Pandoran - Revision history

Aquatiki: /* Verbs */

2025-01-26T19:07:03Z

Verbs

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:07, 26 January 2025
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	\|-		\|-
	! 1ex		! 1ex
	\| -Vm \|\| -~~Vmus~~		\| -Vm \|\| -Vmut
	\|-		\|-
	! 1in		! 1in
	\| -Vng \|\| -~~Vngmus~~		\| -Vng \|\| -Vngut
	\|-		\|-
	! 2		! 2
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	\| -Vtxur \|\| -Vntxur		\| -Vtxur \|\| -Vntxur
	\|}		\|}

			The "to be" verb, is irregular, as in all natural languages:
			{\| class="bluetable"
			! !! Singular !! Non-Singular
			\|-
			! 1ex
			\| sum \|\| sumut
			\|-
			! 1in
			\| sung \|\| sungut
			\|-
			! 2
			\| et \|\| etxit
			\|-
			! 3
			\| etx \|\| sun
			\|}

			In general,

	{\| class="bluetable"		{\| class="bluetable"

Aquatiki: /* Verbs */

2025-01-26T18:53:20Z

Verbs

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:53, 26 January 2025
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	! !! Singular !! Non-Singular		! !! Singular !! Non-Singular
	\|-		\|-
	! 1		! 1ex
	\| -Vm \|\| -Vmus		\| -Vm \|\| -Vmus
			\|-
			! 1in
			\| -Vng \|\| -Vngmus
	\|-		\|-
	! 2		! 2
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	! !! Singular !! Non-Singular		! !! Singular !! Non-Singular
	\|-		\|-
	! 1		! 1ex
	\| -Vr \|\| -Vmur		\| -Vr \|\| -Vmur
			\|-
			! 1in
			\| -Vl \|\| -Vmul
	\|-		\|-
	! 2		! 2

Aquatiki: /* Other resources */

2025-01-24T17:13:11Z

Other resources

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:13, 24 January 2025
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	==Other resources==		==Other resources==
	<!-~~- Example: Word order~~, ~~qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->~~		* [[Pandoran/Swadesh]] - The Swadesh list, compared to Latin and Romance languages

	~~<!-- Template area -->~~


	[[Category:Pandoran]]		[[Category:Pandoran]]
	[[Category:Languages]]		[[Category:Languages]]
	[[Category:Conlangs]]		[[Category:Conlangs]]

Aquatiki: /* Example texts */

2025-01-24T16:49:52Z

Example texts

@@ Line 358: / Line 358: @@
 ==Example texts==
-<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
+{{Col-begin|70%}}
 ==Other resources==
 <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->

Aquatiki: /* Pronouns */

2025-01-24T13:59:34Z

Pronouns

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:59, 24 January 2025
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	\|-		\|-
	! 1st excl		! 1st excl
	\| me \|\| pin \|\| no		\| {{C\|me}} \|\| {{C\|pin}} \|\| {{C\|no}}
	\|-		\|-
	! 1st incl		! 1st incl
	\| {{No\|ø}} \|\| 'äm \|\| ngo		\| {{No\| }} \|\| {{C\|'ämpi}} \|\| {{C\|ngo}}
	\|-		\|-
	! 2nd		! 2nd
	\| txu \|\| tutx \|\| vo		\| {{C\|txu}} \|\| {{C\|tutx}} \|\| {{C\|vo}}
	\|-		\|-
	! 3rd sent		! 3rd sent.
	\| fru \|\| colspan="2" \| ~~kxor~~		\| {{C\|fru}} \|\| colspan="2" \| {{C\|kxoro}}
	\|-		\|-
	! 3rd anim		! 3rd anim.
	\| an \|\| colspan="2" \| ~~pxek~~		\| {{C\|'ani}} \|\| colspan="2" \| {{C\|pxeku}}
	\|-		\|-
	! 3rd inanim		! 3rd inanim.
	\| fpe \|\| colspan="2" \| tsla		\| {{C\|fpe}} \|\| colspan="2" \| {{C\|tsla}}
	\|}		\|}
	Third person pronouns are ambiguous for number. They can optionally take dual or plural marking to be clear.		Third person plural pronouns are ambiguous for number. They can optionally take dual or plural marking to be clear.

