Old Kvalian - Revision history

Chrysophylax: Text replacement - "Category:Conlangs" to "Category:Languages"

2017-01-20T02:32:28Z

Text replacement - "Category:Conlangs" to "Category:Languages"

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:32, 20 January 2017
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	[[Category:Languages]]		[[Category:Languages]]
	[[Category:~~Conlangs~~]]		[[Category:Languages]]
	[[Category:A priori]]		[[Category:A priori]]
	[[Category:Kertha]]		[[Category:Kertha]]

Waahlis at 11:32, 13 July 2013

2013-07-13T11:32:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:32, 13 July 2013
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	==Phonology==		==Phonology==
	===Consonants===		===Consonants===
	{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="~~wikitable article-table~~" style="width: 680px; "		{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 680px; "
	! scope="col" style="width: 120px; "\|		! scope="col" style="width: 120px; "\|
	! scope="col" style="width: 80px; text-align: center; "\|Bilabial		! scope="col" style="width: 80px; text-align: center; "\|Bilabial
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	===Vowels===		===Vowels===
	{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="~~wikitable article-table~~" style="width: 500px; "		{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "
	! scope="col" style="width: 100px; "\|		! scope="col" style="width: 100px; "\|
	! scope="col" style="width: 200px; text-align: center; "\|Front		! scope="col" style="width: 200px; text-align: center; "\|Front
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	Old Kvalian possessed regressive vowel harmony, that is that the vowel of the desinence (if there are two vowels then vowel harmony acts regressively from the first) can change the vowels in the rest of the word. These changes happen regardless of the length of the vowel and so only short vowels are shown in the table below.		Old Kvalian possessed regressive vowel harmony, that is that the vowel of the desinence (if there are two vowels then vowel harmony acts regressively from the first) can change the vowels in the rest of the word. These changes happen regardless of the length of the vowel and so only short vowels are shown in the table below.

	{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="~~wikitable article-table~~" style="width: 420px; "		{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 420px; "
	! scope="col" style="width: 120px; text-align: center; "\|Desinences		! scope="col" style="width: 120px; text-align: center; "\|Desinences
	! scope="col" style="width: 30px; text-align: center; "\|		! scope="col" style="width: 30px; text-align: center; "\|
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	This can be seen in the declension of the Old Kvalian words ''karða'' ("earth") and, to a lesser extent, ''suþu'' ("ash"):		This can be seen in the declension of the Old Kvalian words ''karða'' ("earth") and, to a lesser extent, ''suþu'' ("ash"):

	{\| class="~~wikitable~~" style="width: 650px; text-align: center;"		{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 650px; text-align: center;"
	! scope="col" style="width: 125px; "\|		! scope="col" style="width: 125px; "\|
	! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "\|Singular		! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "\|Singular
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	\|}		\|}

	{\| class="~~wikitable~~" style="width: 650px; text-align: center;"		{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 650px; text-align: center;"
	! scope="col" style="width: 125px; "\|		! scope="col" style="width: 125px; "\|
	! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "\|Singular		! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "\|Singular
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	==History==		==History==
	The table below outlines the regular sound changes that occurred between Proto-Kertha and Old Kvalian.		The table below outlines the regular sound changes that occurred between Proto-Kertha and Old Kvalian.
	{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="~~wikitable~~ collapsible collapsed" style="width: 900px; "		{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 900px; "
	! colspan="5" style=" text-align: center; \|Proto-Kertha to Old Kvalian		! colspan="5" style=" text-align: center; \|Proto-Kertha to Old Kvalian
	\|-		\|-
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	Old Kvalian nouns inflect according to case and number. There were three numbers: singular, dual and plural. The dual and plural forms are indicated in various ways depending on the ending of the original noun. There were six cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental and locative. Old Kvalian had three genders but this does not affect nominal morphology. However, as mentioned [[#Vowel harmony\|above]], vowel harmony does affect nominal inflexions. Definiteness is specified by the suffix ''-døgh''. The tables below show the different declension patterns.		Old Kvalian nouns inflect according to case and number. There were three numbers: singular, dual and plural. The dual and plural forms are indicated in various ways depending on the ending of the original noun. There were six cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental and locative. Old Kvalian had three genders but this does not affect nominal morphology. However, as mentioned [[#Vowel harmony\|above]], vowel harmony does affect nominal inflexions. Definiteness is specified by the suffix ''-døgh''. The tables below show the different declension patterns.

