Outer Scots Norse - Revision history

Melinoë: /* Lexical comparison */

2026-04-29T03:24:59Z

Lexical comparison

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:24, 29 April 2026
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	[[Category:A posteriori]]		[[Category:A posteriori]]
	[[Category:Germanic languages]]		[[Category:Germanic languages]]
	[[Category:~~Outer~~ Scots Norse language]]		[[Category:Scots Norse language]]

Melinoë: /* Lexical comparison */

2026-04-29T01:40:14Z

Lexical comparison

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:40, 29 April 2026
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	[[Category:A posteriori]]		[[Category:A posteriori]]
	[[Category:Germanic languages]]		[[Category:Germanic languages]]
	[[Category:Scots Norse language]]		[[Category:Outer Scots Norse language]]

Melinoë at 00:55, 29 April 2026

2026-04-29T00:55:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:55, 29 April 2026
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	\|name=Outer Scots Norse		\|name=Outer Scots Norse
	\|nativename={{lang\|snon\|Siarèghsc}}		\|nativename={{lang\|snon\|Siarèghsc}}
	\|pronunciation=		\|pronunciation=ˌʃɑ.ˈɾʲejʃc
	\|ethnicity=West Norse Scots		\|ethnicity=West Norse Scots
	\|states=[[w:Outer Hebrides\|Siarègh]]		\|states=[[w:Outer Hebrides\|Siarègh]]
Line 22:		Line 22:
	\|dia1={{lang\|snon\|Fedhaèghsc}}		\|dia1={{lang\|snon\|Fedhaèghsc}}
	\|dia2={{lang\|snon\|Ìvistèghsc}}		\|dia2={{lang\|snon\|Ìvistèghsc}}
	\|dia3={{lang\|snon\|~~Varrèighsc~~}}		\|dia3={{lang\|snon\|Bharèghsc}}
	\|familycolor=Indo-European		\|familycolor=Indo-European
	\|nation=Scotland		\|nation=Scotland
Line 33:		Line 33:
	}}		}}

	~~'''~~Scots Norse~~'''~~ (~~Also ''Sodor Norse'';~~ [[w:endonym\|endonym]]: ''{{lang\|snon\|{{term\|~~Sudhraèsc~~}}}}''; /~~sˠɤðˠ~~.~~ˈreʃc~~/) is ~~a West Nordic language, thus closer to [[w:Icelandic~~\|~~Icelandic]] and [[w:Faroese~~\|~~Faroese]] than [[w:Swedish~~\|~~Swedish]]~~ or ~~[[w:Danish\|Danish]]. It is natively spoken throughout [[w:Suðreyjar\|Suðreyjar]], being~~ the ~~dominant language of the [[w:~~Hebrides~~\|isles]]~~. It has ~~recieved heavy~~ influence from [[w:Scots Gaelic\|Gàidhlig]] over the last several centuries, contributing heavily to the spelling conventions of the language, and likely being the primary pushing force behind the development of the broad/slender distinction in Scots Norse.		Outer Scots Norse ([[w:endonym\|endonym]]: ''{{lang\|snon\|{{term\|Siarèghsc}}}}''; /ˌʃɑ.ˈɾʲejʃc/) is spoken throughout the {{lang\|snon\|{{term\|Siarègh}}}}, or the Outer Hebrides. It has the heavier influence of the two dialect groups from [[w:Scots Gaelic\|Gàidhlig]].

	Scots Norse is ~~typically split into~~ two main [[w:dialect\|dialect]] groups, Inner ~~and Outer~~, corresponding to the Inner and Outer Hebrides~~, these are~~ further divided into North, South, and Central for both, though Central Northern is more often called "Uist Norse". These dialects are almost entirely mutually intelligible within their groups, and mostly so even between the groups. Uniting all of these is the standardized form, ''~~{{lang\|snon\|Hàrsudhraèsc}}~~''~~, literally meaning "High Scots Norse".~~ (~~"high" as in "exalted")~~		Outer Scots Norse is one of two main [[w:dialect\|dialect]] groups, the other being [[Inner Scots Norse]], corresponding to the Inner and Outer Hebrides. Outer Scots Norse is further divided into ''Fadhaèghsc'' (Lewis and Harris), ''Ìvistèghsc'' (Uist), and ''Bharèghsc'' (Barra). Ìvistèghsc and Bharèghsc tend to be more similar than Fadhaèghsc, which often leads to them being paired as ''Sudhsiarèghsc''

	Scots Norse is hard to classify type-wise, as it shows signs of [[w:creolization\|creolization]], but not to the extent where it could typically be classed as a [[w:creole\|creole]], this leads to the branching from Insular West Norse into so-called "Gaelo-Nordic", characterized by the partial creolization of [[w:Old West Norse\|Old West Norse]] with [[w:Middle Irish\|Middle Irish]] and ~~Scots Gaelic. Regardless how it is classed, Scots Norse is with no doubt some kind of [[w:mixed language\|mixed language]].~~
	~~==History==~~
	~~===Pre-Modern===~~
	Scots Norse originates in the mid to late 13th century, around the time Suðreyjar was handed over to Scotland with the [[w:Treaty of Perth\|Treaty of Perth]]. Though the language would continue to be largely unchanged from the Old Norse of the 12th century, 1266AD is often used as a dividing date between Old Norse and the earliest forms of Scots Norse. While 1266 is a relatively arbitrary date, it serves its purpose as a convenient divide between two stages, as following the Treaty of Perth, the Hebrides would gain a much larger population of [[w:Gaelic\|Gaelic]] and [[w:English\|English]] speakers (At this point still Middle Irish and [[w:Middle English\|Middle English]]), ~~and from roughly 1450AD onward, Scots Norse would be increasingly influenced by Scots Gaelic and, to a lesser extent, Scots.~~