	=== Verbs ===		=== Verbs ===

Aquatiki: /* Orthography */ typo

2025-01-24T13:52:50Z

Orthography: typo

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:52, 24 January 2025
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	\| Aa \|\| Ää \|\| Ee \|\| Ff \|\| Hh \|\| Ii \|\| Ìì \|\| Kk\|\| Ll \|\| Mm \|\| Nn \|\| Ngng \|\| Oo \|\| Pp \|\| Pxpx \|\| Rr \|\| Ss \|\| Tt \|\| Tsts \|\| Txtx \|\| Uu \|\| Ww \|\| Yy \|\| Zz		\| Aa \|\| Ää \|\| Ee \|\| Ff \|\| Hh \|\| Ii \|\| Ìì \|\| Kk\|\| Ll \|\| Mm \|\| Nn \|\| Ngng \|\| Oo \|\| Pp \|\| Pxpx \|\| Rr \|\| Ss \|\| Tt \|\| Tsts \|\| Txtx \|\| Uu \|\| Ww \|\| Yy \|\| Zz
	\|}		\|}
			</center>
	Two orthographies are maintained in different contexts. Signage on Pandora is in the Na'vi-writing style (distinguished by its use of '''x''' for ejective-consonants) while human beings continue to text and chat in European-style (distinguished the use of '''ñ''' for the velar nasal). This is current area of debate, and we will present both styles in this section, in an effort to remain unbiased. However, throughout the rest of this document, the Na'vi-style will be used, as it was originally laid out by the ALE.		Two orthographies are maintained in different contexts. Signage on Pandora is in the Na'vi-writing style (distinguished by its use of '''x''' for ejective-consonants) while human beings continue to text and chat in European-style (distinguished the use of '''ñ''' for the velar nasal). This is current area of debate, and we will present both styles in this section, in an effort to remain unbiased. However, throughout the rest of this document, the Na'vi-style will be used, as it was originally laid out by the ALE.
			<center>
	{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; float: left;"		{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; float: left;"
	\|+ "Na'vi Style" Consonants		\|+ "Na'vi Style" Consonants
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	\| '''w''' \|\| \|\| '''j''' \|\| \|\|		\| '''w''' \|\| \|\| '''j''' \|\| \|\|
	\|}		\|}
			</center>
	<br clear="both" />		<br clear="both" />
			<center>
	{\| class="bluetable" style="text-align:center; float:left;"		{\| class="bluetable" style="text-align:center; float:left;"
	\|+ "Na'vi Style" Vowels		\|+ "Na'vi Style" Vowels
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	\| '''æ''' \|\| '''a''' \|\|		\| '''æ''' \|\| '''a''' \|\|
	\|}		\|}
			</center>
	<br clear="both"/>		<br clear="both"/>

Aquatiki: /* Orthography */

2025-01-24T13:51:49Z

Orthography

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:51, 24 January 2025
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	===Orthography===		===Orthography===
	Two orthographies are maintained in different contexts. Signage on Pandora is in the Na'vi-writing style (distinguished by its use of '''x''' for ejective-consonants) while human beings continue to text and chat in European-style (distinguished the use of '''ñ''' for the velar nasal). This is current area of debate, and we will present both styles ~~here~~ in an effort to remain unbiased. However, throughout the rest of this document, the Na'vi-style will be used, as it was originally laid out by the ALE.		The Pandoran alphabet consists of 26 symbols. There seven vowels are and twenty consonant sounds. There are also four diphthongs and two syllabic consonants.