	{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="~~wikitable~~ collapsible collapsed" style="width: 650px; "		{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 650px; "
	! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; \| -a		! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; \| -a
	\|-		\|-
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	\| -ámi		\| -ámi
	\|}		\|}
	{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="~~wikitable~~ collapsible collapsed" style="width: 650px; "		{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 650px; "
	! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; \| -b, -k, -t		! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; \| -b, -k, -t
	\|-		\|-
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	\| -ómi		\| -ómi
	\|}		\|}
	{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="~~wikitable~~ collapsible collapsed" style="width: 650px; "		{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 650px; "
	! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; \| -e		! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; \| -e
	\|-		\|-
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	\| -émi		\| -émi
	\|}		\|}
	{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="~~wikitable~~ collapsible collapsed" style="width: 650px; "		{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 650px; "
	! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; \| -gh		! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; \| -gh
	\|-		\|-
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	\| -ómi		\| -ómi
	\|}		\|}
	{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="~~wikitable~~ collapsible collapsed" style="width: 650px; "		{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 650px; "
	! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; \| -i		! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; \| -i
	\|-		\|-
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	\| -ími		\| -ími
	\|}		\|}
	{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="~~wikitable~~ collapsible collapsed" style="width: 650px; "		{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 650px; "
	! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; \| -l, -r		! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; \| -l, -r
	\|-		\|-
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	\| -némi		\| -némi
	\|}		\|}
	{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="~~wikitable~~ collapsible collapsed" style="width: 650px; "		{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 650px; "
	! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; \| -m, -n		! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; \| -m, -n
	\|-		\|-
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	\| -noim		\| -noim
	\|}		\|}
	{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="~~wikitable~~ collapsible collapsed" style="width: 650px; "		{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 650px; "
	! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; \| -o		! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; \| -o
	\|-		\|-
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	\| -ómi		\| -ómi
	\|}		\|}
	{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="~~wikitable~~ collapsible collapsed" style="width: 650px; "		{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 650px; "
	! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; \| -u		! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; \| -u
	\|-		\|-
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	Adjectives inflect for number, case and gender. Old Kvalian adjectives only have one basic group and decline in the same manner as nouns. The ending ''-(y)r'' is masculine, ''-(n)a'' feminine and ''-(n)e'' neuter. The example given below is ''nimør'' (meaning "nasal").		Adjectives inflect for number, case and gender. Old Kvalian adjectives only have one basic group and decline in the same manner as nouns. The ending ''-(y)r'' is masculine, ''-(n)a'' feminine and ''-(n)e'' neuter. The example given below is ''nimør'' (meaning "nasal").

	{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="~~wikitable~~ collapsible collapsed" style="width: 950px; "		{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 950px; "
	! colspan="10" style=" text-align: center; \|nimør		! colspan="10" style=" text-align: center; \|nimør
	\|-		\|-
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	\|}		\|}

			[[Category:Languages]]
	[[Category:Conlangs]]		[[Category:Conlangs]]
			[[Category:A priori]]
			[[Category:Kertha]]

Waahlis: Created page with "Old Kvalian /ˈkveɪ̯liən/ (natively: ''Kvæltilo'' /ˈkvaltilo/, "common tongue") is descended from Proto-Kertha and was spoken by the descendants of the Northern Men, ..."

2013-07-12T22:17:23Z

Created page with "Old Kvalian /ˈkveɪ̯liən/ (natively: ''Kvæltilo'' /ˈkvaltilo/, "common tongue") is descended from Proto-Kertha and was spoken by the descendants of the Northern Men, ..."

New page

Old Kvalian /ˈkveɪ̯liən/ (natively: ''Kvæltilo'' /ˈkvaltilo/, "common tongue") is descended from [[Proto-Kertha]] and was spoken by the descendants of the Northern Men, the Central Men and the Dwarves in [[:File:Kertha.png|Kertha]].

