach, askan- to step, s̺uppu- to suck, t̺ëgu- to eat, uri- to swim, kappa- to steal.
	Basic objects and concepts of the natural world: t̺akc̺ə<sub>3</sub> ice, sajwə<sub>2</sub> lake, kööˀcü moon, (wəb)eedä sun c̺ec̺ä/c̺äˀc̺ä water, rüümü mist, nigə<sub>1</sub> small fish nigkeŋ-si big fish, gooklu(j) star, öwbə<sub>1</sub> lightning, pojə<sub>2</sub> birch, keeˀt̺ü spruce, kooru pine/fir, iˀjə<sub>1</sub> bird cherry, kullu stone, ńüwrə<sub>2</sub> wëja egg, s̺aru raven		Basic objects and concepts of the natural world: t̺akc̺ə<sub>3</sub> ice, sajwə<sub>2</sub> lake, kööˀcü moon, (wəb)eedä sun c̺ec̺ä/c̺äˀc̺ä water, rüümü mist, nigə<sub>1</sub> small fish nigkeŋ-si big fish, gooklu(j) star, öwbə<sub>1</sub> lightning, pojə<sub>2</sub> birch, keeˀt̺ü spruce, kooru pine/fir, iˀjə<sub>1</sub> bird cherry, kullu stone, ńüwrə<sub>2</sub> wëja egg, s̺aru raven

Raistas: /* Vocabulary */

2018-07-18T11:24:02Z

Vocabulary

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:24, 18 July 2018
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	Body parts: bàˀjə<sub>3</sub> head, gèrik-i eye, wöl(g)ə<sub>4</sub> tongue, tis̺ə<sub>1</sub> liver, dawə breath, kàc̺ə<sub>3</sub> cough, kəjontə<sub>4</sub> urine, *kəjgü-(li) tear.		Body parts: bàˀjə<sub>3</sub> head, gèrik-i eye, wöl(g)ə<sub>4</sub> tongue, tis̺ə<sub>1</sub> liver, dawə breath, kàc̺ə<sub>3</sub> cough, kəjontə<sub>4</sub> urine, *kəjgü-(li) tear.
	Basic verbs: ní-jêl- to hear, wel- to live, mïr- to die, ńidä- to approach, askan- to step, s̺uppu- to suck, t̺ëgu- to eat, uri- to swim, kappa- to steal.		Basic verbs: ní-jêl- to hear, wel- to live, mïr- to die, ńidä- to approach, askan- to step, s̺uppu- to suck, t̺ëgu- to eat, uri- to swim, kappa- to steal.
	Basic objects and concepts of the natural world: t̺akc̺ə<sub>3</sub> ice, sajwə<sub>2</sub> lake, kööˀcü moon, (wəb)eedä sun c̺ec̺ä/c̺äˀc̺ä water, rüümü mist, nigə<sub>1</sub> small fish nigkeŋ-si big fish, gooklu(j) star, öwbə<sub>1</sub> lightning, ~~ko(x)ji~~ birch, keeˀt̺ü spruce, kooru pine/fir, iˀjə<sub>1</sub> bird cherry, kullu stone, ńüwrə<sub>2</sub> wëja egg, s̺aru raven		Basic objects and concepts of the natural world: t̺akc̺ə<sub>3</sub> ice, sajwə<sub>2</sub> lake, kööˀcü moon, (wəb)eedä sun c̺ec̺ä/c̺äˀc̺ä water, rüümü mist, nigə<sub>1</sub> small fish nigkeŋ-si big fish, gooklu(j) star, öwbə<sub>1</sub> lightning, pojə<sub>2</sub> birch, keeˀt̺ü spruce, kooru pine/fir, iˀjə<sub>1</sub> bird cherry, kullu stone, ńüwrə<sub>2</sub> wëja egg, s̺aru raven
	Elementary technology: sigdə<sub>2</sub> coal, sukko needle, kowra to bore, waŋsa bow, sujkə<sub>3</sub> arrow, sopa straw, ĺëptə<sub>2</sub> cradle, sovə<sub>4</sub>(j) ski, miiltə<sub>1</sub> fence.		Elementary technology: sigdə<sub>2</sub> coal, sukko needle, kowra to bore, waŋsa bow, sujkə<sub>3</sub> arrow, sopa straw, ĺëptə<sub>2</sub> cradle, sovə<sub>4</sub>(j) ski, miiltə<sub>1</sub> fence.
	Basic spatial concepts: ükə<sub>1</sub> back, pala half, ragu side (also bank of the river), *kuwkə<sub>3</sub> long.		Basic spatial concepts: ükə<sub>1</sub> back, pala half, ragu side (also bank of the river), *kuwkə<sub>3</sub> long.