			<center>
			{\| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
			! colspan="26" \| Letters of the Ckul alphabet
			\|-
			\| Aa \|\| Ää \|\| Ee \|\| Ff \|\| Hh \|\| Ii \|\| Ìì \|\| Kk\|\| Ll \|\| Mm \|\| Nn \|\| Ngng \|\| Oo \|\| Pp \|\| Pxpx \|\| Rr \|\| Ss \|\| Tt \|\| Tsts \|\| Txtx \|\| Uu \|\| Ww \|\| Yy \|\| Zz
			\|}

			Two orthographies are maintained in different contexts. Signage on Pandora is in the Na'vi-writing style (distinguished by its use of '''x''' for ejective-consonants) while human beings continue to text and chat in European-style (distinguished the use of '''ñ''' for the velar nasal). This is current area of debate, and we will present both styles in this section, in an effort to remain unbiased. However, throughout the rest of this document, the Na'vi-style will be used, as it was originally laid out by the ALE.

	{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; float: left;"		{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; float: left;"

Aquatiki: Created page with "'''Pandoran''' (or Pxantorar) is an extraterrestrial auxlang made by the European Space agency to function as a middle ground between Na'vi and the Romance languages. The Académie Langues Extraterrestres was commissioned by the EU and NASA in 2203 and the language was completed in 2209. Testing showed the same level of difficulty for Na'vi and human learners, and massive improvement in learning the others' language(s) after acquiring Pxantoran. ==Introduction..."

2025-01-24T02:59:35Z

Created page with "'''Pandoran''' (or Pxantorar) is an extraterrestrial auxlang made by the European Space agency to function as a middle ground between Na'vi and the Romance languages. The Académie Langues Extraterrestres was commissioned by the EU and NASA in 2203 and the language was completed in 2209. Testing showed the same level of difficulty for Na'vi and human learners, and massive improvement in learning the others' language(s) after acquiring Pxantoran. ==Introduction..."

New page

'''Pandoran''' (or Pxantorar) is an extraterrestrial auxlang made by the European Space agency to function as a middle ground between [[Na'vi]] and the [[Romance languages]]. The Académie Langues Extraterrestres was commissioned by the EU and NASA in 2203 and the language was completed in 2209. Testing showed the same level of difficulty for Na'vi and human learners, and massive improvement in learning the others' language(s) after acquiring Pxantoran.

==Introduction==
Pandoran is largely agglutinative, with many fusional elements. It is reasonably balanced, but with a slight tendency towards right-branching. It has three numbers, three persons, 5-way agreement (like genders or noun classes), six cases, and follows nominative-accusative alignment. Honorifics are a smaller part of the language. There is no grammatical evidentiality, nor mirativity. There are two orthographies commonly in use. The sound system is unusual (in human terms) in that makes frequent use of ejectives and a glottal consonant, and has many uncommon consonantal clusters.

The stated goal was introduce humans to Na'vi, and introduce the Na'vi to some of the more popular aspects of European languages.
==Phonology==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
! Nasals
| /m/ || /n/ || || /ŋ/ ||
|-
! Ejective Stops
| /pʼ/ || /tʼ/ || || /kʼ/ ||
|-
! Voiceless Stops
| /p/ || /t/ || || /k/ || /ʔ/
|-
! Affricate
| || /ts/ || || ||
|-
! Voiceless Fricatives
| /f/ || /s/ || || || /h/
|-
! Voiced Fricatives
| /v/ || /z/ || || ||
|-
! Rhotic
| || /r/ || || ||
|-
! Lateral
| || /l/ || || ||
|-
! Glides
| /w/ || || /j/ || ||
|}
The voiceless stops are unaspirated at the beginning and middle of a word. They are also unreleased at the end of a word, as well as at the end of a syllable when followed by another consonant.

{| class="bluetable" style="text-align:center;"
! !! Front !! Mid !! Back
|-
! High
| /i/ || || /u/
|-
! Near-high
| /I/ || ||
|-
! Mid
| /e/ || || /o/
|-
! Low
| /æ/ || /a/ ||
|}
aj, aj, ew, and ej are diphthongs. r and l are also syllabic consonants.

Syllable structure is highly unusual.
* A syllable is permitted to have no onset consonant (i.e., it may start with a vowel).
* A syllable is permitted to have no coda consonant (i.e., it may end with a vowel).
* Any consonant may start a syllable.
* A consonant cluster of {f, s, or ts} + {p, t, k, pʼ, tʼ, kʼ, m, n, ŋ, r, l, w, or j} may start a syllable.
• p, t, k, pʼ, tʼ, kʼ, ʔ, m, n, l, r, or ŋ may occur in syllable-final position.
• ts, f, s, h, v, z, w, and j may not occur in syllable-final position.
• There are no consonant clusters in syllable-final position.
• A syllable with a syllabic consonant must start with a consonant or consonant cluster and must not have a final consonant.

