Old Valthungian - Revision history

Bpnjohnson at 04:08, 27 February 2024

2024-02-27T04:08:01Z

Bpnjohnson: /* Orthography of Old Valthungian */

2024-02-26T15:41:24Z

Orthography of Old Valthungian

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:41, 26 February 2024
Line 1,844:		Line 1,844:
	\|valign="top"\| 2		\|valign="top"\| 2
	\|align="left" valign="top"\|		\|align="left" valign="top"\|
	\|valign="top"\| '''''b'''radvou'' ‘axe’<br />''krah'''b'''a'' ‘crab’<br />		\|valign="top"\| '''''b'''radvou'' ‘axe’<br />''krah'''b'''a'' ‘crab’<br />''lam'''b''''' ‘lamb’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\|		\|align="left" valign="top"\|
	\|-		\|-
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	\|valign="top"\| 4		\|valign="top"\| 4
	\|align="left" valign="top"\|		\|align="left" valign="top"\|
	\|valign="top"\| '''''d'''agz'' ‘day’<br />''ah'''d'''i'' ‘egg’<br />		\|valign="top"\| '''''d'''agz'' ‘day’<br />''ah'''d'''i'' ‘egg’<br />''teihun'''d''''' ‘(multiple of) ten’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\|		\|align="left" valign="top"\|
	\|-		\|-
Line 1,871:		Line 1,871:
	\|valign="top"\| 5		\|valign="top"\| 5
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| ai		\|align="left" valign="top"\| ai
	\|valign="top"\| ''r'''e'''dva'' ‘earth’		\|valign="top"\| ''r'''e'''dva'' ‘earth’<br />''t'''e'''hsva'' ‘right-hand’<br />''b'''e'''rja'' ‘ferry’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\|		\|align="left" valign="top"\|
	\|-		\|-
Line 1,961:		Line 1,961:
	\|valign="top"\| 60		\|valign="top"\| 60
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| i		\|align="left" valign="top"\| i
	\|valign="top"\| '''''j'''eir'' ‘year’<br />'''''j'''ah'' ‘also’		\|valign="top"\| '''''j'''eir'' ‘year’<br />'''''j'''ah'' ‘also’<br />'''''j'''uvs'' ‘you all’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\|		\|align="left" valign="top"\|
	\|-		\|-
Line 1,988:		Line 1,988:
	\|valign="top"\| 90		\|valign="top"\| 90
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| ī, ei, ij		\|align="left" valign="top"\| ī, ei, ij
	\|valign="top"\| '''''ij'''s'' ‘ice’<br />''divp'''ij''''' ‘depth’		\|valign="top"\| '''''ij'''s'' ‘ice’<br />''t'''ij'''þs ‘time’<br />''divp'''ij''''' ‘depth’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| There is only scant evidence that this ligature was used to represent the value of the number ‘90’, and it is disputable whether the evidence in question is actually the 〈ij〉 ligature, or a holdover of the Gothic number 𐍁.		\|align="left" valign="top"\| There is only scant evidence that this ligature was used to represent the value of the number ‘90’, and it is disputable whether the evidence in question is actually the 〈ij〉 ligature, or a holdover of the Gothic number 𐍁.
	\|-		\|-
Line 2,140:		Line 2,140:
	\|valign="top"\| -		\|valign="top"\| -
	\|valign="top"\| ɛ~æ		\|valign="top"\| ɛ~æ
	\|valign="top"\| [[File:OV-~~eao~~.png\|40px\|EA]]		\|valign="top"\| [[File:OV-ea.png\|40px\|EA]]
	\|valign="top"\| '''ea'''		\|valign="top"\| '''ea'''
	\|valign="top"\| -		\|valign="top"\| -
Line 2,257:		Line 2,257:
	\|valign="top"\| f		\|valign="top"\| f
	\|valign="top"\| β~v		\|valign="top"\| β~v
	\|valign="top"\| [[File:OV-uv.png\|28px\|FV]]		\|valign="top"\| [[File:OV-fv.png\|28px\|FV]]
	\|valign="top"\| '''fv'''		\|valign="top"\| '''fv'''
	\|valign="top"\| -		\|valign="top"\| -