Raistas: /* Vocabulary */

2018-07-18T11:22:35Z

Vocabulary

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:22, 18 July 2018
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	Elementary technology: sigdə<sub>2</sub> coal, sukko needle, kowra to bore, waŋsa bow, sujkə<sub>3</sub> arrow, sopa straw, ĺëptə<sub>2</sub> cradle, sovə<sub>4</sub>(j) ski, miiltə<sub>1</sub> fence.		Elementary technology: sigdə<sub>2</sub> coal, sukko needle, kowra to bore, waŋsa bow, sujkə<sub>3</sub> arrow, sopa straw, ĺëptə<sub>2</sub> cradle, sovə<sub>4</sub>(j) ski, miiltə<sub>1</sub> fence.
	Basic spatial concepts: ükə<sub>1</sub> back, pala half, ragu side (also bank of the river), *kuwkə<sub>3</sub> long.		Basic spatial concepts: ükə<sub>1</sub> back, pala half, ragu side (also bank of the river), *kuwkə<sub>3</sub> long.
	Numerals: ~~tewə~~<sub>2</sub> pair, ketäk two, kurə<sub>4</sub> three, ~~new~~-i four, luˀə<sub>4</sub> many.		Numerals: têwə<sub>2</sub> pair, ketäk two, kurə<sub>4</sub> three, nèw-i four, luˀə<sub>4</sub> many.

	[[Category:Alpatho-Hirtic]]		[[Category:Alpatho-Hirtic]]
	[[Category:Proto-languages]]		[[Category:Proto-languages]]
	[[Category:Languages]]		[[Category:Languages]]

Raistas: /* Vocabulary */

2018-07-18T11:21:54Z

Vocabulary

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:21, 18 July 2018
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	Elementary technology: sigdə<sub>2</sub> coal, sukko needle, kowra to bore, waŋsa bow, sujkə<sub>3</sub> arrow, sopa straw, ĺëptə<sub>2</sub> cradle, sovə<sub>4</sub>(j) ski, miiltə<sub>1</sub> fence.		Elementary technology: sigdə<sub>2</sub> coal, sukko needle, kowra to bore, waŋsa bow, sujkə<sub>3</sub> arrow, sopa straw, ĺëptə<sub>2</sub> cradle, sovə<sub>4</sub>(j) ski, miiltə<sub>1</sub> fence.
	Basic spatial concepts: ükə<sub>1</sub> back, pala half, ragu side (also bank of the river), *kuwkə<sub>3</sub> long.		Basic spatial concepts: ükə<sub>1</sub> back, pala half, ragu side (also bank of the river), *kuwkə<sub>3</sub> long.
	Numerals: tewə<sub>2</sub> pair, ketäk two, kurə<sub>4</sub> three, new-i four, *luˀə<sub>4</sub> many.		Numerals: tewə<sub>2</sub> pair, ketäk two, kurə<sub>4</sub> three, new-i four, luˀə<sub>4</sub> many.

