Naibas - Revision history

Puyongechi: /* Intransitive verbs */

2021-07-05T16:06:04Z

Intransitive verbs

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:06, 5 July 2021
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	===Intransitive verbs===		===Intransitive verbs===
	These verbs require the absolutive case in the subject (-e, -i, -a, -Ø and plurals). They always end in vowel, mostly -a or -e, and are stressed in the ~~antepenultimate~~ syllable. They place the subject at the beginning of the word. Intransitive verbs mark the perfective aspect by adding -s at the end of the verb.		These verbs require the absolutive case in the subject (-e, -i, -a, -Ø and plurals). They always end in vowel, mostly -a or -e, and are stressed in the penultimate syllable. They place the subject at the beginning of the word. Intransitive verbs mark the perfective aspect by adding -s at the end of the verb.

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"

Puyongechi: /* Case marks */

2021-07-01T14:18:16Z

Case marks

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:18, 1 July 2021
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	We walked '''through''' the market and '''from''' there we went '''to''' the town hall square.		We walked '''through''' the market and '''from''' there we went '''to''' the town hall square.

	''Zuroki'''tuk''' untuzipaxas tui naru'''to''' kurekiroxik uddua'''ro''' tuna.''		Zuroki'''tuk''' untuzipaxas tui naru'''to''' kurekiroxik uddua'''ro''' tuna.

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"