Bpnjohnson: /* Orthography of Old Valthungian */

2024-02-26T15:14:52Z

Orthography of Old Valthungian

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:14, 26 February 2024
Line 2,130:		Line 2,130:
	\|-		\|-
	\|valign="top"\| d		\|valign="top"\| d
	\|valign="top"\| dv		\|valign="top"\| ð
	\|valign="top"\| [[File:OV-ð.png\|20px\|DY]]		\|valign="top"\| [[File:OV-ð.png\|20px\|DY]]
	\|valign="top"\| '''dv'''		\|valign="top"\| '''dv'''
Line 2,137:		Line 2,137:
	\|valign="top"\| ''ae'''dv'''ij'' ‘mother’<br />''dala'''dv'''a'' ‘down’<br />''þju'''dv'''ij'' ‘meaning’		\|valign="top"\| ''ae'''dv'''ij'' ‘mother’<br />''dala'''dv'''a'' ‘down’<br />''þju'''dv'''ij'' ‘meaning’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| Though '''dv''' is used here for transcription, a letter derived from the Gothic letter ''dags'' (but resembling '''ϫ''', the Coptic ''gangia'') was more often used.		\|align="left" valign="top"\| Though '''dv''' is used here for transcription, a letter derived from the Gothic letter ''dags'' (but resembling '''ϫ''', the Coptic ''gangia'') was more often used.
			\|-
			\|valign="top"\| -
			\|valign="top"\| ɛ~æ
			\|valign="top"\| [[File:OV-eao.png\|40px\|EA]]
			\|valign="top"\| '''ea'''
			\|valign="top"\| -
			\|align="left" valign="top"\| e, ai, ae
			\|valign="top"\| ''s'''ea'''tjan'' ‘to set’<br />''Mbr'''ea'''jja'' ‘Maria’<br />'''''ea'''kijt'' ‘vinegar’
			\|align="left" valign="top"\| This was used for the umlauted form of short '''a''' (Griutungi and Gothic '''a''').
	\|-		\|-
	\|valign="top"\| -		\|valign="top"\| -
Line 2,162:		Line 2,171:
	\|valign="top"\| -		\|valign="top"\| -
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| oe, ø		\|align="left" valign="top"\| oe, ø
	\|valign="top"\| ''w'''eo'''~~rkjan~~'' ‘to work’<br />'''''eo'''~~rkjus~~'' ‘jug’<br />''d'''eo'''htrjus'' ‘daughters’		\|valign="top"\| ''vr'''eo'''kjan'' ‘to work’<br />''r'''eo'''kjus'' ‘jug’<br />''d'''eo'''htrjus'' ‘daughters’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| This was used for the umlauted form of '''o''' (Griutungi '''o''', Gothic '''au''').		\|align="left" valign="top"\| This was used for the umlauted form of '''o''' (Griutungi '''o''', Gothic '''au''').
	\|-		\|-
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	\|valign="top"\| -		\|valign="top"\| -
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| y, ue		\|align="left" valign="top"\| y, ue
	\|valign="top"\| ''f'''eu'''tlijns'' ‘fulfillment’<br />''s'''y'''ndij'' ‘health’<br />'''''y'''nkja'' ‘ounce’		\|valign="top"\| ''f'''eu'''tlijns'' ‘fulfillment’<br />''s'''eu'''ndij'' ‘health’<br />'''''eu'''nkja'' ‘ounce’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| This was used for the umlauted form of '''u'''.		\|align="left" valign="top"\| This was used for the umlauted form of '''u'''.
	\|-		\|-
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	\|-		\|-
	\|valign="top"\| iu		\|valign="top"\| iu
	\|valign="top"\| ju		\|valign="top"\| iw
	\|valign="top"\| [[File:OV-ju.png\|23px\|JU]]		\|valign="top"\| [[File:OV-ju.png\|23px\|JU]]
	\|valign="top"\| '''ju'''		\|valign="top"\| '''iv'''
	\|valign="top"\| -		\|valign="top"\| -
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| iu, iv, jv		\|align="left" valign="top"\| iu, ju, jv