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 680px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 120px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 80px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 80px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 80px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 80px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 80px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 80px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 80px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 80px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center;"|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|'''m''' /m/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''n''' /n/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center;"|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|'''p''' /p/ '''b''' /b/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''t''' /t/ '''d''' /d/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''k''' /k/
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center;"|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''f''' /f/ '''v''' /v/
| style="text-align: center;"|'''þ''' /θ/ '''ð''' /ð/
| style="text-align: center;"|'''s''' /s/
| style="text-align: center;"|'''sj''' /ʃ/
| style="text-align: center;"|'''gh''' /ç/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''h''' /h/
|-
! style="text-align: center;"|Affricate
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''pf''' /p͡f/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center;"|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''j''' /j/
| style="text-align: center;"|'''w''' /w/
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center;"|Trill
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''r''' /r/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center;"|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''l''' /l/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 500px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 100px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 200px; text-align: center; "|Front
! scope="col" style="width: 200px; text-align: center; "|Back
|-
! style="text-align: center;"|Close
| style="text-align: center;"|'''i''' /i/ '''í''' /iː/ '''y''' /y/ '''ý''' /yː/
| style="text-align: center;"|'''u''' /u/ '''ú''' /uː/
|-
! style="text-align: center;"|Mid
| style="text-align: center;"|'''e''' /e/ '''é''' /eː/ '''ø''' /ø/ '''ǿ''' /øː/
| style="text-align: center;"|'''o''' /o/ '''ó''' /oː/
|-
! style="text-align: center;"|Open
| style="text-align: center;"|'''æ''' /a/ '''ǽ''' /aː/
| style="text-align: center;"|'''a''' /ɑ/ '''á''' /ɑː/
|}

Unlike Proto-Kertha, Old Kvalian possessed diphthongs. In these diphthongs u represents /ʊ̯/ and i /ɪ̯/.

===Vowel harmony===
Old Kvalian possessed regressive vowel harmony, that is that the vowel of the desinence (if there are two vowels then vowel harmony acts regressively from the first) can change the vowels in the rest of the word. These changes happen regardless of the length of the vowel and so only short vowels are shown in the table below.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 420px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 120px; text-align: center; "|Desinences
! scope="col" style="width: 30px; text-align: center; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 120px; text-align: center; "|Affected vowels
! scope="col" style="width: 30px; text-align: center; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 120px; text-align: center; "|Result
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;"|'''æ a'''
| style="text-align: center;"| +
| style="text-align: center;"|'''æ a'''
| style="text-align: center;"| →
| style="text-align: center;"|'''æ a'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;"| +
| style="text-align: center;"|'''e ø o'''
| style="text-align: center;"| →
| style="text-align: center;"|'''æ æ a'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;"| +
| style="text-align: center;"|'''i y u'''
| style="text-align: center;"| →
| style="text-align: center;"|'''e ø o'''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;"|'''e ø o'''
| style="text-align: center;"| +
| style="text-align: center;"|'''æ a'''
| style="text-align: center;"| →
| style="text-align: center;"|'''e o'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;"| +
| style="text-align: center;"|'''e ø o'''
| style="text-align: center;"| →
| style="text-align: center;"|'''e ø o'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;"| +
| style="text-align: center;"|'''i y u'''
| style="text-align: center;"| →
| style="text-align: center;"|'''e ø o'''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;"|'''i y u'''
| style="text-align: center;"| +
| style="text-align: center;"|'''æ a'''
| style="text-align: center;"| →
| style="text-align: center;"|'''e o'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;"| +
| style="text-align: center;"|'''e ø o'''
| style="text-align: center;"| →
| style="text-align: center;"|'''i y u'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;"| +
| style="text-align: center;"|'''i y u'''
| style="text-align: center;"| →
| style="text-align: center;"|'''i y u'''
|}

This can be seen in the declension of the Old Kvalian words ''karða'' ("earth") and, to a lesser extent, ''suþu'' ("ash"):

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 650px; text-align: center;"
! scope="col" style="width: 125px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Singular
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Dual
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Plural
|-
!scope="row"|Nominative
|karða
|korðøn
|karðæns
|-
!scope="row"|Accusative
|karðæn
|korðøn
|karðanøn
|-
!scope="row"|Genitive
|korðe
|korðene
|karðane
|-
!scope="row"|Dative
|karðæt
|karðæs
|karðǽs
|-
!scope="row"|Instrumental
|korðoim
|korðǿm
|karðǽm
|-
!scope="row"|Locative
|korðéa
|korðói
|korðámi
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 650px; text-align: center;"
! scope="col" style="width: 125px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Singular
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Dual
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Plural
|-
!scope="row"|Nominative
|suþu
|suþyn
|suþyns
|-
!scope="row"|Accusative
|suþoun
|suþyn
|suþinøn
|-
!scope="row"|Genitive
|suþi
|suþine
|suþuni
|-
!scope="row"|Dative
|soþout
|suþys
|suþýs
|-
!scope="row"|Instrumental
|soþoim
|soþǿm
|soþoum
|-
!scope="row"|Locative
|suþíu
|soþói
|suþúmi
|}