	Having been spoken throughout Suðreyjar, Scots Norse had a dialect within the [[w:Isle of Man\|Isle of Man]] (Scots Norse {{lang\|snon\|{{term\|Monaègharr}}}}). Little is known about Manx Norse ({{lang\|snon\|{{term\|Monaèsc}}}}), as it is very poorly recorded, the most extensive description being a short document from around 1500AD that contains a list of about 150 words (see ''~~[[the Noreine speche fra Man]]~~''), with a very poor description of the pronunciations. Though from this description we can gather that Manx Norse still had the [[w:dental fricative\|dental fricatives]] that had been lost in other dialects (~~merging with t/d~~), ~~we get this from the description "... these [th~~ and ~~dh] are like that of the Saxons~~' ~~beloved þ."~~

	Following the treaty of Perth, the usage of Norse began declining significantly, with evidence it was nearly extinct by 1550. A small revitalization occured in the mid 18th century when several of the last native speakers (~~at the time, Scots Norse had no more than 150 remaining speakers~~) ~~gathered together to document the language so it could be taught to children~~. ~~This effort was mostly effective, leading~~ to ~~the first noticeable rise in speaker count since it began declining. By the 1880's, there would~~ be ~~upwards of 1,500 native speakers, a majority of them young.~~

	~~===Modern===~~
	~~Modern Scots Norse is typically classed as critically endangered due to how few speakers it has, having no~~ more than 2,~~500 native speakers~~ as ~~of 2020, and virtually all of them live in the Hebrides, making it extremely limited.~~

	~~Since the early 1990~~'s, Scots Norse has gained a small but dedicated community of linguists that are determined to further document it and make resources more readily available. As of 2018, an online course has been published that goes over Standard Scots Norse, and it has been continually updated since then, improving the quality and extent of the contents, having started out as a rather barebones description of the phonology, orthography, and rudimentary grammar.

	==Phonology==		==Phonology==
Line 167:		Line 153:
	#/ə/ is the unstressed realization of /æ, ɔ/. (differing by slender vs broad)		#/ə/ is the unstressed realization of /æ, ɔ/. (differing by slender vs broad)

			All Outer dialects share the following features:
	*front round vowels became a back vowel, rather than the reflex in the Inner dialects, thus words like {{lang\|snon\|{{term\|saist}}}} become {{lang\|snon\|{{term\|siuest}}}} in Outer.		*front round vowels became a back vowel, rather than the reflex in the Inner dialects, thus words like {{lang\|snon\|{{term\|saist}}}} become {{lang\|snon\|{{term\|siuest}}}} in Outer.
	*short i-e merger, always to /ɛ/.		*short i-e merger, always to /ɛ/.

Melinoë: /* Phonology */

2026-04-29T00:32:34Z

Phonology

Show changes

Melinoë: Created page with "{{privatelang}} {{Infobox language |name=Outer Scots Norse |nativename={{lang|snon|Siarèghsc}} |pronunciation= |ethnicity=West Norse Scots |states=Siarègh |fam1=Indo-European |fam2=Germanic |fam3=North Germanic |fam4=West Scandinavian |fam5=Gaelo-Nordic^? |script1=Latn |ancestor=Old Norse |ancestor2=w:Old West Norse|Old We..."

2026-04-29T00:19:42Z

Created page with "{{privatelang}} {{Infobox language |name=Outer Scots Norse |nativename={{lang|snon|Siarèghsc}} |pronunciation= |ethnicity=West Norse Scots |states=Siarègh |fam1=Indo-European |fam2=Germanic |fam3=North Germanic |fam4=West Scandinavian |fam5=Gaelo-Nordic? |script1=Latn |ancestor=Old Norse |ancestor2=w:Old West Norse|Old We..."

New page

{{privatelang}}

{{Infobox language
|name=Outer Scots Norse
|nativename={{lang|snon|Siarèghsc}}
|pronunciation=
|ethnicity=West Norse Scots
|states=[[w:Outer Hebrides|Siarègh]]
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European|Indo-European]]
|fam2=[[w:Germanic Languages|Germanic]]
|fam3=[[w:North Germanic|North Germanic]]
|fam4=[[w:West Scandinavian|West Scandinavian]]
|fam5=Gaelo-Nordic?
|script1=Latn
|ancestor=[[w:Old Norse language|Old Norse]]
|ancestor2=[[w:Old West Norse|Old West Norse]]
|ancestor3=[[Sudrey Norse]]
|ancestor4=[[Scots Norse]]
|ancestor5=[[{{PAGENAME}}]]
|creator=[[User:Melinoë|Melinoë]]
|setting=
|dia1={{lang|snon|Fedhaèghsc}}
|dia2={{lang|snon|Ìvistèghsc}}
|dia3={{lang|snon|Varrèighsc}}
|familycolor=Indo-European
|nation=Scotland
|speakers=(L1) 900
|speakers2=(L2) < 20,000
|date=2020
|map=File:Lang Status 20-CR.svg
|mapcaption=Scots Norse is classified as [[w:Critically endangered language|critically endangered]] by the UNESCO ''[[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''
|notice=IPA
}}