	[[Category:Alpatho-Hirtic]]		[[Category:Alpatho-Hirtic]]
	[[Category:Proto-languages]]		[[Category:Proto-languages]]
	[[Category:Languages]]		[[Category:Languages]]

Raistas: /* Vocabulary */

2018-07-18T11:21:40Z

Vocabulary

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:21, 18 July 2018
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	==Vocabulary==		==Vocabulary==
			Only about 120 word roots can be reconstructed for Proto-Oronaic, if every reconstructed word for the proto-language should be present in all the three branches. If comparing only Alpian and Carpathian branches, the ammount of 400-500 word roots are reconstructed, which is much higher. There are also more than 40 cognates for Carpathian and Hirtian but not for Alpian (some of those cognates are uncertain), and no cognates that are present in Alpian and Carpathian, but not in Hirtian.

			The following examples of reconstructed items are considered certain Proto-Oronaic word roots, present in at least one language from all the three branches:
			Pronouns: mu(n) I, tu(n) you, su(n)/te this kin/kön who, *wə<sub>1</sub> what.
			Kinship terms: ěmmè/ěmbe mother, ät̺ä father, ékkə<sub>1</sub> uncle, neeˀni maternal aunt, *wìˀnə<sub>1</sub> daughter-in-law.
			Body parts: bàˀjə<sub>3</sub> head, gèrik-i eye, wöl(g)ə<sub>4</sub> tongue, tis̺ə<sub>1</sub> liver, dawə breath, kàc̺ə<sub>3</sub> cough, kəjontə<sub>4</sub> urine, *kəjgü-(li) tear.
			Basic verbs: ní-jêl- to hear, wel- to live, mïr- to die, ńidä- to approach, askan- to step, s̺uppu- to suck, t̺ëgu- to eat, uri- to swim, kappa- to steal.
			Basic objects and concepts of the natural world: t̺akc̺ə<sub>3</sub> ice, sajwə<sub>2</sub> lake, kööˀcü moon, (wəb)eedä sun c̺ec̺ä/c̺äˀc̺ä water, rüümü mist, nigə<sub>1</sub> small fish nigkeŋ-si big fish, gooklu(j) star, öwbə<sub>1</sub> lightning, ko(x)ji birch, keeˀt̺ü spruce, kooru pine/fir, iˀjə<sub>1</sub> bird cherry, kullu stone, ńüwrə<sub>2</sub> wëja egg, s̺aru raven
			Elementary technology: sigdə<sub>2</sub> coal, sukko needle, kowra to bore, waŋsa bow, sujkə<sub>3</sub> arrow, sopa straw, ĺëptə<sub>2</sub> cradle, sovə<sub>4</sub>(j) ski, miiltə<sub>1</sub> fence.
			Basic spatial concepts: ükə<sub>1</sub> back, pala half, ragu side (also bank of the river), *kuwkə<sub>3</sub> long.
			Numerals: tewə<sub>2</sub> pair, ketäk two, kurə<sub>4</sub> three, new-i four, *luˀə<sub>4</sub> many.

	[[Category:Alpatho-Hirtic]]		[[Category:Alpatho-Hirtic]]
	[[Category:Proto-languages]]		[[Category:Proto-languages]]
	[[Category:Languages]]		[[Category:Languages]]

