Pre-Húsnorsk - Revision history

Melinoë: /* Suppletive verbs */

2026-04-03T01:25:05Z

Suppletive verbs

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	Jugsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms.		Jugsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms.

	This first verb is ~~the main copula. Though the tables presented here are fully regular as~~ a ~~strong 5~~ verb, ~~forms exist which aren~~'t, the ~~Contionary page should be seen for these~~.		This first verb is an example of un-suppletion within Húsnorsk, a process by which a verb loses by suppletion by reforming on a singular root, here being ''wæs-'' (''wāʀ-'' in the past tense).
	{{Pre-Húsnorsk wæʀa}}		{{Pre-Húsnorsk wæʀa}}

Melinoë: /* Phonology */

2026-04-02T20:17:14Z

Phonology

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	\| rowspan=2 \| θ~ð ⟨þ⟩		\| rowspan=2 \| θ~ð ⟨þ⟩
	\| s		\| s
	\| x ~~⟨h⟩~~		\| x ⟨h⟩¹
	\|-		\|-
	! Voiced		! Voiced
	\|		\| ʀ²
	\| ʀ¹		\|
	\|-		\|-
	! colspan=2 \| Approximant		! colspan=2 \| Approximant
	\| w²		\| w³
	\|		\|
	\| r², l²<sup>, </sup>³		\| r³, l³<sup>, </sup>⁴
	\| j²		\| j³
	\|-		\|-
	\|}		\|}

			#Almost certainly velar [x], not glottal [h], the evidence for such comes from the descendants, which still pronounce it as such. It seems that original [ɣ] became [g] early on, then /x/ gained [ɣ] as an allophone, though due to the nature /x~h/ in Germanic languages, this is incredibly rare.
	#probably [ɹ̠˔].		#probably [ɹ̠˔].
	#Devoiced word-initially, probably [ʍ, r̥, l̥, ç]		#Devoiced word-initially, probably [ʍ, r̥, l̥, ç]

Melinoë: /* Orthography */

2026-04-02T19:48:56Z

Orthography

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	Early Pre-Húsnorsk (Pre-10th century) was mainly written in a variant of the Elder Futhark. This alphabet had many of the same problems as Old Norse in the Younger Futhark, especially regarding vowels, though it did create a distinction between oral and nasal vowels. This distinction was achieved through "binding" (ligaturing) the n rune (ᚾ, which was often written with a horizontal branch rather than the diagonal one) to the appropriate vowel rune, as in "[[File:phus an rune.jpg\|24x20px\|class=skin-invert]]" (modern example handwritten on paper), the rune used for "ą".		Early Pre-Húsnorsk (Pre-10th century) was mainly written in a variant of the Elder Futhark. This alphabet had many of the same problems as Old Norse in the Younger Futhark, especially regarding vowels, though it did create a distinction between oral and nasal vowels. This distinction was achieved through "binding" (ligaturing) the n rune (ᚾ, which was often written with a horizontal branch rather than the diagonal one) to the appropriate vowel rune, as in "[[File:phus an rune.jpg\|24x20px\|class=skin-invert]]" (modern example handwritten on paper), the rune used for "ą".

	Many methods to better represent the language's vowels post-umlaut were made, though none of them ever caught on. The most common solution we do see is binding the i or ~~u runes to~~ the ~~vowel~~, "~~y" could be written as i bound with u~~, ~~or as u bound with i~~. (~~which looked like "ᚣ"~~) ~~These solutions likely never caught on due to their clunkiness, and possibly also due to the rather rapid shift to the Latin alphabet that occurred around 950AD.~~		Many methods to better represent the language's vowels post-umlaut were made, though none of them ever caught on. The most common solution we do see is binding the e or o rune onto a or o. The same way the Latin script uses "æ, œ, ꜵ", so do early Húsnorsk runes. (images will come later)