==History==
The table below outlines the regular sound changes that occurred between Proto-Kertha and Old Kvalian.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width: 900px; "
! colspan="5" style=" text-align: center; |Proto-Kertha to Old Kvalian
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 180px; text-align: center; "|[[Proto-Kertha]]
! scope="col" style="width: 180px; text-align: center; "|Environment
! scope="col" style="width: 180px; text-align: center; "|Result
! scope="col" style="width: 180px; text-align: center; "|Example
! scope="col" style="width: 180px; text-align: center; "|Translation
|-
! colspan="5" style="text-align: center; "|Vowels
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|a
| style="text-align: center;"|in an open syllable
| style="text-align: center;"|a
| style="text-align: center;"|''*tyafa > tafa''
| style="text-align: center;"|gift
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|in a closed syllable
| style="text-align: center;"|æ
| style="text-align: center;"|''*faphar > favær''
| style="text-align: center;"|dry
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|ā
| style="text-align: center;"|in an open syllable
| style="text-align: center;"|á
| style="text-align: center;"|''*tāror > dáror''
| style="text-align: center;"|old
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|in a closed syllable
| style="text-align: center;"|ǽ
| style="text-align: center;"|''*tāk > dǽk''
| style="text-align: center;"|year
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|e
| style="text-align: center;"|in an open syllable
| style="text-align: center;"|e
| style="text-align: center;"|''*mekwa > mekva''
| style="text-align: center;"|head
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|in a closed syllable
| style="text-align: center;"|ø
| style="text-align: center;"|''*phen > føn''
| style="text-align: center;"|father
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|ē
| style="text-align: center;"|in an open syllable
| style="text-align: center;"|é
| style="text-align: center;"|''*thēlu > þélu''
| style="text-align: center;"|tail
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|in a closed syllable
| style="text-align: center;"|ǿ
| style="text-align: center;"|''*nēr > nǿr''
| style="text-align: center;"|black
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;"|i
| style="text-align: center;"|in an open syllable
| style="text-align: center;"|i
| style="text-align: center;"|''*sĭpina > spina''
| style="text-align: center;"|feather
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|in a closed syllable
| style="text-align: center;"|y
| style="text-align: center;"|''*ferit > feryt''
| style="text-align: center;"|louse
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|before y
| style="text-align: center;"|disappears
| style="text-align: center;"|''*tiyen > djøn''
| style="text-align: center;"|to speak
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;"|ī
| style="text-align: center;"|in an open syllable
| style="text-align: center;"|í
| style="text-align: center;"|''*īrol > írol''
| style="text-align: center;"|ear
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|in a closed syllable
| style="text-align: center;"|ý
| style="text-align: center;"|''*tṟkhīr > tarkýr''
| style="text-align: center;"|dragon
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|before y
| style="text-align: center;"|disappears + V<sub>L</sub>
| style="text-align: center;"|''*kīya > gjá''
| style="text-align: center;"|when
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;"|o
| style="text-align: center;"|in an open syllable
| style="text-align: center;"|o
| style="text-align: center;"|''*kolor > golor''
| style="text-align: center;"|new
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|in a closed syllable
| style="text-align: center;"|oi
| style="text-align: center;"|''*sătom > stoim''
| style="text-align: center;"|husband
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|before r
| style="text-align: center;"|o
| style="text-align: center;"|''*kolor > golor''
| style="text-align: center;"|new
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;"|ō
| style="text-align: center;"|in an open syllable
| style="text-align: center;"|ó
| style="text-align: center;"|''*śōror > sjóror''
| style="text-align: center;"|yellow
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|in a closed syllable
| style="text-align: center;"|oi
| style="text-align: center;"|''*twōn > tvoin''
| style="text-align: center;"|wing
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|before r
| style="text-align: center;"|ó
| style="text-align: center;"|''*kyōr > kór''
| style="text-align: center;"|green
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;"|u
| style="text-align: center;"|in an open syllable
| style="text-align: center;"|ou
| style="text-align: center;"|''*suthu > suþu''
| style="text-align: center;"|ash
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|in a closed syllable
| style="text-align: center;"|ou
| style="text-align: center;"|''*kyup > koub''
| style="text-align: center;"|leaf
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|before r
| style="text-align: center;"|u
| style="text-align: center;"|''*ur > ur''
| style="text-align: center;"|x
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;"|ū
| style="text-align: center;"|in an open syllable
| style="text-align: center;"|ú
| style="text-align: center;"|''ūsōa > úsóa''
| style="text-align: center;"|all
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|in a closed syllable
| style="text-align: center;"|ou
| style="text-align: center;"|''lūl > loul''
| style="text-align: center;"|river
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|before r
| style="text-align: center;"|ú
| style="text-align: center;"|''*ūr > úr''
| style="text-align: center;"|x
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|ă
| style="text-align: center;"|in an open syllable
| style="text-align: center;"|disappears
| style="text-align: center;"|''*tărōn > troin''
| style="text-align: center;"|road, path
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|in a closed syllable
| style="text-align: center;"|a
| style="text-align: center;"|''*kwăr > kvar''
| style="text-align: center;"|skin
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;"|ə