Raistas: /* Prosody */

2018-07-17T16:47:46Z

Prosody

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:47, 17 July 2018
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	Unlike Proto-Indo-European or Proto-Uralic, Proto-Oronaic had tones, similar to [[w:Yeniseian languages\|Yeniseian languages]] or to Mandarin Chinese. However, there was no contrastive stress as in Indo-European; usually only the first syllable of the root was invariably stressed, while unstressed syllables underwent reduction and later elision in Hirtian or consonant alterations in Alpian and Carpathian. Four tones can be reconstructed in some words. These are the rising tone , marked with an acute accent (á), falling tone, marked with a grave accent (à), low-rising, or falling-rising tone, marked with a caron (ǎ), and an abrupt, or high-falling tone, marked with a circumflex (â or àˀ). The default or neutral tone is not marked. Most word reconstructions do not use any diacritics to mark tones as the exact tones are unknown, since no modern descendants are tonal, except for some Hirtian dialects, which distinguish high and non-high pitch accent, but it is mostly an innovation. There were some tone alterations as well, for example: ''köȍˀcü'' "the moon", which gave ''keahci'' in West Carpathian and ''сю’ə'' (''śu’ə'') in Hirtya, had a falling or a high-falling tone, but ''köőˀ-tä̌gə<sub>1</sub>'' "moonlight" resulted in ''kiättäi'' ("shining") in West Carpathian and ''сюо’т'' (''śuo’т'') in Hirtya.		Unlike Proto-Indo-European or Proto-Uralic, Proto-Oronaic had tones, similar to [[w:Yeniseian languages\|Yeniseian languages]] or to Mandarin Chinese. However, there was no contrastive stress as in Indo-European; usually only the first syllable of the root was invariably stressed, while unstressed syllables underwent reduction and later elision in Hirtian or consonant alterations in Alpian and Carpathian. Four tones can be reconstructed in some words. These are the rising tone , marked with an acute accent (á), falling tone, marked with a grave accent (à), low-rising, or falling-rising tone, marked with a caron (ǎ), and an abrupt, or high-falling tone, marked with a circumflex (â or àˀ). The default or neutral tone is not marked. Most word reconstructions do not use any diacritics to mark tones as the exact tones are unknown, since no modern descendants are tonal, except for some Hirtian dialects, which distinguish high and non-high pitch accent, but it is mostly an innovation. There were some tone alterations as well, for example: ''köȍˀcü'' "the moon", which gave ''keahci'' in West Carpathian and ''сю’ə'' (''śu’ə'') in Hirtya, had a falling or a high-falling tone, but ''köőˀ-tä̌gə<sub>1</sub>'' "moonlight" resulted in ''kiättäi'' ("shining") in West Carpathian and ''сюо’т'' (''śuo’т'') in Hirtya.

	~~===Prosody===~~
	==Grammar==		==Grammar==
	Morphologically Proto-Oronaic was a [[w:Polysynthetism\|polysynthetic language]]. Despite most of its descendants having nominative-accusative alignment, Proto-Oronaic belonged to an [[w:Active–stative language\|active-stative]] type of languages, since like modern Hirtya it sometimes marked a subject of an intransitive clause the same way as a subject of a transitive clause, and other time - as a direct object of it. The marking was probably based on a different degree of volition (as in Hirtya). Alpian languages had preserved some traces of it, but nowadays it is obsolete.		Morphologically Proto-Oronaic was a [[w:Polysynthetism\|polysynthetic language]]. Despite most of its descendants having nominative-accusative alignment, Proto-Oronaic belonged to an [[w:Active–stative language\|active-stative]] type of languages, since like modern Hirtya it sometimes marked a subject of an intransitive clause the same way as a subject of a transitive clause, and other time - as a direct object of it. The marking was probably based on a different degree of volition (as in Hirtya). Alpian languages had preserved some traces of it, but nowadays it is obsolete.