	\|valign="top"\| '''''ju'''p'' ‘up’<br />''kn'''ju''''' ‘knee’<br />''þ'''ju'''fs'' ‘thief’		\|valign="top"\| '''''iv'''qv'' ‘up’<br />''kn'''iv''''' ‘knee’<br />''þ'''iv'''fs'' ‘thief’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\|		\|align="left" valign="top"\|
	\|-		\|-
Line 2,243:		Line 2,252:
	\|valign="top"\| -		\|valign="top"\| -
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| ū, u, uu		\|align="left" valign="top"\| ū, u, uu
	\|valign="top"\| '''''uv'''htvou'' ‘pre-dawn’<br />''þ'''uv'''sundi'' ‘thousand’<br />''h'''uv'''s'' ~~‘house’~~		\|valign="top"\| '''''uv'''htvou'' ‘pre-dawn’<br />''þ'''uv'''sundi'' ‘thousand’<br />''h'''uv'''s'' ‘shed’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\|		\|align="left" valign="top"\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|valign="top"\| ÿ		\|valign="top"\| f
	\|valign="top"\| ʏ		\|valign="top"\| β~v
			\|valign="top"\| [[File:OV-uv.png\|28px\|FV]]
			\|valign="top"\| '''fv'''
			\|valign="top"\| -
			\|align="left" valign="top"\| f, v, bv
			\|valign="top"\| ''u'''fv'''ar'' ‘over’<br />''ae'''fv'''rs'' ‘terrifying’<br />''vladvu'''fv'''ni'' ‘violence’
			\|align="left" valign="top"\|
			\|-
			\|valign="top"\| y
			\|valign="top"\| ʏ~ᵿ
	\|valign="top"\| [[File:OV-y.png\|13px\|Y]]		\|valign="top"\| [[File:OV-y.png\|13px\|Y]]
	\|valign="top"\| '''y'''		\|valign="top"\| '''y'''
	\|valign="top"\| 400		\|valign="top"\| 400
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| y, i, u, ui		\|align="left" valign="top"\| y, i, u, ui
	\|valign="top"\| ''s'''y'''~~nagovgei~~'' ‘synagogue’<br />''h'''y'''hsopus'' ‘hyssop’<br />''þ'''y'''mjam'' ‘incense’		\|valign="top"\| ''s'''y'''nagyovgyei'' ‘synagogue’<br />''h'''y'''hsopus'' ‘hyssop’<br />''þ'''y'''mjam'' ‘incense’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| It is likely that this was still a separate phoneme in Old Valthungian from the umlaut of '''u''', though some of the means of transcription overlapped a bit. This phoneme was used only in borrowings from the Greek, and after the Old Valthungian period, these two phonemes had completely merged.<br />Our intermediate transcription shows '''ÿ''' for the letter representing Gothic '''𐍅'''/'''w''' from Greek '''υ'''. The exact pronunciation is unknown, but it seems likely that it was differentiated from '''eu''' (the i-umlaut of /u/) in Old Valthungian. These two sounds had merged by the Middle Valthungian period. Numerically, it was equivalent to Gothic '''𐍅''' (400).		\|align="left" valign="top"\| It is likely that this was still a separate phoneme in Old Valthungian from the umlaut of '''u''', though some of the means of transcription overlapped a bit. This phoneme was used only in borrowings from the Greek, and after the Old Valthungian period, these two phonemes had completely merged.<br />Our intermediate transcription shows '''ÿ''' for the letter representing Gothic '''𐍅'''/'''w''' from Greek '''υ'''. The exact pronunciation is unknown, but it seems likely that it was differentiated from '''eu''' (the i-umlaut of /u/) in Old Valthungian. These two sounds had merged by the Middle Valthungian period. Numerically, it was equivalent to Gothic '''𐍅''' (400).
	\|}		\|}