	==Morphology==		==Morphology==

Melinoë: /* Orthography */

2026-04-02T19:24:23Z

Orthography

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:24, 2 April 2026
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	Early Pre-Húsnorsk (Pre-10th century) was mainly written in a variant of the Elder Futhark. This alphabet had many of the same problems as Old Norse in the Younger Futhark, especially regarding vowels, though it did create a distinction between oral and nasal vowels. This distinction was achieved through "binding" (ligaturing) the n rune (ᚾ, which was often written with a horizontal branch rather than the diagonal one) to the appropriate vowel rune, as in "[[File:phus an rune.jpg\|24x20px\|class=skin-invert]]" (modern example handwritten on paper), the rune used for "ą".		Early Pre-Húsnorsk (Pre-10th century) was mainly written in a variant of the Elder Futhark. This alphabet had many of the same problems as Old Norse in the Younger Futhark, especially regarding vowels, though it did create a distinction between oral and nasal vowels. This distinction was achieved through "binding" (ligaturing) the n rune (ᚾ, which was often written with a horizontal branch rather than the diagonal one) to the appropriate vowel rune, as in "[[File:phus an rune.jpg\|24x20px\|class=skin-invert]]" (modern example handwritten on paper), the rune used for "ą".

			Many methods to better represent the language's vowels post-umlaut were made, though none of them ever caught on. The most common solution we do see is binding the i or u runes to the vowel, "y" could be written as i bound with u, or as u bound with i. (which looked like "ᚣ") These solutions likely never caught on due to their clunkiness, and possibly also due to the rather rapid shift to the Latin alphabet that occurred around 950AD.

	==Morphology==		==Morphology==

Melinoë: /* Syntax */

2026-04-02T19:17:43Z

Syntax

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	These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Pre-Húsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).		These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Pre-Húsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).

	:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fad67d">~~maðpjoldin~~</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">wāʀ</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090"> 1.500</span> </span>'''''—''The population was 1,500''		:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fad67d">maþpjælþăʀin</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">wāʀ</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090"> 1.500</span> </span>'''''—''The population was 1,500''
	In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.		In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.

	In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.		In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.
	:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#90ff90">ārit 2000</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">wāʀ</span> <span style="background-color:#fad67d">~~maðpjoldin~~</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090">1.500</span></span>'''''—''In 2000, the population was 1,500'' (lit. ''The year 2000 was the population 1,500'')		:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#90ff90">ārit 2000</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">wāʀ</span> <span style="background-color:#fad67d">maþpjælþăʀin</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090">1.500</span></span>'''''—''In 2000, the population was 1,500'' (lit. ''The year 2000 was the population 1,500'')
	The prepositional phrase "ārit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''ārit''.		The prepositional phrase "ārit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''ārit''.

	V2 order seemingly ~~has~~ no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following examples, you'll see the different methods that were used for question marking:		V2 order seemingly had no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following examples, you'll see the different methods that were used for question marking:
	:'''''Ari ~~wæsi soltin~~''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari ~~has~~ hungry'')		:'''''Ari wæsiʀ soltinăʀ''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari is hungry'')
	and as a question:		and as a question:
	:'''''Ari ~~wæsi soltin~~?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari ~~has~~ hungry?'')		:'''''Ari wæsiʀ soltinăʀ?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari is hungry?'')
	Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).		Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).

	Another method is SO inversion, as in:		Another method is SO inversion, as in:
	:'''''~~soltin wæsi~~ Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry ~~has~~ Ari?'')		:'''''soltinăʀ wæsiʀ Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry is Ari?'')