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:17, 26 July 2018
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	Body parts: bàˀjə<sub>3</sub> head, gèrik-i eye, wöl(g)ə<sub>2</sub> tongue, ačə<sub>3</sub> liver, tis̺ə<sub>1</sub> lung, dawə breath, kàc̺ə<sub>3</sub> cough, kəjontə<sub>4</sub> urine, kəjgü-(li) tear.		Body parts: bàˀjə<sub>3</sub> head, gèrik-i eye, wöl(g)ə<sub>2</sub> tongue, ačə<sub>3</sub> liver, tis̺ə<sub>1</sub> lung, dawə breath, kàc̺ə<sub>3</sub> cough, kəjontə<sub>4</sub> urine, kəjgü-(li) tear.
	Basic verbs: ní-jêl- to hear, wel- to live, mïr- to die, ńidä- to approach, askan- to step, s̺uppu- to suck, t̺ëgu- to eat, uri- to swim, kappa- to steal.		Basic verbs: ní-jêl- to hear, wel- to live, mïr- to die, ńidä- to approach, askan- to step, s̺uppu- to suck, t̺ëgu- to eat, uri- to swim, kappa- to steal.
	Basic objects and concepts of the natural world: t̺akc̺ə<sub>3</sub> ice, sajwə<sub>2</sub> lake, kööˀcü moon, (wəb)eedä sun c̺ec̺ä/c̺äˀc̺ä water, rüümü mist, nigə<sub>1</sub> ~~small fish~~ nigkeŋ-si big fish, gooklu(j) star, öwbə<sub>1</sub> lightning, pojə<sub>2</sub> birch, keeˀt̺ü spruce, kooru pine/fir, iˀjə<sub>1</sub> bird cherry, kullu stone, ńüwrə<sub>2</sub> wëja egg, s̺aru raven		Basic objects and concepts of the natural world: t̺akc̺ə<sub>3</sub> ice, sajwə<sub>2</sub> lake, kööˀcü moon, (wəb)eedä sun c̺ec̺ä/c̺äˀc̺ä water, rüümü mist, àsŋə<sub>2</sub>(-n) fish nigə<sub>1</sub> perch nigkeŋ-si big fish (northern pike), gooklu(j) star, öwbə<sub>1</sub> lightning, pojə<sub>2</sub> birch, keeˀt̺ü spruce, kooru pine/fir, iˀjə<sub>1</sub> bird cherry, kullu stone, ńüwrə<sub>2</sub> wëja egg, *s̺aru raven
	Elementary technology: sigdə<sub>2</sub> coal, sukko needle, kowra to bore, waŋsa bow, sujkə<sub>3</sub> arrow, sopa straw, ĺëptə<sub>2</sub> cradle, sovə<sub>4</sub>(j) ski, miiltə<sub>1</sub> fence.		Elementary technology: sigdə<sub>2</sub> coal, sukko needle, kowra to bore, waŋsa bow, sujkə<sub>3</sub> arrow, sopa straw, ĺëptə<sub>2</sub> cradle, sovə<sub>4</sub>(j) ski, miiltə<sub>1</sub> fence.
	Basic spatial concepts: ükə<sub>1</sub> back, pala half, ragu side (also bank of the river), *kuwkə<sub>3</sub> long.		Basic spatial concepts: ükə<sub>1</sub> back, pala half, ragu side (also bank of the river), *kuwkə<sub>3</sub> long.