Bpnjohnson: /* Orthography of Old Valthungian */

2024-02-23T16:20:05Z

Orthography of Old Valthungian

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:20, 23 February 2024
Line 1,844:		Line 1,844:
	\|valign="top"\| 2		\|valign="top"\| 2
	\|align="left" valign="top"\|		\|align="left" valign="top"\|
	\|valign="top"\| '''''b'''~~radyou~~'' ‘axe’<br />''krah'''b'''a'' ‘crab’<br />		\|valign="top"\| '''''b'''radvou'' ‘axe’<br />''krah'''b'''a'' ‘crab’<br />
	\|align="left" valign="top"\|		\|align="left" valign="top"\|
	\|-		\|-
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	\|valign="top"\| 5		\|valign="top"\| 5
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| ai		\|align="left" valign="top"\| ai
	\|valign="top"\| ''r'''e'''~~dya~~'' ‘earth’		\|valign="top"\| ''r'''e'''dva'' ‘earth’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\|		\|align="left" valign="top"\|
	\|-		\|-
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	\|valign="top"\| 40		\|valign="top"\| 40
	\|align="left" valign="top"\|		\|align="left" valign="top"\|
	\|valign="top"\| '''''m'''~~aedy~~'''m'''s'' ‘gift’<br />'''''m'''ikils'' ‘great’<br />''ogvu'''m'''a'' ‘primary’		\|valign="top"\| '''''m'''aedv'''m'''s'' ‘gift’<br />'''''m'''ikils'' ‘great’<br />''ogvu'''m'''a'' ‘primary’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.)		\|align="left" valign="top"\| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.)
	\|-		\|-
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	\|valign="top"\| 80		\|valign="top"\| 80
	\|align="left" valign="top"\|		\|align="left" valign="top"\|
	\|valign="top"\| '''''p'''~~aedya~~'' ‘shirt’<br />'''''p'''ro'''p'''ora'' ‘purple’<br />''slei'''p'''an'' ‘to sleep’		\|valign="top"\| '''''p'''aedva'' ‘shirt’<br />'''''p'''ro'''p'''ora'' ‘purple’<br />''slei'''p'''an'' ‘to sleep’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| Sometimes written as '''ph''' when aspirated.		\|align="left" valign="top"\| Sometimes written as '''ph''' when aspirated.
	\|-		\|-
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	\|valign="top"\| 100		\|valign="top"\| 100
	\|align="left" valign="top"\|		\|align="left" valign="top"\|
	\|valign="top"\| '''''r'''iqvus'' ‘dark’<br />''b'''r'''~~oudy~~'''r''''' ‘brother’<br />''ve'''r''''' ‘man’		\|valign="top"\| '''''r'''iqvus'' ‘dark’<br />''b'''r'''oudv'''r''''' ‘brother’<br />''ve'''r''''' ‘man’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.)		\|align="left" valign="top"\| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.)
	\|-		\|-
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	\|valign="top"\| -		\|valign="top"\| -
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| ai, ee		\|align="left" valign="top"\| ai, ee
	\|valign="top"\| ''br'''ae'''þ'' ‘wide’<br />'''''ae'''~~dyij~~'' ‘mother’<br />''tw'''ae''''' ‘two’		\|valign="top"\| ''br'''ae'''þ'' ‘wide’<br />'''''ae'''dvij'' ‘mother’<br />''tw'''ae''''' ‘two’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\|		\|align="left" valign="top"\|
	\|-		\|-
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	\|-		\|-
	\|valign="top"\| d		\|valign="top"\| d
	\|valign="top"\| dy		\|valign="top"\| dv
	\|valign="top"\| [[File:OV-ð.png\|20px\|DY]]		\|valign="top"\| [[File:OV-ð.png\|20px\|DY]]
	\|valign="top"\| '''dy'''		\|valign="top"\| '''dv'''
	\|valign="top"\| -		\|valign="top"\| -
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| dv, δ		\|align="left" valign="top"\| dv, δ
	\|valign="top"\| ''ae'''dy'''ij'' ‘mother’<br />''dala'''dy'''a'' ‘down’<br />''þju'''dy'''ij'' ‘meaning’		\|valign="top"\| ''ae'''dv'''ij'' ‘mother’<br />''dala'''dv'''a'' ‘down’<br />''þju'''dv'''ij'' ‘meaning’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| Though '''dy''' is used here for transcription, a letter derived from the Gothic letter ''dags'' (but resembling '''ϫ''', the Coptic ''gangia'') was more often used.		\|align="left" valign="top"\| Though '''dv''' is used here for transcription, a letter derived from the Gothic letter ''dags'' (but resembling '''ϫ''', the Coptic ''gangia'') was more often used.
	\|-		\|-
	\|valign="top"\| -		\|valign="top"\| -
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	\|valign="top"\| -		\|valign="top"\| -
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| eoa, eō, eoo		\|align="left" valign="top"\| eoa, eō, eoo
	\|valign="top"\| '''''eao'''~~dyijs~~'' ‘desert’<br />''f'''eao'''djan'' ‘to feed’<br />''h'''eao'''hij'' ‘height’		\|valign="top"\| '''''eao'''dvijs'' ‘desert’<br />''f'''eao'''djan'' ‘to feed’<br />''h'''eao'''hij'' ‘height’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| This was used for the umlauted form of '''ao''' (Griutungi '''ǭ''', Gothic '''au''').		\|align="left" valign="top"\| This was used for the umlauted form of '''ao''' (Griutungi '''ǭ''', Gothic '''au''').
	\|-		\|-
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	\|valign="top"\| -		\|valign="top"\| -
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| eoo, eō, ooe		\|align="left" valign="top"\| eoo, eō, ooe
	\|valign="top"\| ''afm'''eou'''~~dyij~~'' ‘disagreement’<br />''m'''eou'''gyjis'' ‘girls’<br />''d'''eou'''mjan'' ‘to judge’		\|valign="top"\| ''afm'''eou'''dvij'' ‘disagreement’<br />''m'''eou'''gyjis'' ‘girls’<br />''d'''eou'''mjan'' ‘to judge’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| This was used for the umlauted form of '''oo''' (Griutungi and Gothic '''ō''').		\|align="left" valign="top"\| This was used for the umlauted form of '''oo''' (Griutungi and Gothic '''ō''').
	\|-		\|-