'''Scots Norse''' (Also ''Sodor Norse''; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''{{lang|snon|{{term|Sudhraèsc}}}}''; /sˠɤðˠ.ˈreʃc/) is a West Nordic language, thus closer to [[w:Icelandic|Icelandic]] and [[w:Faroese|Faroese]] than [[w:Swedish|Swedish]] or [[w:Danish|Danish]]. It is natively spoken throughout [[w:Suðreyjar|Suðreyjar]], being the dominant language of the [[w:Hebrides|isles]]. It has recieved heavy influence from [[w:Scots Gaelic|Gàidhlig]] over the last several centuries, contributing heavily to the spelling conventions of the language, and likely being the primary pushing force behind the development of the broad/slender distinction in Scots Norse.

Scots Norse is typically split into two main [[w:dialect|dialect]] groups, Inner and Outer, corresponding to the Inner and Outer Hebrides, these are further divided into North, South, and Central for both, though Central Northern is more often called "Uist Norse". These dialects are almost entirely mutually intelligible within their groups, and mostly so even between the groups. Uniting all of these is the standardized form, ''{{lang|snon|Hàrsudhraèsc}}'', literally meaning "High Scots Norse". ("high" as in "exalted")

Scots Norse is hard to classify type-wise, as it shows signs of [[w:creolization|creolization]], but not to the extent where it could typically be classed as a [[w:creole|creole]], this leads to the branching from Insular West Norse into so-called "Gaelo-Nordic", characterized by the partial creolization of [[w:Old West Norse|Old West Norse]] with [[w:Middle Irish|Middle Irish]] and Scots Gaelic. Regardless how it is classed, Scots Norse is with no doubt some kind of [[w:mixed language|mixed language]].
==History==
===Pre-Modern===
Scots Norse originates in the mid to late 13th century, around the time Suðreyjar was handed over to Scotland with the [[w:Treaty of Perth|Treaty of Perth]]. Though the language would continue to be largely unchanged from the Old Norse of the 12th century, 1266AD is often used as a dividing date between Old Norse and the earliest forms of Scots Norse. While 1266 is a relatively arbitrary date, it serves its purpose as a convenient divide between two stages, as following the Treaty of Perth, the Hebrides would gain a much larger population of [[w:Gaelic|Gaelic]] and [[w:English|English]] speakers (At this point still Middle Irish and [[w:Middle English|Middle English]]), and from roughly 1450AD onward, Scots Norse would be increasingly influenced by Scots Gaelic and, to a lesser extent, Scots.

Having been spoken throughout Suðreyjar, Scots Norse had a dialect within the [[w:Isle of Man|Isle of Man]] (Scots Norse {{lang|snon|{{term|Monaègharr}}}}). Little is known about Manx Norse ({{lang|snon|{{term|Monaèsc}}}}), as it is very poorly recorded, the most extensive description being a short document from around 1500AD that contains a list of about 150 words (see ''[[the Noreine speche fra Man]]''), with a very poor description of the pronunciations. Though from this description we can gather that Manx Norse still had the [[w:dental fricative|dental fricatives]] that had been lost in other dialects (merging with t/d), we get this from the description "... these [th and dh] are like that of the Saxons' beloved þ."

Following the treaty of Perth, the usage of Norse began declining significantly, with evidence it was nearly extinct by 1550. A small revitalization occured in the mid 18th century when several of the last native speakers (at the time, Scots Norse had no more than 150 remaining speakers) gathered together to document the language so it could be taught to children. This effort was mostly effective, leading to the first noticeable rise in speaker count since it began declining. By the 1880's, there would be upwards of 1,500 native speakers, a majority of them young.

===Modern===
Modern Scots Norse is typically classed as critically endangered due to how few speakers it has, having no more than 2,500 native speakers as of 2020, and virtually all of them live in the Hebrides, making it extremely limited.

Since the early 1990's, Scots Norse has gained a small but dedicated community of linguists that are determined to further document it and make resources more readily available. As of 2018, an online course has been published that goes over Standard Scots Norse, and it has been continually updated since then, improving the quality and extent of the contents, having started out as a rather barebones description of the phonology, orthography, and rudimentary grammar.