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:23, 26 July 2018
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	Pronouns: mu(n) I, tu(n) you, su(n)/te this kin/kön who, *wə<sub>1</sub> what.		Pronouns: mu(n) I, tu(n) you, su(n)/te this kin/kön who, *wə<sub>1</sub> what.
	Kinship terms: ěmmè/ěmbe mother, ät̺ä father, ékkə<sub>1</sub> uncle, neeˀni maternal aunt, *wìˀnə<sub>1</sub> daughter-in-law.		Kinship terms: ěmmè/ěmbe mother, ät̺ä father, ékkə<sub>1</sub> uncle, neeˀni maternal aunt, *wìˀnə<sub>1</sub> daughter-in-law.
	Body parts: bàˀjə<sub>3</sub> head, gèrik-i eye, wöl(g)ə<sub>4</sub> tongue, ačə<sub>3</sub> liver, tis̺ə<sub>1</sub> lung, dawə breath, kàc̺ə<sub>3</sub> cough, kəjontə<sub>4</sub> urine, kəjgü-(li) tear.		Body parts: bàˀjə<sub>3</sub> head, gèrik-i eye, wöl(g)ə<sub>2</sub> tongue, ačə<sub>3</sub> liver, tis̺ə<sub>1</sub> lung, dawə breath, kàc̺ə<sub>3</sub> cough, kəjontə<sub>4</sub> urine, kəjgü-(li) tear.
	Basic verbs: ní-jêl- to hear, wel- to live, mïr- to die, ńidä- to approach, askan- to step, s̺uppu- to suck, t̺ëgu- to eat, uri- to swim, kappa- to steal.		Basic verbs: ní-jêl- to hear, wel- to live, mïr- to die, ńidä- to approach, askan- to step, s̺uppu- to suck, t̺ëgu- to eat, uri- to swim, kappa- to steal.
	Basic objects and concepts of the natural world: t̺akc̺ə<sub>3</sub> ice, sajwə<sub>2</sub> lake, kööˀcü moon, (wəb)eedä sun c̺ec̺ä/c̺äˀc̺ä water, rüümü mist, nigə<sub>1</sub> small fish nigkeŋ-si big fish, gooklu(j) star, öwbə<sub>1</sub> lightning, pojə<sub>2</sub> birch, keeˀt̺ü spruce, kooru pine/fir, iˀjə<sub>1</sub> bird cherry, kullu stone, ńüwrə<sub>2</sub> wëja egg, s̺aru raven		Basic objects and concepts of the natural world: t̺akc̺ə<sub>3</sub> ice, sajwə<sub>2</sub> lake, kööˀcü moon, (wəb)eedä sun c̺ec̺ä/c̺äˀc̺ä water, rüümü mist, nigə<sub>1</sub> small fish nigkeŋ-si big fish, gooklu(j) star, öwbə<sub>1</sub> lightning, pojə<sub>2</sub> birch, keeˀt̺ü spruce, kooru pine/fir, iˀjə<sub>1</sub> bird cherry, kullu stone, ńüwrə<sub>2</sub> wëja egg, s̺aru raven

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:30, 19 July 2018
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	Pronouns: mu(n) I, tu(n) you, su(n)/te this kin/kön who, *wə<sub>1</sub> what.		Pronouns: mu(n) I, tu(n) you, su(n)/te this kin/kön who, *wə<sub>1</sub> what.
	Kinship terms: ěmmè/ěmbe mother, ät̺ä father, ékkə<sub>1</sub> uncle, neeˀni maternal aunt, *wìˀnə<sub>1</sub> daughter-in-law.		Kinship terms: ěmmè/ěmbe mother, ät̺ä father, ékkə<sub>1</sub> uncle, neeˀni maternal aunt, *wìˀnə<sub>1</sub> daughter-in-law.
	Body parts: bàˀjə<sub>3</sub> head, gèrik-i eye, wöl(g)ə<sub>4</sub> tongue, tis̺ə<sub>1</sub> ~~liver~~, dawə breath, kàc̺ə<sub>3</sub> cough, kəjontə<sub>4</sub> urine, *kəjgü-(li) tear.		Body parts: bàˀjə<sub>3</sub> head, gèrik-i eye, wöl(g)ə<sub>4</sub> tongue, ačə<sub>3</sub> liver, tis̺ə<sub>1</sub> lung, dawə breath, kàc̺ə<sub>3</sub> cough, kəjontə<sub>4</sub> urine, kəjgü-(li) tear.
	Basic verbs: ní-jêl- to hear, wel- to live, mïr- to die, ńidä- to approach, askan- to step, s̺uppu- to suck, t̺ëgu- to eat, uri- to swim, kappa- to steal.		Basic verbs: ní-jêl- to hear, wel- to live, mïr- to die, ńidä- to approach, askan- to step, s̺uppu- to suck, t̺ëgu- to eat, uri- to swim, kappa- to steal.
	Basic objects and concepts of the natural world: t̺akc̺ə<sub>3</sub> ice, sajwə<sub>2</sub> lake, kööˀcü moon, (wəb)eedä sun c̺ec̺ä/c̺äˀc̺ä water, rüümü mist, nigə<sub>1</sub> small fish nigkeŋ-si big fish, gooklu(j) star, öwbə<sub>1</sub> lightning, pojə<sub>2</sub> birch, keeˀt̺ü spruce, kooru pine/fir, iˀjə<sub>1</sub> bird cherry, kullu stone, ńüwrə<sub>2</sub> wëja egg, s̺aru raven		Basic objects and concepts of the natural world: t̺akc̺ə<sub>3</sub> ice, sajwə<sub>2</sub> lake, kööˀcü moon, (wəb)eedä sun c̺ec̺ä/c̺äˀc̺ä water, rüümü mist, nigə<sub>1</sub> small fish nigkeŋ-si big fish, gooklu(j) star, öwbə<sub>1</sub> lightning, pojə<sub>2</sub> birch, keeˀt̺ü spruce, kooru pine/fir, iˀjə<sub>1</sub> bird cherry, kullu stone, ńüwrə<sub>2</sub> wëja egg, s̺aru raven