Bpnjohnson: /* Orthography of Old Valthungian */

2024-02-23T16:17:27Z

Orthography of Old Valthungian

Show changes

Bpnjohnson: /* Phonology of Old Valthungian ca. 950ad */

2024-02-23T16:05:39Z

Phonology of Old Valthungian ca. 950ad

@@ Line 1,717: / Line 1,717: @@
 ==Phonology of Old Valthungian ca. 950<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>==
 ===Vowels===
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
@@ Line 1,756: / Line 1,795: @@
 |}
-===Consonants===
+====Syllabic Sonorants====
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
 !width=100px|
 !width=65px|'''Labial'''
 !width=65px|'''Alveolar'''
 !width=65px|'''Palatal'''
 !width=65px|'''Dorsal'''
 |-
-!'''Plosive'''
+!'''Syllabics'''
-|'''p · b'''<br />/p · b/
+|'''m'''<br />/m̩/
-|'''t · d'''<br />/t · d/
+|'''n'''<br />/n̩/
+|'''r'''<br />/r̩/
+|'''l'''<br />/l̩/
 |}

Bpnjohnson: /* Consonants */

2024-02-23T15:58:57Z

Consonants

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:58, 23 February 2024
Line 1,781:		Line 1,781:
	!'''Fricative'''		!'''Fricative'''
	\|'''f · bv, fv'''<br />/ɸ · β/		\|'''f · bv, fv'''<br />/ɸ · β/
	\|'''dy · þ'''<br />/ð · θ/		\|'''dv · þ'''<br />/ð · θ/
	\|'''s · z'''<br />/s · ʐ/		\|'''s · z'''<br />/s · ʐ/
	\|''' · jj'''<br />/ʝ/		\|''' · jj'''<br />/ʝ/