==Phonology==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 |
! colspan=3 | labial
! colspan=3 | dental
! colspan=3 | alveolar
! colspan=3 | velar
|-
! plain
! broad
! slender
! plain
! broad
! slender
! plain
! broad
! slender
! plain
! broad
! slender
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasal
| m
| mˠ
| mʲ
|
|
|
| n
| nˠ
| ɲ
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan=2 | Stop
! Unvoiced
| p
| pˠ
| pʲ
|
|
|
| t
| tˠ
| tʲ
| colspan=2 | k
| c
|-
! Voiced
| b
| bˠ
| bʲ
|
|
|
| d
| dˠ
| dʲ
| colspan=2 | g
| ɟ
|-
! rowspan=2 | Fricative
! Unvoiced
| f
| fˠ
| fʲ
| θ
| θˠ
| θʲ
| s
| sˠ
| ʃ
| h¹
| x
| ç
|-
! Voiced
| v
| vˠ
| vʲ
| ð
| ðˠ
| ðʲ
| z
| zˠ
| ʒ
| colspan=2 | ɣ
| ʝ
|-
! colspan=2 | Approximant
|
|
|
|
|
|
| r, l
| rˠ, lˠ
| rʲ, ʎ
| colspan=3 | j
|-
|}

#/h/ merges with /x/ outside of Standard Scots Norse.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan=2 |
! rowspan=2 | Front
! colspan=2 | Back
|-
! Unround
! Round
|-
! High
| i
|
| u
|-
! Near-High
| ɪ
| colspan=2 | ɤ~ʊ
|-
! Mid
| e
| rowspan=2 | (ə)
| o
|-
! Low
| æ~ɛ
| ɔ~ɒ
|-
|}

#/ə/ is the unstressed realization of /æ, ɔ/. (differing by slender vs broad)
#/æ/ is often /ɛ/ before nasals, but rarely so anywhere else.

Long vowels have long been lost, though their effects remain prominently, influencing the languages stress patterns heavily.

Every vowel can appear nasalized, though nasalization only occurs in specific positions, and is always shown with a single N. (though not all single Ns are nasalization)
*Word finally
*Before a fricative (Though "nh" is /n̥/)
*In some irregular positions when loaned from another language.
===Dialects===
All spoken dialects lack a distinction between /h/ and /x/.
====Siarèghsc====
Siarèghsc, or Outer Scots Norse, is spoken throughout the {{lang|snon|{{term|Siarègh}}}}, or the Outer Hebrides.
All outer dialects share the following major features.
*front round vowels became a back vowel, rather than the reflex in the Inner dialects, thus words like {{lang|snon|{{term|saist}}}} become {{lang|snon|{{term|siuest}}}} in Outer.
*short i-e merger, always to /ɛ/.
*loss of dental fricatives through merging variably with ⟨t, d⟩ or ⟨(c)h, gh⟩. (Always with ⟨(c)h, gh⟩ when slender)
*denasalization of nasal vowels, giving varying values throughout the dialects.
*merger of /r/ and /ɾ/.
*Lack of the short a-e merger, keeping ⟨a⟩ as /ɑ/ (thus ⟨a⟩ is also broad, not slender)
=====Fadhaèghsc=====
Fadhaèghsc, or High Scots Norse (Locative "high"),is spoken on {{lang|snon|{{term|Fadhaègh}}}}, or [[w:Lewis and Harris|Lewis and Harris]].
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | labial
! colspan=2 | alveolar
! colspan=2 | velar
|-
! broad
! slender
! broad
! slender
! broad
! slender
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasal
| m
| mʲ
| n
| ɲ
|
|
|-
! rowspan=2 | Stop
! Unvoiced
| p
| p͡f
| t
| t͡ʃ
| k
| c
|-
! Voiced
| b
| b͡v
| d
| d͡ʒ
| g
| ɟ
|-
! rowspan=2 | Fricative
! Unvoiced
| f
| f(j)~ç
| s
| ʃ
| x
| ç
|-
! Voiced
| v
| v(j)~ʝ
| z
| ʒ
| ɣ
| ʝ
|-
! colspan=2 | Approximant
|
|
| ɾ, ɫ
| ɾʲ
| colspan=2 | j
|-
|}

#The dental fricatives merge with /x, ɣ/
#/ʎ/ becomes /j/

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!
! Front
! Back
|-
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Near-High
|
| ɤ
|-
! Mid
| e
| o
|-
! Low
| ɛ
| ɔ~ɒ
|-
|}

#/ə/ is the unstressed realization of /ɛ, ɔ/. (differing by slender vs broad)

"Nasal" vowels are typically realized as centering diphthongs.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!
! Front
! Back
|-
! High
| iɪ̯̈
| uʊ̯̈
|-
! Near-High
|
| ɤʊ̯̈~ʊ̈ː
|-
! Mid
| eɪ̯̈
| oʊ̯̈
|-
! Low
| ɛɪ̯̈
| ɔʊ̯̈
|-
|}
#/əɪ̯̈/ is the unstressed realization of /ɜˑ, ɞˑ/. (differing by slender vs broad)

