Frrurtu: /* Consonants */

2017-03-27T22:46:34Z

Consonants

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:46, 27 March 2017
Line 49:		Line 49:
	\| '''sh''' /ʃ/<br>'''zh''' /ʒ/		\| '''sh''' /ʃ/<br>'''zh''' /ʒ/
	\|		\|
	\|		\| '''kh''' /x/
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-

Frrurtu: Created page with "'''Proto-North-Rttirrian''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of the North branch of the Rttirrian family of languages, and a direct descendant of Proto-Rttirrian. It w..."

2017-02-24T21:34:02Z

Created page with "'''Proto-North-Rttirrian''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of the North branch of the Rttirrian family of languages, and a direct descendant of Proto-Rttirrian. It w..."

New page

'''Proto-North-Rttirrian''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of the North branch of the Rttirrian family of languages, and a direct descendant of [[Proto-Rttirrian]]. It was likely spoken around 300–400 CE in present-day [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]]. It is notable for the [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic]]-like root-and-pattern verbal system it was beginning to develop out of the more normal inflectional system of Proto-Rttirrian.

==History==
:''See also: [[Proto-Rttirrian]]''
Proto-North-Rttirrian descended from [[Proto-Rttirrian]]. A summary of the major changes from Proto-North-Rttirrian follows:
* The old [[w:animacy|animacy]] system stopped being used to distinguish nouns or pronouns. However, the old third-person animacy affixes were reanalyzed as reflecting a different kind of verb, and innovated first-person and second-person verb inflections for this kind of verb as well. This new verb class, called ''Form II'' verbs by convention, represented a more mild meaning than ''Form I'' verbs. This represents a rudimentary form of what would grow into a complicated root-and-pattern inflectional system reminiscent of those of the [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic]] languages.
* The "fourth tense" from Proto-Rttirrian, whose original function is unknown, became a sort of [[w:infinitive|infitinive]] or verbal noun mechanism.
* The old consonant transcribed as *''l1'' mutated to /x/ and devoiced all adjacent consonants, while the old consonant *''l2'' simply disappeared.
:* Adjacent to both *''l1'' and *''l2'', vowels mutated:
::* <nowiki>*</nowiki>/ä/ > /ɔ/
::* <nowiki>*</nowiki>/i/ > /e/
::* <nowiki>*</nowiki>/u/ > /o/
* Similarly, when adjacent to the approximant /j/, */a/ raised to /e/ and */u/ lowered to /o/. */a/ also raised to /e/ when adjacent to a fricative, and */u/ lowered past /o/ to /ɔ/ when adjacent to */k/ and */g/.
* The affricate /t͡ʃ/ shifted to /ʃ/. A voiced complement, /ʒ/, was formed by most instances of /z/ when adjacent to /i/, /e/, or /j/.
* <nowiki>*</nowiki>/w/ merged into the fricative /β/.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
Proto-North-Rttirrian possessed the following consonants:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! |
! |Labial
! |Alveolar
! |Palatal- alveolar
! |Palatal
! |Velar
! |Retroflex
|-
! Nasal
| *'''m''' /m/
| *'''n''' /n/
|
|
|
| *'''rn''' /ɳ/
|-
! Plosive
| *'''p''' /p/ *'''b''' /b/
| *'''t''' /t/ *'''d''' /d/
|
|
| *'''k''' /k/ *'''g''' /g/
| *'''rt''' /ʈ/ *'''rd''' /ɖ/
|-
! Fricative
| *'''f''' /ɸ/ *'''v''' /β/
| *'''s''' /s/ *'''z''' /z/
| *'''sh''' /ʃ/ *'''zh''' /ʒ/
|
|
|
|-
! Approximant
|
|
|
| *'''y''' /j/
|
| *'''rl''' /ɭ/ *'''rr''' /ɻ/
|}

===Vowels===
The following vowels had evolved from the much simpler system of [[Proto-Rttirrian]]:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
! |
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| *'''i''' /i/
|
| *'''u''' /u/
|-
! Mid-high
| *'''e''' /e/
|
| *'''o''' /o/
|-
! Low-mid
|
|
| *'''â''' /ɔ/
|-
! Low
|
| *'''a''' /ä/
|
|}

==Grammar==
Proto-North-Rttirrian retained much of the inflectional complexity of [[Proto-Rttirrian]], although its verbal affixes were starting to become more regularized and clearly separated between Form I and Form II.

===Verbs===
The following verb prefixes are reconstructed:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="3" |
!colspan="6" | Verb Form I
!colspan="6" | Verb Form II
|-
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
|-
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
|-
!Past
| ''*mo-''
| ''*mom-''
| ''*ap-''
| ''*am-''
| ''*bo-''
| ''*bom-''
| ''*mopa-''
| ''*mobam-''
| ''*apa-''
| ''*abam-''
| ''*papa-''
| ''*babam-''
|-
!Present
| ''*na-''
| ''*nam-''
| ''*af-''
| ''*sam-''
| ''*kha-''
| ''*khem-''
| ''*narda-''
| ''*nardam-''
| ''*arda-''
| ''*sardam-''
| ''*rdarda-''
| ''*rdardam-''
|-
!Future
| ''*ne-''
| ''*mi-''
| ''*ke-''
| ''*mi-''
| ''*khe-''
| ''*mi-''
| ''*nerdi-''
| ''*mirdi-''
| ''*kerdi-''
| ''*mirdi-''
| ''*rdirdi-''
| ''*mirdi-''
|-
!Gerund/ Infinitive
| ''*ân-''
| ''*âm-''
| ''*âk-''
| ''*âm-''
| ''*ekh-''
| ''*âm-''
| ''*ânârd-''
| ''*âmâm-''
| ''*âkârd-''
| ''*âmâm-''
| ''*ârdârd-''
| ''*âmâm-''
|}

Form II verb prefixes enacted some degree of ablaut on verbs:

:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Mo-i-viti gyo.
:1SG.NOM.PST.Form_I-TRANS-drag 3SG.ACC
:I dragged it.

:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Mopa-y'''a'''-v'''a'''t'''a''' gyo.
:1SG.NOM.PST.Form_II-TRANS-drag 3SG.ACC
:I tugged on it.

:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Ân-kaba
:1SG.GER.Form_I-stop
:that I stop abruptly

:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Ânârd-k'''â'''b'''â'''
:1SG.GER.Form_II-stop
:that I slow to a halt

===Nouns===
The following noun suffixes are reconstructed:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! Normal
! Diminutive
! Normal
! Diminutive
|-
! Nominative
| —
| ''*-a''
| ''*-ma''
| ''*-maz''
|-
! Accusative (vestigial)
| ''*-i/*-y''
| ''*-ey/*-y''
| ''*-mi''
| ''*-mizh''
|}

The following pronouns are reconstructed:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="3" |
|-
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
|-
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
|-
! Nominative (emphatic)
| ''*naku''
| ''*napu''
| ''*atu''
| ''*saku''
| ''*âtu''
| ''*âku''
|-
! Accusative
| ''*ni''
| ''*mey''
| ''*ki''
| ''*ksey''
| ''*gyo''
| ''*goy''
|-
! Possessive noun prefix
| ''*na-''
| ''*mi-''
| ''*ak-''
| ''*sa-''
| ''*â-''
| ''*e-''
|}

[[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Fusional languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Rttirria]]

Proto-North-Rttirrian - Revision history

Frrurtu: /* Consonants */

Frrurtu: Created page with "'''Proto-North-Rttirrian''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of the North branch of the Rttirrian family of languages, and a direct descendant of Proto-Rttirrian. It w..."