Stress is not predictable but phonemic. See the lexicon for each word.

===Orthography===
Two orthographies are maintained in different contexts. Signage on Pandora is in the Na'vi-writing style (distinguished by its use of '''x''' for ejective-consonants) while human beings continue to text and chat in European-style (distinguished the use of '''ñ''' for the velar nasal). This is current area of debate, and we will present both styles here in an effort to remain unbiased. However, throughout the rest of this document, the Na'vi-style will be used, as it was originally laid out by the ALE.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; float: left;"
|+ "Na'vi Style" Consonants
! !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
! Nasals
| '''m''' || '''n''' || || '''ng''' ||
|-
! Ejective Stops
| '''px''' || '''tx''' || || '''kx''' ||
|-
! Voiceless Stops
| '''p''' || '''t''' || || '''k''' || ''' ' '''
|-
! Affricate
| || '''ts''' || || ||
|-
! Voiceless Fricatives
| '''f''' || '''s''' || || || '''h'''
|-
! Voiced Fricatives
| '''v''' || '''z''' || || ||
|-
! Rhotic
| || '''r''' || || ||
|-
! Lateral
| || '''l''' || || ||
|-
! Glides
| '''w''' || || '''y''' || ||
|}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+ "European Style" Consonants
! !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
! Nasals
| '''m''' || '''n''' || || '''ñ''' ||
|-
! Ejective Stops
| '''p''' || '''t''' || || '''k''' ||
|-
! Voiceless Stops
| '''b''' || '''d''' || || '''g''' || ''' q '''
|-
! Affricate
| || '''c''' || || ||
|-
! Voiceless Fricatives
| '''f''' || '''s''' || || || '''h'''
|-
! Voiced Fricatives
| '''v''' || '''z''' || || ||
|-
! Rhotic
| || '''r''' || || ||
|-
! Lateral
| || '''l''' || || ||
|-
! Glides
| '''w''' || || '''j''' || ||
|}
 
{| class="bluetable" style="text-align:center; float:left;"
|+ "Na'vi Style" Vowels
! !! Front !! Mid !! Back
|-
! High
| '''i''' || || '''u'''
|-
! Near-high
| '''ì''' || ||
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' || || '''o'''
|-
! Low
| '''æ''' || '''a''' ||
|}

{| class="bluetable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ "European Style" Vowels
! !! Front !! Mid !! Back
|-
! High
| '''i''' || || '''u'''
|-
! Near-high
| '''y''' || ||
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' || || '''o'''
|-
! Low
| '''æ''' || '''a''' ||
|}

 

===Morphophonology===
In certain situations, several consonants undergo mutation (also called lenition).

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Consonant
| px || tx || kx || p || t || k || ts || '
|-
! Mutation
| p || t || k || f || s || h || s ||
|}
Affixes that cause mutation are marked with a + sign, instead of a - sign for merely attaching.

==Morphology==
=== Nouns ===
Nouns are also characterized by their theme vowel, indicated with an X. It may be A, E, I, O, or U.
* Nominative: -(X)
* Accusative: -(X)m
* Genitive: -(X)r
* Dative: -(X)p
* Topical: -(X)tswe
The parentheses indicate that the theme vowel is only used as need for phonotactical reason.

=== Adjectives ===
Adjectives agree with the noun the modify in theme vowel and case. Only is used substantively can they take number markings or other determiners. Predicative adjectives only agree in theme vowel, and are seen to be in the nominative.

=== Determiners ===
Every noun must have a determiner. The main determiners attached directly, around a noun. If a noun does not have one any of these components then the quantifier or possessive adjective must immediately precede it.