Puyongechi: /* Case marks */

2021-07-01T14:17:51Z

Case marks

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:17, 1 July 2021
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	! case !! masculine !! feminine !! neuter		! case !! masculine !! feminine !! neuter
	\|-		\|-
	\| {{Smallcaps\|abs}} \|\| ''zutta(e/ie)'' 'cloud' \|\| ''delas(i/o)'' 'sea' \|\| ''nutu(a/ia)'' 'law'		\| {{Smallcaps\|abs}} \|\| zutta(e/ie) 'cloud' \|\| delas(i/o) 'sea' \|\| nutu(a/ia) 'law'
	\|-		\|-
	\| {{Smallcaps\|erg}} \|\| ''zutta(e/ie)'''s''''' \|\| ''delas(i/o)'''s''''' \|\| ''nutu(a/ia)'''s'''''		\| {{Smallcaps\|erg}} \|\| zutta(e/ie)'''s''' \|\| delas(i/o)'''s''' \|\| nutu(a/ia)'''s'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| {{Smallcaps\|dat}} \|\| ''zutta(e/ie)'''ne''''' \|\| ''delas(i/o)'''ne''''' \|\| ''nutu(a/ia)'''ne'''''		\| {{Smallcaps\|dat}} \|\| zutta(e/ie)'''ne''' \|\| delas(i/o)'''ne''' \|\| nutu(a/ia)'''ne'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| {{Smallcaps\|gen}} \|\| ''zutta(e/ie)'''k''''' \|\| ''delas(i/o)'''k''''' \|\| ''nutu(a/ia)'''k'''''		\| {{Smallcaps\|gen}} \|\| zutta(e/ie)'''k''' \|\| delas(i/o)'''k''' \|\| nutu(a/ia)'''k'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| {{Smallcaps\|com}} \|\| ''zutta(e/ie)'''ko''''' \|\| ''delas(i/o)'''ko''''' \|\| ''nutu(a/ia)'''ko'''''		\| {{Smallcaps\|com}} \|\| ''zutta(e/ie)'''ko''' \|\| delas(i/o)'''ko''' \|\| nutu(a/ia)'''ko'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| {{Smallcaps\|abess}} \|\| ''zutta(e/ie)'''ta''''' \|\| ''delas(i/o)'''ta''''' \|\| ''nutu(a/ia)'''ta'''''		\| {{Smallcaps\|abess}} \|\| zutta(e/ie)'''ta''' \|\| delas(i/o)'''ta''' \|\| nutu(a/ia)'''ta'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| {{Smallcaps\|caus}} \|\| ''zutta(e/ie)'''kai''''' \|\| ''delas(i/o)'''kai''''' \|\| ''nutu(a/ia)'''kai'''''		\| {{Smallcaps\|caus}} \|\| zutta(e/ie)'''kai''' \|\| delas(i/o)'''kai''' \|\| nutu(a/ia)'''kai'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| {{Smallcaps\|ben}} \|\| ''zutta(e/ie)'''tu''''' \|\| ''delas(i/o)'''tu''''' \|\| ''nutu(a/ia)'''tu'''''		\| {{Smallcaps\|ben}} \|\| zutta(e/ie)'''tu''' \|\| delas(i/o)'''tu''' \|\| nutu(a/ia)'''tu'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| {{Smallcaps\|instr}} \|\| ''zutta(e/ie)'''kes''''' \|\| ''delas(i/o)'''kes''''' \|\| ''nutu(a/ia)'''kes'''''		\| {{Smallcaps\|instr}} \|\| zutta(e/ie)'''kes''' \|\| delas(i/o)'''kes''' \|\| nutu(a/ia)'''kes'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| {{Smallcaps\|ine}} \|\| ''zutta(e/ie)'''na''''' \|\| ''delas(i/o)'''na''''' \|\| ''nutu(a/ia)'''na'''''		\| {{Smallcaps\|ine}} \|\| zutta(e/ie)'''na''' \|\| delas(i/o)'''na''' \|\| nutu(a/ia)'''na'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| {{Smallcaps\|loc}} \|\| ''zutta(e/ie)'''tez''''' \|\| ''delas(i/o)'''tez''''' \|\| ''nutu(a/ia)'''kez'''''		\| {{Smallcaps\|loc}} \|\| zutta(e/ie)'''tez''' \|\| delas(i/o)'''tez''' \|\| nutu(a/ia)'''kez'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| {{Smallcaps\|all}} \|\| ''zutta(e/ie)'''ro''''' \|\| ''delas(i/o)'''to''''' \|\| ''nutu(a/ia)'''to'''''		\| {{Smallcaps\|all}} \|\| zutta(e/ie)'''ro''' \|\| delas(i/o)'''to''' \|\| nutu(a/ia)'''to'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| {{Smallcaps\|term}} \|\| ''zutta(e/ie)'''dan''''' \|\| ''delas(i/o)'''dan''''' \|\| ''nutu(a/ia)'''dan'''''		\| {{Smallcaps\|term}} \|\| zutta(e/ie)'''dan''' \|\| delas(i/o)'''dan''' \|\| nutu(a/ia)'''dan'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| {{Smallcaps\|abl}} \|\| ''zutta(e/ie)'''to''''' \|\| ''delas(i/o)'''to''''' \|\| ''nutu(a/ia)'''to'''''		\| {{Smallcaps\|abl}} \|\| zutta(e/ie)'''to''' \|\| delas(i/o)'''to''' \|\| nutu(a/ia)'''to'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| {{Smallcaps\|ptv}} \|\| ''zutta(-/ie)'''ku''''' \|\| ''delas(-/o)'''ku''''' \|\| ''nutu(-/ia)'''ku'''''		\| {{Smallcaps\|ptv}} \|\| zutta(-/ie)'''ku''' \|\| delas(-/o)'''ku''' \|\| nutu(-/ia)'''ku'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| {{Smallcaps\|prol}} \|\| ''zutta(e/ie)'''tuk''''' \|\| ''delas(i/o)'''tuk''''' \|\| ''nutu(a/ia)'''tuk'''''		\| {{Smallcaps\|prol}} \|\| zutta(e/ie)'''tuk''' \|\| delas(i/o)'''tuk''' \|\| nutu(a/ia)'''tuk'''
	\|}		\|}

Puyongechi: /* Intransitive verbs */

2021-07-01T13:56:14Z

Intransitive verbs

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:56, 1 July 2021
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	\|}		\|}

	====Mood====		===Mood===
	There are three moods in Naibas: indicative, imperative and [[w:Jussive mood\|jussive]]. The '''imperative''' is formed by not modifying the verb at all (nurk - to pay; nurk! - pay!). The second person plural imperative is formed by adding the personal pronoun after the verb (nurk bi! - y'all pay!).		There are three moods in Naibas: indicative, imperative and [[w:Jussive mood\|jussive]]. The '''imperative''' is formed by not modifying the verb at all (nurk - to pay; nurk! - pay!). The second person plural imperative is formed by adding the personal pronoun after the verb (nurk bi! - y'all pay!).