| style="text-align: center;"|in an open syllable
| style="text-align: center;"|i
| style="text-align: center;"|''*thəsa > þisa''
| style="text-align: center;"|hand
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|in a closed syllable
| style="text-align: center;"|e
| style="text-align: center;"|''*pəl > bel''
| style="text-align: center;"|belly
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|word initial
| style="text-align: center;"|e
| style="text-align: center;"|''*ərar > erær''
| style="text-align: center;"|right(-hand)
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|ĭ
| style="text-align: center;"|in an open syllable
| style="text-align: center;"|disappears
| style="text-align: center;"|''*pĭrina > brina''
| style="text-align: center;"|flower
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|in a closed syllable
| style="text-align: center;"|i
| style="text-align: center;"|''*enĭt > enit''
| style="text-align: center;"|animal
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|ŭ
| style="text-align: center;"|in an open syllable
| style="text-align: center;"|disappears
| style="text-align: center;"|''*pŭlut > blout''
| style="text-align: center;"|meat
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|in a closed syllable
| style="text-align: center;"|u
| style="text-align: center;"|''*khŭn > kun''
| style="text-align: center;"|glass
|-
! colspan="5" style="text-align: center; "|Syllabic consonants
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|ḻ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|el
| style="text-align: center;"|''*mḻta > melda''
| style="text-align: center;"|mother
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|ṟ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ar
| style="text-align: center;"|''*kṟtha > garða''
| style="text-align: center;"|earth
|-
! colspan="5" style="text-align: center; "|Consonants
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|m, n, f, s, r, l, w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|no change
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|p
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|b
| style="text-align: center;"|''*pouko > bougo''
| style="text-align: center;"|dog
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|ph
| style="text-align: center;"|inter-vocalic
| style="text-align: center;"|v
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|''*phipha > fiva''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|thirty
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|elsewhere
| style="text-align: center;"|f
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|py
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|p
| style="text-align: center;"|''*pyiska > pyska''
| style="text-align: center;"|blood
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|pw
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|pf
| style="text-align: center;"|''*pwos > pfois''
| style="text-align: center;"|stick
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|t
| style="text-align: center;"|final
| style="text-align: center;"|t
| style="text-align: center;"|''*pŭlut > blout''
| style="text-align: center;"|meat
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|elsewhere
| style="text-align: center;"|d
| style="text-align: center;"|''*tiso > diso''
| style="text-align: center;"|man
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|th
| style="text-align: center;"|post-consonantal
| style="text-align: center;"|ð
| style="text-align: center;"|''*festha > føsða''
| style="text-align: center;"|life
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|elsewhere
| style="text-align: center;"|þ
| style="text-align: center;"|''*suthu > suþu''
| style="text-align: center;"|ash
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|ty
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t
| style="text-align: center;"|''*tyako > tago''
| style="text-align: center;"|king
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|tw
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|tv
| style="text-align: center;"|''*twela > tvela''
| style="text-align: center;"|money
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|ś
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|sj
| style="text-align: center;"|''*śōror > sjóror''
| style="text-align: center;"|yellow
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|y
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|''*ayeri > ajeri''
| style="text-align: center;"|wind
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|k
| style="text-align: center;"|final
| style="text-align: center;"|k
| style="text-align: center;"|''*warăk > warak''
| style="text-align: center;"|self
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|elsewhere
| style="text-align: center;"|g
| style="text-align: center;"|''*lōko > lógo''
| style="text-align: center;"|away
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|kh
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k
| style="text-align: center;"|''*khepa > keba''
| style="text-align: center;"|mountain
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|ky
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k
| style="text-align: center;"|''*kyina > kina''
| style="text-align: center;"|one
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|kw
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|kv
| style="text-align: center;"|''*kwāna > kvána''
| style="text-align: center;"|there
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|h
| style="text-align: center;"|initial, final
| style="text-align: center;"|gh
| style="text-align: center;"|''*hōpo > ghóbo''
| style="text-align: center;"|rope
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|elsewhere
| style="text-align: center;"|no change
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! colspan="5" style="text-align: center; "|Special cases
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|declensions
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|see [[#Declensions|declensions]]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|infinitives and conjugations
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|see [[#Conjugations|conjugations]]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Nouns==