=====Ìvistèghsc=====
Ìvistèghsc, or Uist Norse, is spoken on the islands of {{lang|snon|{{term|Ìvist}}}}, or [[w:Uist|Uist]].
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | labial
! colspan=2 | alveolar
! colspan=2 | velar
|-
! broad
! slender
! broad
! slender
! broad
! slender
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasal
| m
| mʲ
| n
| ɲ
|
|
|-
! rowspan=2 | Stop
! Unvoiced
| p
| p͡f
| t
| t͡ʃ
| k
| c
|-
! Voiced
| b
| b͡v
| d
| d͡ʒ
| g
| ɟ
|-
! rowspan=2 | Fricative
! Unvoiced
| f
| f(j)
| s
| ʃ
| x
| ç
|-
! Voiced
| v
| v(j)
| z
| ʒ
| ɣ
| ʝ
|-
! colspan=2 | Approximant
|
|
| r, ɫ
| rʲ, ʎ
| colspan=2 | j
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!
! Front
! Back
|-
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Near-High
|
| ɤ
|-
! Mid
| e
| o
|-
! Low
| ɛ
| ɔ~ɒ
|-
|}

#/ə/ is the unstressed realization of /ɛ, ɔ/. (differing by slender vs broad)

"Nasal" vowels in Uist Norse are typically realized slightly centralized and longer.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!
! Front
! Back
|-
! High
| ɪ̈ˑ
| ʊ̈ˑ
|-
! Mid
| ɘˑ
| ɵˑ
|-
! Low
| ɜˑ
| ɞˑ
|-
|}
#/əˑ/ is the unstressed realization of /ɜˑ, ɞˑ/. (differing by slender vs broad)

===Prosody===
The rules for stress are very slightly more complex than they were in Old Norse, but not by much.
:Stress always goes on the left-most syllable possible. When there are vowels with a grave, stress goes to the first one, skipping over all vowels without one. (so ''sudhraèir'' is stressed on "aèi")

===Mutation===
Since Old Norse, initial [[w:consonant mutation|consonant mutation]] has developed. Scots Norse has three forms:
:radical (basic)
:lenition
:eclipsis

these can be shown quite well through pronoun + verb, as a pronoun exists that causes both, the word order for these will be slightly odd.

The following gives an example using "mic" ("I, me"), "ha" ("he, him"), and "ic" ("we, us", emphatic):
:''{{lang|snon|mic tàlarr}}'' /ˈmʲɪc ˈto.ʎərʲ/ — "I speak"
:''{{lang|snon|ha dtàlarr}}'' /ˈçæ ˈdo.ʎərʲ/ — "he speaks"
:''{{lang|snon|ic thàlarr}}'' /ˈɪc ˈθo.ʎərʲ/ — "we (emphatic) speak"

==Orthography==
(updated up to "dh")