Bpnjohnson: /* Vowels */

2024-02-21T18:49:11Z

Vowels

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:49, 21 February 2024
Line 1,752:		Line 1,752:
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|'''aa'''<br />/ɑː/		\|'''aa'''<br />/ɑː/<ref>All other back vowels seem to have distinguished umlaut forms, but the umlaut of 〈aa〉 is consistently written as 〈ae〉 and was presumably realized as [eː]. In an early version of the Chrysanthi Grammar, 〈eaa〉 was used for this purpose, but later versions have 〈ae〉 exclusively.</ref>
	\|-		\|-
	\|}		\|}

Bpnjohnson: /* Vowels */

2024-02-21T18:39:06Z

Vowels

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:39, 21 February 2024
Line 1,725:		Line 1,725:
	! colspan="2"\| '''Long Vowels'''		! colspan="2"\| '''Long Vowels'''
	\|-		\|-
	! width=~~65px~~\| '''Front'''		! width=85px\| '''Front'''
	! width=65px\| '''Back'''		! width=65px\| '''Back'''
	! width=65px\| '''Front'''		! width=65px\| '''Front'''

Bpnjohnson: /* Vowels */

2024-02-21T17:45:48Z

Vowels

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:45, 21 February 2024
Line 1,743:		Line 1,743:
	\|-		\|-
	!'''Mid-Open'''		!'''Mid-Open'''
	\|'''e · eo'''<br />/ɛ · œ/		\|'''e, ea<ref>In the standardised orthography, 〈e〉 occurs only where adjacent to /r/ or /h/, while 〈ea〉 is the umlaut of /a/. It is likely they represented the same sounds, though some scholars contend that 〈ea〉 wa a more open [æ].</ref> · eo'''<br />/ɛ · œ/
	\|'''o'''<br />[ɔ]		\|'''o'''<br />[ɔ]
	\|'''ae · eao'''<br />/ɛː · œː/		\|'''ae · eao'''<br />/ɛː · œː/

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:41, 26 February 2024
Line 1,844:		Line 1,844:
	\|valign="top"\| 2		\|valign="top"\| 2
	\|align="left" valign="top"\|		\|align="left" valign="top"\|
	\|valign="top"\| '''''b'''radvou'' ‘axe’<br />''krah'''b'''a'' ‘crab’<br />		\|valign="top"\| '''''b'''radvou'' ‘axe’<br />''krah'''b'''a'' ‘crab’<br />''lam'''b''''' ‘lamb’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\|		\|align="left" valign="top"\|
	\|-		\|-
Line 1,862:		Line 1,862:
	\|valign="top"\| 4		\|valign="top"\| 4
	\|align="left" valign="top"\|		\|align="left" valign="top"\|
	\|valign="top"\| '''''d'''agz'' ‘day’<br />''ah'''d'''i'' ‘egg’<br />		\|valign="top"\| '''''d'''agz'' ‘day’<br />''ah'''d'''i'' ‘egg’<br />''teihun'''d''''' ‘(multiple of) ten’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\|		\|align="left" valign="top"\|
	\|-		\|-
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	\|valign="top"\| 5		\|valign="top"\| 5
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| ai		\|align="left" valign="top"\| ai
	\|valign="top"\| ''r'''e'''dva'' ‘earth’		\|valign="top"\| ''r'''e'''dva'' ‘earth’<br />''t'''e'''hsva'' ‘right-hand’<br />''b'''e'''rja'' ‘ferry’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\|		\|align="left" valign="top"\|
	\|-		\|-
Line 1,961:		Line 1,961:
	\|valign="top"\| 60		\|valign="top"\| 60
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| i		\|align="left" valign="top"\| i
	\|valign="top"\| '''''j'''eir'' ‘year’<br />'''''j'''ah'' ‘also’		\|valign="top"\| '''''j'''eir'' ‘year’<br />'''''j'''ah'' ‘also’<br />'''''j'''uvs'' ‘you all’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\|		\|align="left" valign="top"\|
	\|-		\|-
Line 1,988:		Line 1,988:
	\|valign="top"\| 90		\|valign="top"\| 90
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| ī, ei, ij		\|align="left" valign="top"\| ī, ei, ij
	\|valign="top"\| '''''ij'''s'' ‘ice’<br />''divp'''ij''''' ‘depth’		\|valign="top"\| '''''ij'''s'' ‘ice’<br />''t'''ij'''þs ‘time’<br />''divp'''ij''''' ‘depth’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| There is only scant evidence that this ligature was used to represent the value of the number ‘90’, and it is disputable whether the evidence in question is actually the 〈ij〉 ligature, or a holdover of the Gothic number 𐍁.		\|align="left" valign="top"\| There is only scant evidence that this ligature was used to represent the value of the number ‘90’, and it is disputable whether the evidence in question is actually the 〈ij〉 ligature, or a holdover of the Gothic number 𐍁.
	\|-		\|-
Line 2,140:		Line 2,140:
	\|valign="top"\| -		\|valign="top"\| -
	\|valign="top"\| ɛ~æ		\|valign="top"\| ɛ~æ
	\|valign="top"\| [[File:OV-~~eao~~.png\|40px\|EA]]		\|valign="top"\| [[File:OV-ea.png\|40px\|EA]]
	\|valign="top"\| '''ea'''		\|valign="top"\| '''ea'''
	\|valign="top"\| -		\|valign="top"\| -
Line 2,257:		Line 2,257:
	\|valign="top"\| f		\|valign="top"\| f
	\|valign="top"\| β~v		\|valign="top"\| β~v
	\|valign="top"\| [[File:OV-uv.png\|28px\|FV]]		\|valign="top"\| [[File:OV-fv.png\|28px\|FV]]
	\|valign="top"\| '''fv'''		\|valign="top"\| '''fv'''
	\|valign="top"\| -		\|valign="top"\| -