Old Kvalian nouns inflect according to case and number. There were three numbers: singular, dual and plural. The dual and plural forms are indicated in various ways depending on the ending of the original noun. There were six cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental and locative. Old Kvalian had three genders but this does not affect nominal morphology. However, as mentioned [[#Vowel harmony|above]], vowel harmony does affect nominal inflexions. Definiteness is specified by the suffix ''-døgh''. The tables below show the different declension patterns.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width: 650px; "
! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; | -a
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 125px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Singular
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Dual
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Plural
|-
!scope="row"|Nominative
| -a
| -øn
| -æns
|-
!scope="row"|Accusative
| -æn
| -øn
| -øn
|-
!scope="row"|Genitive
| -e
| -ene
| -ane
|-
!scope="row"|Dative
| -æt
| -æs
| -ǽs
|-
!scope="row"|Instrumental
| -oim
| -ǿm
| -ǽm
|-
!scope="row"|Locative
| -éa
| -ói
| -ámi
|}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width: 650px; "
! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; | -b, -k, -t
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 125px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Singular
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Dual
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Plural
|-
!scope="row"|Nominative
| -b, -k, -t
| -bøn, -gøn, -døn
| -bs, -gs, -ds
|-
!scope="row"|Accusative
| -n
| -ne
| -nøn
|-
!scope="row"|Genitive
| -ne
| -ne
| -nu
|-
!scope="row"|Dative
| -ǿk
| -ois
| -ois
|-
!scope="row"|Instrumental
| -oim
| -ǿm
| -oim
|-
!scope="row"|Locative
| -é
| -bói, -gói, dói
| -ómi
|}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width: 650px; "
! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; | -e
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 125px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Singular
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Dual
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Plural
|-
!scope="row"|Nominative
| -e
| -ǿn
| -ǿns
|-
!scope="row"|Accusative
| -øn
| -ǿn
| -enøn
|-
!scope="row"|Genitive
| -i
| -éni
| -eni
|-
!scope="row"|Dative
| -øt
| -ǿs
| -ýs
|-
!scope="row"|Instrumental
| -oim
| -ǿm
| -ǿm
|-
!scope="row"|Locative
| -íe
| -ói
| -émi
|}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width: 650px; "
! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; | -gh
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 125px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Singular
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Dual
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Plural
|-
!scope="row"|Nominative
| -Vgh
| -oin
| -oins
|-
!scope="row"|Accusative
| -Vn
| -oin
| -onøn
|-
!scope="row"|Genitive
| -Vn
| -one
| -onu
|-
!scope="row"|Dative
| -Vt
| -ois
| -ois
|-
!scope="row"|Instrumental
| -Vm
| -ǿm
| -oim
|-
!scope="row"|Locative
| -é
| -ói
| -ómi
|}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width: 650px; "
! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; | -i
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 125px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Singular
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Dual
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Plural
|-
!scope="row"|Nominative
| -i
| -oun
| -ouns
|-
!scope="row"|Accusative
| -yn
| -oun
| -unøn
|-
!scope="row"|Genitive
| -o
| -une
| -inu
|-
!scope="row"|Dative
| -yt
| -ous
| -ous
|-
!scope="row"|Instrumental
| -oim
| -ǿm
| -ým
|-
!scope="row"|Locative
| -úi
| -ói
| -ími
|}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width: 650px; "
! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; | -l, -r
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 125px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Singular
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Dual
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Plural
|-
!scope="row"|Nominative
| -l, -r
| -ls, -rs
| -lm, -rm
|-
!scope="row"|Accusative
| -ln, -rn
| -lnøs, -rnøs
| -lme, -rme
|-
!scope="row"|Genitive
| -ne
| -nøn
| -nǿn
|-
!scope="row"|Dative
| -nør
| -nøs
| -nǿs
|-
!scope="row"|Instrumental
| -noim
| -nøm
| -nǿm
|-
!scope="row"|Locative
| -ǿl, -ǿr
| -nói
| -némi
|}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width: 650px; "
! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; | -m, -n
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 125px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Singular
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Dual
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Plural
|-
!scope="row"|Nominative
| -m, -n
| -ne
| -nøn
|-
!scope="row"|Accusative
| -ne
| -nøn
| -nǿn
|-
!scope="row"|Genitive
| -nør
| -neni
| -néni
|-
!scope="row"|Dative
| -t
| -nøs
| -nǿs
|-
!scope="row"|Instrumental
| -noim
| -nøm
| -nǿm
|-
!scope="row"|Locative
| -é
| -nói
| -noim
|}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width: 650px; "
! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; | -o
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 125px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Singular
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Dual
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Plural
|-
!scope="row"|Nominative
| -o
| -oin
| -oins
|-
!scope="row"|Accusative
| -oin
| -oin
| -onøn
|-
!scope="row"|Genitive
| -u
| -ónu
| -onu
|-
!scope="row"|Dative
| -oit
| -ois
| -ous
|-
!scope="row"|Instrumental
| -oim
| -eim
| -oim
|-
!scope="row"|Locative
| -úo
| -ói
| -ómi
|}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width: 650px; "
! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; | -u
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 125px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Singular
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Dual
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Plural
|-
!scope="row"|Nominative
| -u
| -yn
| -yns
|-
!scope="row"|Accusative
| -oun
| -yn
| -inøn
|-
!scope="row"|Genitive
| -i
| -ine
| -uni
|-
!scope="row"|Dative
| -out
| -ys
| -ýs
|-
!scope="row"|Instrumental
| -oim
| -ǿm
| -oum
|-
!scope="row"|Locative
| -íu
| -ói
| -úmi
|}