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:24, 18 July 2018
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	Body parts: bàˀjə<sub>3</sub> head, gèrik-i eye, wöl(g)ə<sub>4</sub> tongue, tis̺ə<sub>1</sub> liver, dawə breath, kàc̺ə<sub>3</sub> cough, kəjontə<sub>4</sub> urine, *kəjgü-(li) tear.		Body parts: bàˀjə<sub>3</sub> head, gèrik-i eye, wöl(g)ə<sub>4</sub> tongue, tis̺ə<sub>1</sub> liver, dawə breath, kàc̺ə<sub>3</sub> cough, kəjontə<sub>4</sub> urine, *kəjgü-(li) tear.
	Basic verbs: ní-jêl- to hear, wel- to live, mïr- to die, ńidä- to approach, askan- to step, s̺uppu- to suck, t̺ëgu- to eat, uri- to swim, kappa- to steal.		Basic verbs: ní-jêl- to hear, wel- to live, mïr- to die, ńidä- to approach, askan- to step, s̺uppu- to suck, t̺ëgu- to eat, uri- to swim, kappa- to steal.
	Basic objects and concepts of the natural world: t̺akc̺ə<sub>3</sub> ice, sajwə<sub>2</sub> lake, kööˀcü moon, (wəb)eedä sun c̺ec̺ä/c̺äˀc̺ä water, rüümü mist, nigə<sub>1</sub> small fish nigkeŋ-si big fish, gooklu(j) star, öwbə<sub>1</sub> lightning, ~~ko(x)ji~~ birch, keeˀt̺ü spruce, kooru pine/fir, iˀjə<sub>1</sub> bird cherry, kullu stone, ńüwrə<sub>2</sub> wëja egg, s̺aru raven		Basic objects and concepts of the natural world: t̺akc̺ə<sub>3</sub> ice, sajwə<sub>2</sub> lake, kööˀcü moon, (wəb)eedä sun c̺ec̺ä/c̺äˀc̺ä water, rüümü mist, nigə<sub>1</sub> small fish nigkeŋ-si big fish, gooklu(j) star, öwbə<sub>1</sub> lightning, pojə<sub>2</sub> birch, keeˀt̺ü spruce, kooru pine/fir, iˀjə<sub>1</sub> bird cherry, kullu stone, ńüwrə<sub>2</sub> wëja egg, s̺aru raven
	Elementary technology: sigdə<sub>2</sub> coal, sukko needle, kowra to bore, waŋsa bow, sujkə<sub>3</sub> arrow, sopa straw, ĺëptə<sub>2</sub> cradle, sovə<sub>4</sub>(j) ski, miiltə<sub>1</sub> fence.		Elementary technology: sigdə<sub>2</sub> coal, sukko needle, kowra to bore, waŋsa bow, sujkə<sub>3</sub> arrow, sopa straw, ĺëptə<sub>2</sub> cradle, sovə<sub>4</sub>(j) ski, miiltə<sub>1</sub> fence.
	Basic spatial concepts: ükə<sub>1</sub> back, pala half, ragu side (also bank of the river), *kuwkə<sub>3</sub> long.		Basic spatial concepts: ükə<sub>1</sub> back, pala half, ragu side (also bank of the river), *kuwkə<sub>3</sub> long.