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:14, 26 February 2024
Line 2,130:		Line 2,130:
	\|-		\|-
	\|valign="top"\| d		\|valign="top"\| d
	\|valign="top"\| dv		\|valign="top"\| ð
	\|valign="top"\| [[File:OV-ð.png\|20px\|DY]]		\|valign="top"\| [[File:OV-ð.png\|20px\|DY]]
	\|valign="top"\| '''dv'''		\|valign="top"\| '''dv'''
Line 2,137:		Line 2,137:
	\|valign="top"\| ''ae'''dv'''ij'' ‘mother’<br />''dala'''dv'''a'' ‘down’<br />''þju'''dv'''ij'' ‘meaning’		\|valign="top"\| ''ae'''dv'''ij'' ‘mother’<br />''dala'''dv'''a'' ‘down’<br />''þju'''dv'''ij'' ‘meaning’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| Though '''dv''' is used here for transcription, a letter derived from the Gothic letter ''dags'' (but resembling '''ϫ''', the Coptic ''gangia'') was more often used.		\|align="left" valign="top"\| Though '''dv''' is used here for transcription, a letter derived from the Gothic letter ''dags'' (but resembling '''ϫ''', the Coptic ''gangia'') was more often used.
			\|-
			\|valign="top"\| -
			\|valign="top"\| ɛ~æ
			\|valign="top"\| [[File:OV-eao.png\|40px\|EA]]
			\|valign="top"\| '''ea'''
			\|valign="top"\| -
			\|align="left" valign="top"\| e, ai, ae
			\|valign="top"\| ''s'''ea'''tjan'' ‘to set’<br />''Mbr'''ea'''jja'' ‘Maria’<br />'''''ea'''kijt'' ‘vinegar’
			\|align="left" valign="top"\| This was used for the umlauted form of short '''a''' (Griutungi and Gothic '''a''').
	\|-		\|-
	\|valign="top"\| -		\|valign="top"\| -
Line 2,162:		Line 2,171:
	\|valign="top"\| -		\|valign="top"\| -
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| oe, ø		\|align="left" valign="top"\| oe, ø
	\|valign="top"\| ''w'''eo'''~~rkjan~~'' ‘to work’<br />'''''eo'''~~rkjus~~'' ‘jug’<br />''d'''eo'''htrjus'' ‘daughters’		\|valign="top"\| ''vr'''eo'''kjan'' ‘to work’<br />''r'''eo'''kjus'' ‘jug’<br />''d'''eo'''htrjus'' ‘daughters’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| This was used for the umlauted form of '''o''' (Griutungi '''o''', Gothic '''au''').		\|align="left" valign="top"\| This was used for the umlauted form of '''o''' (Griutungi '''o''', Gothic '''au''').
	\|-		\|-
Line 2,180:		Line 2,189:
	\|valign="top"\| -		\|valign="top"\| -
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| y, ue		\|align="left" valign="top"\| y, ue
	\|valign="top"\| ''f'''eu'''tlijns'' ‘fulfillment’<br />''s'''y'''ndij'' ‘health’<br />'''''y'''nkja'' ‘ounce’		\|valign="top"\| ''f'''eu'''tlijns'' ‘fulfillment’<br />''s'''eu'''ndij'' ‘health’<br />'''''eu'''nkja'' ‘ounce’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| This was used for the umlauted form of '''u'''.		\|align="left" valign="top"\| This was used for the umlauted form of '''u'''.
	\|-		\|-
Line 2,193:		Line 2,202:
	\|-		\|-
	\|valign="top"\| iu		\|valign="top"\| iu
	\|valign="top"\| ju		\|valign="top"\| iw
	\|valign="top"\| [[File:OV-ju.png\|23px\|JU]]		\|valign="top"\| [[File:OV-ju.png\|23px\|JU]]
	\|valign="top"\| '''ju'''		\|valign="top"\| '''iv'''
	\|valign="top"\| -		\|valign="top"\| -
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| iu, iv, jv		\|align="left" valign="top"\| iu, ju, jv
	\|valign="top"\| '''''ju'''p'' ‘up’<br />''kn'''ju''''' ‘knee’<br />''þ'''ju'''fs'' ‘thief’		\|valign="top"\| '''''iv'''qv'' ‘up’<br />''kn'''iv''''' ‘knee’<br />''þ'''iv'''fs'' ‘thief’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\|		\|align="left" valign="top"\|
	\|-		\|-
Line 2,243:		Line 2,252:
	\|valign="top"\| -		\|valign="top"\| -
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| ū, u, uu		\|align="left" valign="top"\| ū, u, uu
	\|valign="top"\| '''''uv'''htvou'' ‘pre-dawn’<br />''þ'''uv'''sundi'' ‘thousand’<br />''h'''uv'''s'' ~~‘house’~~		\|valign="top"\| '''''uv'''htvou'' ‘pre-dawn’<br />''þ'''uv'''sundi'' ‘thousand’<br />''h'''uv'''s'' ‘shed’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\|		\|align="left" valign="top"\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|valign="top"\| ÿ		\|valign="top"\| f
	\|valign="top"\| ʏ		\|valign="top"\| β~v
			\|valign="top"\| [[File:OV-uv.png\|28px\|FV]]
			\|valign="top"\| '''fv'''
			\|valign="top"\| -
			\|align="left" valign="top"\| f, v, bv
			\|valign="top"\| ''u'''fv'''ar'' ‘over’<br />''ae'''fv'''rs'' ‘terrifying’<br />''vladvu'''fv'''ni'' ‘violence’
			\|align="left" valign="top"\|
			\|-
			\|valign="top"\| y
			\|valign="top"\| ʏ~ᵿ
	\|valign="top"\| [[File:OV-y.png\|13px\|Y]]		\|valign="top"\| [[File:OV-y.png\|13px\|Y]]
	\|valign="top"\| '''y'''		\|valign="top"\| '''y'''
	\|valign="top"\| 400		\|valign="top"\| 400
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| y, i, u, ui		\|align="left" valign="top"\| y, i, u, ui
	\|valign="top"\| ''s'''y'''~~nagovgei~~'' ‘synagogue’<br />''h'''y'''hsopus'' ‘hyssop’<br />''þ'''y'''mjam'' ‘incense’		\|valign="top"\| ''s'''y'''nagyovgyei'' ‘synagogue’<br />''h'''y'''hsopus'' ‘hyssop’<br />''þ'''y'''mjam'' ‘incense’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| It is likely that this was still a separate phoneme in Old Valthungian from the umlaut of '''u''', though some of the means of transcription overlapped a bit. This phoneme was used only in borrowings from the Greek, and after the Old Valthungian period, these two phonemes had completely merged.<br />Our intermediate transcription shows '''ÿ''' for the letter representing Gothic '''𐍅'''/'''w''' from Greek '''υ'''. The exact pronunciation is unknown, but it seems likely that it was differentiated from '''eu''' (the i-umlaut of /u/) in Old Valthungian. These two sounds had merged by the Middle Valthungian period. Numerically, it was equivalent to Gothic '''𐍅''' (400).		\|align="left" valign="top"\| It is likely that this was still a separate phoneme in Old Valthungian from the umlaut of '''u''', though some of the means of transcription overlapped a bit. This phoneme was used only in borrowings from the Greek, and after the Old Valthungian period, these two phonemes had completely merged.<br />Our intermediate transcription shows '''ÿ''' for the letter representing Gothic '''𐍅'''/'''w''' from Greek '''υ'''. The exact pronunciation is unknown, but it seems likely that it was differentiated from '''eu''' (the i-umlaut of /u/) in Old Valthungian. These two sounds had merged by the Middle Valthungian period. Numerically, it was equivalent to Gothic '''𐍅''' (400).
	\|}		\|}