{| class="bluetable style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Specifier +FOCUS
! colspan="2" | Quantifier + FOCUS
! colspan="2" | Number
! colspan="2" | Genus + FOCUS
! NOUN + CASE
! colspan="2" | Genus -focus
! colspan="2" | Quantifier -focus
! colspan="2" | Specifier -focus
|-
| 1. the/this || '''{{C|'ìl-}} '''
| 1. all/every || '''{{C|txot-}}'''
| 1. dual || '''{{C|tu+}}'''
| 1. kind || '''{{C|ken-}}'''
| rowspan="4" |
| 1' kind || '''{{C|-ner}}'''
| 1' all/every || '''{{C|-tal}}'''
| 1' the/this || '''{{C|-ll}}'''
|-
| 2. this/that || '''{{C|ste-}}'''
| 2. each/per || '''{{C|kxät-}}'''
| 2. plural || '''{{C|flu+}}'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |
| 2' each/per || '''{{C|-tä}}'''
| 2' this/that || '''{{C|-tse}}'''
|-
| 3. what/which || '''{{C|tswi+}}'''
| colspan="4" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| 3' what/which || '''{{C|-tswi}}'''
|-
| 4. an/some || '''{{C|'al-}}'''
| 4' an/some || '''{{C|-lìg}}'''
|}
For a given morpheme pair, to occur on the left brings it into focus. Compare this to putting its partner on the right, which does not attract focus. For example, '''tswisukx''' is ''WHICH captain?'', whereas '''tukxtswi''' is ''Which CAPTAIN?''.

Certain English words require two of these bound morphemes to translate. For example 'all' + 'dual' = 'both'.

=== Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
|-
! 1st excl
| me || pin || no
|-
! 1st incl
| {{No|ø}} || 'äm || ngo
|-
! 2nd
| txu || tutx || vo
|-
! 3rd sent
| fru || colspan="2" | kxor
|-
! 3rd anim
| an || colspan="2" | pxek
|-
! 3rd inanim
| fpe || colspan="2" | tsla
|}
Third person pronouns are ambiguous for number. They can optionally take dual or plural marking to be clear.

=== Verbs ===
Verbs are classified by their theme vowel, which is A, E, I, O, or U. It is written in the pattern as V.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Active endings
! !! Singular !! Non-Singular
|-
! 1
| -Vm || -Vmus
|-
! 2
| -Vt || -Vtxit
|-
! 3
| -Vtx || -Vng
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Passive endings
! !! Singular !! Non-Singular
|-
! 1
| -Vr || -Vmur
|-
! 2
| -Vrìt || -Vmìni
|-
! 3
| -Vtxur || -Vntxur
|}

{| class="bluetable"
! !! Aorist !! Perfective !! Imperfect
|-
! Future
| <äs> || <är> || <äp>
|-
! Present
| <nowiki><s></nowiki> || <r> || <nowiki></nowiki>
|-
! Past
| <ìs> || <ìr> || <ìp>
|}

=== Derivational morphology ===
New words can regularly be derived from (Vulgar) Latin. Below are listed the procedures transmuting a word via Latin orthography into Pxantorar. These require you to think through whether a given consonant would have palatalized in Vulgar Latin. Recall that CiV or CeV changed into CjV, or that Ce or Ci changed into Cje or Cji. Latin c's, x's, and q's are not written here. Remember that nasals assimilated to place of articulation of the following consonant. u and w's are not distinguished.

* ī -> i
* ì -> ì
* a -> ä
* ā -> a
* ū -> u
* ō -> o
* ē -> e
* gn -> ng
* Nf -> fN
* gu -> p
* [pbv][rlN] -> f[rlN]
* geminate stop -> -voice ejective
* [kg][rlw] -> ts[rlw]
* ps -> sp
* [td][rl] -> ts[rl]
* strV -> tsyV

* b -> p vs bj -> fp
* p -> px vs pj -> fpx
* [vw] -> [vw] vs [vw]j -> fw
* N -> N vs Nj -> fN
* d -> t vs dj -> z
* t -> tx vs tj -> tstx
* g -> k vs gj -> iy
* k -> kx vs kj -> skx

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
There is a tendency towards TSVO (Topic, Subject, Verb, Object), but it is not rigidly followed.

===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Pandoran]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]