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! colspan=5 | consonants
|-
! colspan=3 | Letter(s)
! Phoneme
! Examples
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''b'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /b/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' /ˈbɪɡ/
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /bˠ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|bòegh}}}}'' /ˈbˠoj/
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /bʲ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|barrg}}}}'' /ˈbʲærʲɟ/
|-
| rowspan=5 | '''bh'''
| rowspan=2 | before u/ù
| intervocalically
| /./
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //
|-
| elsewhere
| null
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //
|-
| rowspan=3 | otherwise
| plain
| /v/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //
|-
| broad
| /vˠ~w/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //
|-
| slender
| /vʲ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''c'''
| colspan=2 | plain/broad
| /k/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|coeth}}}}'' /ˈkɔç/
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /c/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|ceth}}}}'' /ˈcɛç/
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''ch'''
| colspan=2 | plain/broad
| /x/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|loch}}}}'' /ˈɫɔx/
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ç/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=3 | '''chd'''
| /xk/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=3 | '''cn'''
| /kɾ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|cnà}}}}'' /ˈkɾo/
|-
| '''chi'''
| colspan=2 | before a vowel
| /ç/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //
|-
| colspan=3 | '''chn'''
| /xɾ/ [ɾ̥]
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''d'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /d/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|dàegh}}}}'' /ˈdoj/
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /dˠ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /dʲ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| rowspan=6 | '''dh'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /ð/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //
|-
| rowspan=2 | broad
| normally
| /ɣ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //
|-
| intervocalically
| /./
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //
|-
| rowspan=3 | slender
| normally
| /ʝ~j/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //
|-
| intervocalically before /ə, ɪ, i/
| /./
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //
|-
| elsewhere before /ə, ɪ, i/
| null
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''g'''
| colspan=2 | plain/broad
| /g/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|godh}}}}'' /ˈɡɔ/
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ɟ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|dàge}}}}'' /ˈdoɟ/
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''gh'''
| colspan=2 | plain/broad
| /ɣ/
| ''{{lang|snon|({{term|han}}) {{term|ghodh}}}}'' /(ˈhã) ˈɣɔ/
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ʝ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //
|-
| colspan=3 | '''gn'''
| /ɡɾ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|gnaèt}}}}'' /ˈɡɾet/
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''h'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /h/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|hàte}}}}'' /ˈhot͡ʃ/
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /x/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ç/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|dìhiale}}}}'' /ˈd͡ʒi.çəʎ/
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''l'''
| rowspan=2 | plain
| non-finally
| /l/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| finally
| /ʃ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|sèl}}}}'' /ˈʃeʃ/
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /lˠ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ʎ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|sèl|sèlir}}}}'' /ˈʃe.ʎɪθ͇/
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''ll'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /l/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|tàll}}}}'' /ˈtol/
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /lˠ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ʎ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''m'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /m/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|màl}}}}'' /ˈmoʃ/
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /mˠ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /mʲ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''mh'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /m̥/
| ''{{lang|snon|({{term|hi|hin}}) {{term|mhàl}}}}'' /(ˈçɪ̃) ˈm̥oʃ/
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /m̥ˠ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /m̥ʲ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''n'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /n/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /nˠ~ŋ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ɲ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | post-vocalic when final/pre-fricative
| /Ṽ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''nh'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /n̥/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /n̥ˠ~ŋ̊/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ɲ̊/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''nn'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /n/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|hann}}}}'' /han/
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /nˠ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ɲ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''p'''
| rowspan=2 | plain
| initially, before a vowel/finally
| /pʰ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| elsewhere
| /p/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|priadh}}}}'' /ˈprʲa/
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /pˠ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|post}}}}'' /ˈpˠɔstʰ/
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /pʲ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''ph'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /f/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|ophàrr}}}}'' /ɒ.ˈfor/
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /fˠ/
| ''{{lang|snon|({{term|sa}}) {{term|phost}}}}'' /(ˈsa) ˈfˠɔstʰ/
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /fʲ/
| ''{{lang|snon|({{term|han}}) {{term|phiutharr}}}}'' /(ˈhã) ˈfʲɤ.ər/
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''r'''
| colspan=2 | finally
| /θ͇/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|bhar}}}}'' /ˈvaθ͇/
|-
| colspan=2 | plain
| /r/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|sudhraèscc}}}}'' /sˠʌ.ˈreskʰ/
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /rˠ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /rʲ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|bhère}}}}'' /ˈvʲerʲ/
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''rr'''
| colspan=2 | finally
| /r/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|bhàrr}}}}'' /ˈvor/
|-
| colspan=2 | plain
| /r/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /rˠ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /rʲ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=3 | '''-rt''', '''-rd'''
| /ɾʃt̪/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''s'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /s/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /sˠ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ʃ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|sèl}}}}'' /ˈʃeʃ/
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''sh'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /h/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /x/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ç/
| ''{{lang|snon|({{term|bholl}}) {{term|shèl}}}}'' /(ˈvˠɔl) ˈçeʃ/
|-
| rowspan=5 | '''t'''
| rowspan=2 | plain
| initially/finally
| /tʰ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|tàll}}}}'' /ˈtʰol/
|-
| elsewhere
| /t/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /tˠ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| rowspan=2 | slender
| initially/finally
| /t͡ʃʰ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| elsewhere
| /t͡ʃ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''th'''
| colspan=2 | intervocalic/pre-consonantal/finally
| /./ or null
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | plain
| /h/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /x/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|thù}}}}'' /ˈxu/
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ç/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| rowspan=3 | z
| colspan=2 | plain
| /z/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /zˠ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ʒ/
| ''{{lang|snon|({{term|an}}) {{term|zèl}}}}'' /(ˈan) ˈʒeʃ/
|-
|}

==Morphology==
===Pronouns===
{{snon-pronouns}}
===Nouns===
Nouns have been reduced down to a basic singular/plural distinction, with the masc/fem distinction only maintained when paired with the article ''{{lang|snon|{{term|hin}}}}''.

The plural is always formed with -arr, while the singular has roughly two methods that apply to both genders, those being "e-ᶫ" and "-" (note that the "e-" represents slenderization of the preceding consonant).

''All'' nouns fit into one of these two patterns, regardless the forms in Old Norse. Below are several examples.
{{snon-decl|a|ld|g=m|l=y}}
{{snon-decl|h|àt|àet|g=m|l=y}}
{{snon-decl|h|àmar|4=àmr|g=m|l=y}}
{{snon-decl|b|èdh|g=m|l=y}}
{{snon-decl|b|ògh|òegh|g=m|l=y}}
{{snon-decl|m|àl|àel|g=m}}
{{snon-decl|p|ost|oest|g=m}}
{{snon-decl|a|rrv|l=y}}
{{snon-decl|b|èt}}

===Adjectives===
Both the comparative and superlative forms were lost by the time of Sudrey Norse, being replaced with the usage of {{lang|snon|{{term|mèr}}}} ("more") and {{lang|snon|{{term|mast}}}} ("most"), so rather than, say, Old Norse "beztr" (hypothetical Scots Norse **{{lang|snon|bast}}) for "better", it is instead {{lang|snon|mèr ghòedh}} (lit. "more good").

In modern Scots Norse, adjectives have at most three forms, 2 singulars and a plural. Only the singular changes for gender, where the distinction is through mutation, the masculine causing lenition while the feminine doesn't cause mutation.

{{snon-decl-adj|a|ld}}
===Numerals===
{|class="wikitable"
!1
|{{lang|snon|{{term|èn}}}}
|-
!2
|{{lang|snon|{{term|tfèrr}}}}
|-
!3
|{{lang|snon|{{term|trìrr}}}}
|-
!4
|{{lang|snon|{{term|fiòrarr}}}}
|-
!5
|{{lang|snon|{{term|fi}}}}
|-
!6
|{{lang|snon|{{term|sac}}}}
|-
!7
|{{lang|snon|{{term|siò}}}}
|-
!8
|{{lang|snon|{{term|àet}}}}
|-
!9
|{{lang|snon|{{term|naì}}}}
|-
!10
|{{lang|snon|{{term|taì}}}}
|-
!11
|{{lang|snon|{{term|aliov}}}}
|-
!12
|{{lang|snon|{{term|tòlv}}}}
|-
|}

===Prepositions===
Scots Norse has a very, very simple system of inflected prepositions, only inflecting for person and number.