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:20, 23 February 2024
Line 1,844:		Line 1,844:
	\|valign="top"\| 2		\|valign="top"\| 2
	\|align="left" valign="top"\|		\|align="left" valign="top"\|
	\|valign="top"\| '''''b'''~~radyou~~'' ‘axe’<br />''krah'''b'''a'' ‘crab’<br />		\|valign="top"\| '''''b'''radvou'' ‘axe’<br />''krah'''b'''a'' ‘crab’<br />
	\|align="left" valign="top"\|		\|align="left" valign="top"\|
	\|-		\|-
Line 1,871:		Line 1,871:
	\|valign="top"\| 5		\|valign="top"\| 5
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| ai		\|align="left" valign="top"\| ai
	\|valign="top"\| ''r'''e'''~~dya~~'' ‘earth’		\|valign="top"\| ''r'''e'''dva'' ‘earth’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\|		\|align="left" valign="top"\|
	\|-		\|-
Line 1,943:		Line 1,943:
	\|valign="top"\| 40		\|valign="top"\| 40
	\|align="left" valign="top"\|		\|align="left" valign="top"\|
	\|valign="top"\| '''''m'''~~aedy~~'''m'''s'' ‘gift’<br />'''''m'''ikils'' ‘great’<br />''ogvu'''m'''a'' ‘primary’		\|valign="top"\| '''''m'''aedv'''m'''s'' ‘gift’<br />'''''m'''ikils'' ‘great’<br />''ogvu'''m'''a'' ‘primary’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.)		\|align="left" valign="top"\| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.)
	\|-		\|-
Line 1,979:		Line 1,979:
	\|valign="top"\| 80		\|valign="top"\| 80
	\|align="left" valign="top"\|		\|align="left" valign="top"\|
	\|valign="top"\| '''''p'''~~aedya~~'' ‘shirt’<br />'''''p'''ro'''p'''ora'' ‘purple’<br />''slei'''p'''an'' ‘to sleep’		\|valign="top"\| '''''p'''aedva'' ‘shirt’<br />'''''p'''ro'''p'''ora'' ‘purple’<br />''slei'''p'''an'' ‘to sleep’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| Sometimes written as '''ph''' when aspirated.		\|align="left" valign="top"\| Sometimes written as '''ph''' when aspirated.
	\|-		\|-
Line 1,997:		Line 1,997:
	\|valign="top"\| 100		\|valign="top"\| 100
	\|align="left" valign="top"\|		\|align="left" valign="top"\|
	\|valign="top"\| '''''r'''iqvus'' ‘dark’<br />''b'''r'''~~oudy~~'''r''''' ‘brother’<br />''ve'''r''''' ‘man’		\|valign="top"\| '''''r'''iqvus'' ‘dark’<br />''b'''r'''oudv'''r''''' ‘brother’<br />''ve'''r''''' ‘man’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.)		\|align="left" valign="top"\| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.)
	\|-		\|-
Line 2,099:		Line 2,099:
	\|valign="top"\| -		\|valign="top"\| -
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| ai, ee		\|align="left" valign="top"\| ai, ee
	\|valign="top"\| ''br'''ae'''þ'' ‘wide’<br />'''''ae'''~~dyij~~'' ‘mother’<br />''tw'''ae''''' ‘two’		\|valign="top"\| ''br'''ae'''þ'' ‘wide’<br />'''''ae'''dvij'' ‘mother’<br />''tw'''ae''''' ‘two’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\|		\|align="left" valign="top"\|
	\|-		\|-
Line 2,130:		Line 2,130:
	\|-		\|-
	\|valign="top"\| d		\|valign="top"\| d
	\|valign="top"\| dy		\|valign="top"\| dv
	\|valign="top"\| [[File:OV-ð.png\|20px\|DY]]		\|valign="top"\| [[File:OV-ð.png\|20px\|DY]]
	\|valign="top"\| '''dy'''		\|valign="top"\| '''dv'''
	\|valign="top"\| -		\|valign="top"\| -
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| dv, δ		\|align="left" valign="top"\| dv, δ
	\|valign="top"\| ''ae'''dy'''ij'' ‘mother’<br />''dala'''dy'''a'' ‘down’<br />''þju'''dy'''ij'' ‘meaning’		\|valign="top"\| ''ae'''dv'''ij'' ‘mother’<br />''dala'''dv'''a'' ‘down’<br />''þju'''dv'''ij'' ‘meaning’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| Though '''dy''' is used here for transcription, a letter derived from the Gothic letter ''dags'' (but resembling '''ϫ''', the Coptic ''gangia'') was more often used.		\|align="left" valign="top"\| Though '''dv''' is used here for transcription, a letter derived from the Gothic letter ''dags'' (but resembling '''ϫ''', the Coptic ''gangia'') was more often used.
	\|-		\|-
	\|valign="top"\| -		\|valign="top"\| -
Line 2,144:		Line 2,144:
	\|valign="top"\| -		\|valign="top"\| -
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| eoa, eō, eoo		\|align="left" valign="top"\| eoa, eō, eoo
	\|valign="top"\| '''''eao'''~~dyijs~~'' ‘desert’<br />''f'''eao'''djan'' ‘to feed’<br />''h'''eao'''hij'' ‘height’		\|valign="top"\| '''''eao'''dvijs'' ‘desert’<br />''f'''eao'''djan'' ‘to feed’<br />''h'''eao'''hij'' ‘height’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| This was used for the umlauted form of '''ao''' (Griutungi '''ǭ''', Gothic '''au''').		\|align="left" valign="top"\| This was used for the umlauted form of '''ao''' (Griutungi '''ǭ''', Gothic '''au''').
	\|-		\|-
Line 2,171:		Line 2,171:
	\|valign="top"\| -		\|valign="top"\| -
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| eoo, eō, ooe		\|align="left" valign="top"\| eoo, eō, ooe
	\|valign="top"\| ''afm'''eou'''~~dyij~~'' ‘disagreement’<br />''m'''eou'''gyjis'' ‘girls’<br />''d'''eou'''mjan'' ‘to judge’		\|valign="top"\| ''afm'''eou'''dvij'' ‘disagreement’<br />''m'''eou'''gyjis'' ‘girls’<br />''d'''eou'''mjan'' ‘to judge’
	\|align="left" valign="top"\| This was used for the umlauted form of '''oo''' (Griutungi and Gothic '''ō''').		\|align="left" valign="top"\| This was used for the umlauted form of '''oo''' (Griutungi and Gothic '''ō''').
	\|-		\|-

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:39, 21 February 2024
Line 1,725:		Line 1,725:
	! colspan="2"\| '''Long Vowels'''		! colspan="2"\| '''Long Vowels'''
	\|-		\|-
	! width=~~65px~~\| '''Front'''		! width=85px\| '''Front'''
	! width=65px\| '''Back'''		! width=65px\| '''Back'''
	! width=65px\| '''Front'''		! width=65px\| '''Front'''