	==Lexical comparison==		==Lexical comparison==

Melinoë at 17:55, 2 April 2026

2026-04-02T17:55:15Z

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	\|name={{PAGENAME}}		\|name={{PAGENAME}}
	\|nativename=*hūsanorzka		\|nativename=*hūsanorzka
			\|image= [[File:phus runic "hūsanorzka".jpg\|303x79px\|class=skin-invert]]
			\|imagecaption=*hūsanorzka in early Húsnorsk runes, note the bound "ᛏᛋ" for "z", and the straightened shape of "k".
	\|pronunciation=*ˈxuː.sɑ.ˌnort͡s.kɑ		\|pronunciation=*ˈxuː.sɑ.ˌnort͡s.kɑ
	\|states=Northern Kievan Rus		\|states=Northern Kievan Rus

Melinoë: /* Orthography */

2026-04-02T17:34:53Z

Orthography

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:34, 2 April 2026
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	*		*

	Early Pre-Húsnorsk (Pre-10th century) was mainly written in a variant of the Elder Futhark. This alphabet had many of the same problems as Old Norse in the Younger Futhark, especially regarding vowels, though it did create a distinction between oral and nasal vowels. This distinction was achieved through "binding" (ligaturing) the n rune (ᚾ, which was often written with a horizontal branch rather than the diagonal one) to the appropriate vowel rune, as in "[[File:phus an rune.jpg\|24x20px\|class=skin-invert]]" (modern example handwritten on paper)		Early Pre-Húsnorsk (Pre-10th century) was mainly written in a variant of the Elder Futhark. This alphabet had many of the same problems as Old Norse in the Younger Futhark, especially regarding vowels, though it did create a distinction between oral and nasal vowels. This distinction was achieved through "binding" (ligaturing) the n rune (ᚾ, which was often written with a horizontal branch rather than the diagonal one) to the appropriate vowel rune, as in "[[File:phus an rune.jpg\|24x20px\|class=skin-invert]]" (modern example handwritten on paper), the rune used for "ą".



	==Morphology==		==Morphology==

Melinoë at 17:31, 2 April 2026

2026-04-02T17:31:55Z

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	{{Infobox language		{{Infobox language
	\|name={{PAGENAME}}		\|name={{PAGENAME}}
	\|nativename=*~~hūsanorþka~~		\|nativename=*hūsanorzka
	\|pronunciation=*ˈxuː.sɑ.~~ˌnorθ~~.kɑ		\|pronunciation=*ˈxuː.sɑ.ˌnort͡s.kɑ
	\|states=Northern Kievan Rus		\|states=Northern Kievan Rus
	\|era=Evolved from Proto-Norse in the 8th century, developed into [[Old Húsnorsk]] by the 12th century.		\|era=Evolved from Proto-Norse in the 8th century, developed into [[Old Húsnorsk]] by the 12th century.
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	}}		}}

	{{PAGENAME}} was the North Germanic language ancestral to the Húsnorsk language(s), it is extremely notable for its archaic state, often noted as being "hyper-archaic", consistently preserving Proto-Germanic z as distinct in ''all'' positions, even where lost in Old Norse, such as in ''foglăʀ'', vs. Old Norse ''fogl''. ~~(note that "ă"~~ was ~~historically written without~~ the ~~diacritic~~, ~~and signifies~~ a ~~syllabic consonant~~.)		{{PAGENAME}} was the North Germanic language ancestral to the Húsnorsk language(s), it is extremely notable for its archaic state, often noted as being "hyper-archaic", consistently preserving Proto-Germanic z as distinct in ''all'' positions, even where lost in the other dialects of Old Norse, such as in ''foglăʀ'', vs. Old Norse ''fogl''. As mentioned before, Pre-Húsnorsk is a dialect of Old Norse, though whether divergent or conservative is difficult to determine.

			Húsnorsk split early on, in the 8th century, as the Rus' began migrating around, due to this historic speaker population, Pre-Húsnorsk is also called Rus' Norse. It is hard to determine when exactly Húsnorsk became a distinct dialect, though it was certainly so by the mid 10th century. The difficulty of dating is largely due to spelling issues in the Younger Futhark, mostly from the small character inventory but a large phoneme inventory. Some independent developments resolve a few of the issues, but many remained. (see the orthography section)

	==History==		==History==
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	Every vowel has a nasal counterpart, as well as a long form. It seems when nasal, there is no distinction between mid-high and mid-low, the qualities here were likely true mid ([ẽ̞, ø̞̃, õ̞]), or at least transitioning towards such, though they were most certainly not mid-high by the time of Old Húsnorsk.		Every vowel has a nasal counterpart, as well as a long form. It seems when nasal, there is no distinction between mid-high and mid-low, the qualities here were likely true mid ([ẽ̞, ø̞̃, õ̞]), or at least transitioning towards such, though they were most certainly not mid-high by the time of Old Húsnorsk.