A large amount of speakers simply don't use inflected prepositions.

{{snon-infl-prep|i|3=io|n=y}}

{{snon-infl-prep|til|3=tiol}}

===Verbs===
Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The oppositive happened in the mediopassive, with the subjunctive becoming the future and stative, while the indicative was lost.

The stative doesn't exist for every verb, but the forms are still displayed for convenience's sake.

The original mediopassive indicative only remains in a small set of verbs acting as a reciprocal, typically physical actions taken towards others, like {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to fight"), {{lang|snon|{{term|slà}}}} ("to hit"), {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to embrace"), as well as a few abstract verbs, such as {{lang|snon|{{term|elsc}}}} ("to love"). Otherwise it's been replaced by {{lang|snon|{{term|hinnar}}}}

Verbs have reduced to such a limited number of forms that analogy and sound changes have leveled them all down to essentially one pattern (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descends from Old Norse's weak class 2 pattern.

{{snon-conj|t|àl|àel}}

{{snon-conj|m|èl}}

{{snon-conj|à|gh|egh}}

====Suppletive verbs====
There are very few known suppletive verbs in Scots Norse, the main one being the copula ''{{lang|snon|vèr}}'', and even it has been leveled by many speakers.
{{snon-conj-vèr}}
"arr" and "varr" are the more prevalent forms, but the regularized forms "vèrarr" and "vèradharr" are also rather common.

Another suppletive verb is that of {{lang|snon|{{term|elsc}}}}, which has a suppletive reciprocal from the Old Norse verb "unna" (Scots Norse "uen")

{{snon-conj|e|lsc}}

==Syntax==
==Texts==
===UDHR Article 1===
====Original (English)====
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

====Old Norse (modern translation)====
Allir menn eru bornir frjálsir ok jafnir at virðingu ok réttum. Þeir eru allir viti gœddir ok samvizku, ok skulu gøra hvárr til annars bróðurliga.
====Scots Norse====
{{lang|snon|arr manarr al bhori mhriàl h-o hiavn, vèrann vhirrdhing o rhèt h-atharr. vèrann gaèdhadh h-o shanvisc h-atharr, o shcùl ghèor hanna thil bròdhligh.}} 
arr manarr al bhori mhriàl h-o hiavn, vèrann vhirrdhing o rhèt h-atharr. vèrann gaèdhadh h-o shanvisc h-atharr, o shcùl ghèor hanna thil bròdhligh.

=====English translation=====
:lit: "all men are born free and equal, being dignity and rights at them. being reason and conscience at them, and should act to brotherhood at each other"
:"all men are born free and equal, having dignity and rights. they have reason and conscience, and should act to eachother as a brotherhood"

===Deor===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break|width=250}}
'''Old English'''
:Welund him be wurman
::wræces cunnade,
:anhydig eorl
::earfoþa dreag,
:hæfde him to gesiþþe
::sorge and longaþ,
:wintercealde wræce,
::wean oft onfond
:siþþan hine Niðhad on
::nede legde,
:swoncre seonobende
::on syllan monn.
:Þæs ofereode,
::þisses swa mæg.
{{col-break}}
'''Scots Norse'''
:Vòluenn shi, thur ròvnirr
::cvàlarr cenn,
:ànar iall
::arrvidh thoeld,
:-
::-
:-
::-
:-
::-
:-
::-
:ta h-oevgangtirr,
::tash thil mègh.
{{col-end}}
(lines with "-" are yet to be translated)