==Adjectives==
Adjectives inflect for number, case and gender. Old Kvalian adjectives only have one basic group and decline in the same manner as nouns. The ending ''-(y)r'' is masculine, ''-(n)a'' feminine and ''-(n)e'' neuter. The example given below is ''nimør'' (meaning "nasal").

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width: 950px; "
! colspan="10" style=" text-align: center; |nimør
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; "|
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |Masculine
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |Feminine
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |Neuter
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; "|Singular
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; "|Dual
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; "|Plural
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; "|Singular
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; "|Dual
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; "|Plural
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; "|Singular
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; "|Dual
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; "|Plural
|-
!scope="row"|Nominative
|nimør
|nimørs
|nimørm
|nemana
|nemenøn
|nemanæns
|nemene
|nemenǿn
|nemenǿns
|-
!scope="row"|Accusative
|nimørn
|nemørnøs
|nemørme
|næmanæn
|nemenøn
|nemanøn
|
|
|
|-
!scope="row"|Genitive
|nemene
|nemenøn
|nemenǿn
|nemone
|nemenene
|næmanane
|
|
|
|-
!scope="row"|Dative
|nemenør
|nemenøs
|nemenǿs
|næmanæt
|næmænæs
|næmanǽs
|
|
|
|-
!scope="row"|Instrumental
|nemenoim
|nemenøm
|nemenǿm
|nemonoim
|nemenǿm
|næmanǽm
|
|
|
|-
!scope="row"|Locative
|neméør
|nemenói
|nemenémi
|nemonéa
|nemenói
|næmanámi
|
|
|
|}

[[Category:Conlangs]]