			==Orthography==
			The historic orthography of Pre-Húsnorsk is notoriously difficult to read, as it is with all historic texts in Old Norse. There are two main issues that contribute to this:
			*Letter forms often differ greatly from their modern counterparts, as well as the extensive use of ligatures, shorthand, and abbreviations.
			*

			Early Pre-Húsnorsk (Pre-10th century) was mainly written in a variant of the Elder Futhark. This alphabet had many of the same problems as Old Norse in the Younger Futhark, especially regarding vowels, though it did create a distinction between oral and nasal vowels. This distinction was achieved through "binding" (ligaturing) the n rune (ᚾ, which was often written with a horizontal branch rather than the diagonal one) to the appropriate vowel rune, as in "[[File:phus an rune.jpg\|24x20px\|class=skin-invert]]" (modern example handwritten on paper)



	==Morphology==		==Morphology==

Melinoë: /* Verbs */

2026-04-02T17:02:52Z

Verbs

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	===Verbs===		===Verbs===
			(Most of these need updating, I gotta finish evolving them all from Proto-Norse)

	Húsnorsk has begun using {{term\|-at}} far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs, though typically appearing as ''-t''.		Húsnorsk has begun using {{term\|-at}} far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs, though typically appearing as ''-t''.

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	=====Class 1=====		=====Class 1=====
	Class 1 is characterized by ''-ī-'' in the present and ''-i-'' in the past.		Class 1 is characterized by ''-ī-'' in the present and ''-i-'' in the past.
	{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s\|lem=~~grīpa~~\|type=1\|grīp\|grip}}		{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s\|lem=grīpą\|type=1\|grīp\|grip}}

	=====Class 2=====		=====Class 2=====
	Class 2 is characterized by ''-jō-'' in the present and ''-u-'' in the past.		Class 2 is characterized by ''-jō-'' in the present and ''-u-'' in the past.
	{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s\|lem=~~ljūga~~\|type=2\|ljūg\|lug}}		{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s\|lem=ljūgą\|type=2\|ljūg\|lug}}
	=====Class 3=====		=====Class 3=====
	Class 3 is split into several sub-classes, as there's multiple patterns contained in it. All patterns have ''-u-'' in the indicative past and ''-y-'' in the subjunctive past.		Class 3 is split into several sub-classes, as there's multiple patterns contained in it. All patterns have ''-u-'' in the indicative past and ''-y-'' in the subjunctive past.
	======Class 3-i======		======Class 3-i======
	Characterized by ''-i-'' in the present. This ''-e-'' is cognate to Old Norse ''-i-'', the value is likely through a-umlaut, though this is debated.		Characterized by ''-i-'' in the present. This ''-e-'' is cognate to Old Norse ''-i-'', the value is likely through a-umlaut, though this is debated.
	{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s\|lem=~~widda~~\|type=3-i\|widd\|udd\|ydd}}		{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s\|lem=widdą\|type=3-i\|widd\|udd\|ydd}}


	{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s\|lem=~~winna~~\|type=3-i\|winn\|unn\|ynn}}		{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s\|lem=winną\|type=3-i\|winn\|unn\|ynn}}

	======Class 3-ja======		======Class 3-ja======
	Characterized by ''-ja-'' in the present.		Characterized by ''-ja-'' in the present.