==Lexical comparison==
{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! colspan=9 | Leipzig-Jakarta List
|-
! Rank
! English
! Old Norse
! Scots Norse
! Icelandic
! Swedish
|-
|1
| fire
| eldr
| ald /ˈæʎdʲ/
| eldur
| eld
|-
|2
| nose
| nǫs
| no /ˈnˠɔ/
| nös
| nas
|-
|3
| to go
| ganga
| gang /ˈɟæŋ̟/
| ganga
| gånga
|-
|4
| water
| vatn
| vat /ˈvʲætʲ/
| vatn
| vatten
|-
|5
| mouth
| (body) munnr(river) mynni(river) óss
| (body) muenn /ˈmˠɤɲ/(river) mainn /ˈmiɲ/
|
|-
|6
| tongue
| tunga
| tueng /ˈtˠɤŋ̟/
|-
|7
| blood
| blóð
| blòd /ˈbˠɫodˠ/
|-
|8
| bone
| bein
| bè /ˈbʲe/
|-
|9
| 2sg pronoun (you)
| þú
| tù /ˈtˠu/
|-
|10
| root
| rót
| ròt /ˈrˠotˠ/
|-
|11
| to come (move)
| koma
| còem /ˈkomʲ/
|-
|12
| breast
| brjóst
| briòst /ˈbʲrʲosˠ(tˠ)/
|-
|13
| rain
| regn
| rei /ˈrʲɛː/
|-
|14
| 1sg pronoun (I)
| ek
| e /ɛɛ/
|-
|15
| name
| nafn
| nav /ˈnʲæ/
|-
|16
| louse ([[:w:Phthiraptera|Phthirapteron]])
|
|
|
|-
|17
| wing
|
|
|
|-
|18
| flesh/meat
|
|
|
|-
|19
| arm/hand
|
|
|
|-
|20
| fly ([[:w:Fly|Dipteron]])
|
|
|
|-
|21
| night (time)
| nátt
| nàtt /ˈnot/
|-
|22
| ear
|
|
|
|-
|23
| neck
|
|
|
|-
|24
| far (prep.)
|
|
|
|-
|25
| to do/make
|
|
|
|-
|26
| house/structure
|
|
|
|-
|27
| stone/rock (singular)
|
|
|
|-
|28
| bitter
|
|
|
|-
|29
| to say
| tala
| tàel /ˈtoʎ/
|-
|30
| tooth
|
|
|
|-
|31
| hair
|
|
|
|-
|32
| big
|
|
|
|-
|33
| one (number)
| einn
| è /ˈe/
|-
|34
| who?
|
|
|
|-
|35
| 3sg pronoun (they)
| hann (m)hǫ́n (f)þat (n)
| ha (m) /ˈha/hò (f) /ˈxo/
|-
|36
| to hit/beat
|
|
|
|-
|37
| leg/foot
|
|
|
|-
|38
| horn
|
|
|
|-
|39
| this (pron.)
| sá
| tà /ˈto/
|-
|40
| fish
| fiskr
| fisc /ˈfʲɪʃc/
|-
|41
| yesterday
|
|
|
|-
|42
| to drink
|
|
|
|-
|43
| black (color)
|
|
|
|-
|44
| navel
|
|
|
|-
|45
| to stand
|
|
|
|-
|46
| to bite
|
|
|
|-
|47
| back (body)
|
|
|
|-
|48
| wind
|
|
|
|-
|49
| smoke (substance)
|
|
|
|-
|50
| what?
|
|
|
|-
|51
| child (kin term)
|
|
|
|-
|52
| egg
|
|
|
|-
|53
| to give
|
|
|
|-
|54
| new (adj.)
|
|
|
|-
|55
| to burn (intr.)
|
|
|
|-
|56
| not (adj./adv.)
| eigi(verbal) -at
| ègh /eʝ/(verbal) -(a)t /(ə)tʲ/
|-
|57
| good
|
|
|
|-
|58
| to know
| kunna(a person) kenna
| cuen /ˈkɤ̃/(a person) cen /ˈcɛ̃/
|-
|59
| knee
|
|
|
|-
|60
| sand
|
|
|
|-
|61
| to laugh
|
|
|
|-
|62
| to hear
|
|
|
|-
|63
| soil
|
|
|
|-
|64
| leaf
|
|
|
|-
|65
| red (color)
|
|
|
|-
|66
| liver (organ)
|
|
|
|-
|67
| to hide
|
|
|
|-
|68
| skin/hide
| feldr (animal) skinn (general)húð
| feld /ˈfʲɛʎdʲ/ (animal) sci /ˈʃcɪ/ (general)hùd /ˈxudˠ/
|-
|69
| to suck
|
|
|
|-
|70
| to carry
|
|
|
|-
|71
| ant ([[:w:Formidae|Formid]])
|
|
|
|-
|72
| heavy
|
|
|
|-
|73
| to take
|
|
|
|-
|74
| old
|
|
|
|-
|75
| to eat
| eta
| èt /ˈetʲ/
|-
|76
| thigh
|
|
|
|-
|77
| thick
|
|
|
|-
|78
| long (spacially)
|
|
|
|-
|79
| to blow
|
|
|
|-
|80
| wood
|
|
|
|-
|81
| to run
|
|
|
|-
|82
| to fall
|
|
|
|-
|83
| eye (body-part)
|
|
|
|-
|84
| ash
|
|
|
|-
|85
| tail
|
|
|
|-
|86
| dog
| hundrrakki
| huenn /ˈxɤɲ/ (archaic)rac /ˈrʲæc/(affectionate) cù /ˈku/
| hundurrakki
| hundrakka
|-
|87
| to cry/weep
|
|
|
|-
|88
| to tie
|
|
|
|-
|89
| to see
|
|
|
|-
|90
| sweet
|
|
|
|-
|91
| rope
|
|
|
|-
|92
| shade/shadow
|
|
|
|-
|93
| bird
| fugl
| fùil /ˈfˠɯʎ/
|-
|94
| salt
|
|
|
|-
|95
| small
|
|
|
|-
|96
| wide
|
|
|
|-
|97
| star
|
|
|
|-
|98
| in
| í
| ì /i/
|-
|99
| hard (materially)
|
|
|
|-
|100
| to crush/grind
|
|
|
|-
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A posteriori]]
[[Category:Germanic languages]]
[[Category:Scots Norse language]]