	{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s\|lem=~~bjarga~~\|type=3-ja\|bjarg\|burg\|byrg}}		{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s\|lem=bjargą\|type=3-ja\|bjarg\|burg\|byrg}}

	======Class 3-y======		======Class 3-y======
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	This first verb is cognate to Old Norse ''þryngva''.		This first verb is cognate to Old Norse ''þryngva''.
	{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s\|lem=~~þrȳgga~~\|type=3-y\|þrȳgg\|þrugg\|þrygg}}		{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s\|lem=þrȳggą\|type=3-y\|þrȳgg\|þrugg\|þrygg}}

	This next verb is cognate with Old Norse ''søkkva''. The expected form is ''sykka'', but the present was analogized to ''-ȳ-'' to help distinguish the past subjunctive.		This next verb is cognate with Old Norse ''søkkva''. The expected form is ''sykka'', but the present was analogized to ''-ȳ-'' to help distinguish the past subjunctive.
	{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s\|lem=~~sȳkka~~\|type=3-y\|sȳkk\|sukk\|sykk}}		{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s\|lem=sȳkką\|type=3-y\|sȳkk\|sukk\|sykk}}

	=====Class 4=====		=====Class 4=====
	=====Class 5=====		=====Class 5=====
	{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s\|lem=~~gjata~~\|paspar=t\|type=5\|gjat\|gāt}}		{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s\|lem=gjatą\|paspar=t\|type=5\|gjat\|gāt}}
	Variously appears as ''gjata''~''gæta''		Variously appears as ''gjata''~''gæta''
	=====Class 6=====		=====Class 6=====
	=====Class 7=====		=====Class 7=====
	{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s\|lem=~~gagga~~\|type=7\|gagg\|gjagg\|1i=gjagg}}		{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s\|lem=gaggą\|type=7\|gagg\|gjagg\|1i=gjagg}}

	====Weak verbs====		====Weak verbs====
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	This next verb, ''hafa'', is a plain weak.		This next verb, ''hafa'', is a plain weak.
	{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs w\|lem=~~hafa~~\|haf\|hafþ\|2s=~~hafz~~\|2t=~~haft}}~~		{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs w\|lem=hæfą\|haf\|hafþ\|1i=hæf\|2i=hæfþ\|2u=hꜵfþ\|2t=hafz}}


	~~In Late Pre-Húsnorsk, the conjugations begin shifting further. The most major shift is the collapse of person in the positive active plural.~~
	~~{{Late Pre-Húsnorsk verbs w~~\|~~lem~~=~~-a\|-\|-þ~~\|2t=~~-t\|2s=-z~~}}

	====Suppletive verbs====		====Suppletive verbs====

Melinoë: /* Development */

2026-04-02T14:22:53Z

Development

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	Nasals are definitively lost before /s/, nasalizing the preceding the vowel. This seems to also affect nasals before z		Nasals are definitively lost before /s/, nasalizing the preceding the vowel. This seems to also affect nasals before z
	-Vn develops into a nasal vowel (eg. habjan > *habją (Pre-Húsnorsk ''hæfą''))		-Vn develops into a nasal vowel (eg. habjan > *habją (Pre-Húsnorsk ''hæfą''))
	*Word final ē in Proto-Norse develops into ī in Pre-Húsnorsk, but remains as ē elsewhere.
	*stressed e breaks into ja, unless following w or r		*stressed e breaks into ja, unless following w or r
	*j lost word initially, and w lost before round vowels		*j lost word initially, and w lost before round vowels
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	**with i and u: /e, ɛ, a, o/ > /y, ø, œ, y/		**with i and u: /e, ɛ, a, o/ > /y, ø, œ, y/
	**A unique feature of Húsnorsk is i-umlauted /i/ and u-umlauted /u/, these undergo breaking to /je/ and /wo/,		**A unique feature of Húsnorsk is i-umlauted /i/ and u-umlauted /u/, these undergo breaking to /je/ and /wo/,
			*Word final ē in Proto-Norse develops into ī in Pre-Húsnorsk, but remains as ē elsewhere. It also becomes ī before ʀ.
	*/au/ and /øy/ merge to /øy/		*/au/ and /øy/ merge to /øy/
	*coda /l/ had likely developed into /ʟ/ by Old Húsnorsk		*coda /l/ had likely developed into /ʟ/ by Old Húsnorsk