Puyongechi: /* Mood */

2021-07-01T13:55:32Z

Mood

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:55, 1 July 2021
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	====Mood====		====Mood====
	There are three moods in Naibas: indicative, imperative and [[w:Jussive mood\|jussive]]. The '''imperative''' is formed by not modifying the verb at all (nurk - to pay; nurk! - pay!).		There are three moods in Naibas: indicative, imperative and [[w:Jussive mood\|jussive]]. The '''imperative''' is formed by not modifying the verb at all (nurk - to pay; nurk! - pay!). The second person plural imperative is formed by adding the personal pronoun after the verb (nurk bi! - y'all pay!).

			The '''jussive''' case is slowly disappearing from Naibas speakers' everyday use, but it is still required in formal contexts and an alive element in the most standard varieties of Naibas. It has three functions: negative imperative, formal imperative and third person imperative. It forms adding ''-xe'' after the subject mark in transitive verbs, and after the verb in intransitive verbs (ki gulazexe! - don't drink!; gulaxe! - let him drink!). The jussive case can be used in 1PL verbs to form structures similar to "let's do something!" (gulunuxe! - let's drink!), but most speakers use the indicative mood (gulun! - let's drink! (lit.: we drink!)). It is also important to note that some people form the negative imperative by adding ''ki'' (not) before the verb (ki gulk! - don't drink!).

	==Syntax==		==Syntax==

Puyongechi: /* Verbal morphology */

2021-07-01T13:43:22Z

Verbal morphology

@@ Line 458: / Line 458: @@
 | -pa-
 | ''agulepa'' 'I gotta drink it'
 |}

Puyongechi: /* Morphology */

2021-07-01T11:46:00Z

Morphology

@@ Line 363: / Line 363: @@
 ====Superlative====
 The superlative forms by adding ''-ain-'' between the adjective and the gender mark (nivi - niv'''ain'''i 'the tallest'). To mean "the least", ''-uin-'' is placed in said position (nivi - niv'''uin'''i 'the least tall'). Superlative adjectives need the partitive case for the noun they describe, so "the tallest building" would be ''nivaini getox'''ku''''' where ''getox'' (building) has the partitive case mark ''-ku''. Adjectives in Naibas use plural marks if the noun is absent: ''nivixo'' (the tall ones).
 ==Syntax==

Puyongechi: /* Phonotactics */

2021-07-01T11:13:59Z

Phonotactics

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:13, 1 July 2021
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	* Onset (can be null): /b/, /d/, /f/, /g/, /k/, /c/, /ɟ/, /ʝ/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /ɲ/, /p/, /r/, /s̺/, /s̻/, /ʃ/, /t͡ʃ/, /t/, /β/ (only after a vowel), /l/, /ɾ/, /s̺/ or /s̻/.		* Onset (can be null): /b/, /d/, /f/, /g/, /k/, /c/, /ɟ/, /ʝ/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /ɲ/, /p/, /r/, /s̺/, /s̻/, /ʃ/, /t͡ʃ/, /t/, /β/ (only after a vowel), /l/, /ɾ/, /s̺/ or /s̻/.
	** Consonant clusters allowed in onset are: /tɾ/, /dɾ/, /kɾ/, /gɾ/, /pɾ/, /bɾ/, /kl/, /gl/, /pl/, /bl/, /fr/, /fl/. /kn/, /tn/ and /pn/ are also possible but some speakers substitute them with /n/ or /m/, and then the following vowel becomes a diphthong (kneta - neita; pnaxko - maixko).		** Consonant clusters allowed in onset are: /tɾ/, /dɾ/, /kɾ/, /gɾ/, /pɾ/, /bɾ/, /kl/, /gl/, /pl/, /bl/, /fr/, /fl/. /kn/. /tn/ and /pn/ are also possible but some speakers substitute them with /n/ or /m/, and then the following vowel becomes a diphthong (kneta - neita; pnaxko - maixko).
	* Nucleus: vowels and diphthongs.		* Nucleus: vowels and diphthongs.
	* Coda (can be null): /k/, /t/, /p/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /ʔ/, /f/, /s̺/, /s̻/, /ʃ/, /l/, /ɫ/, /r/, /ɾ/		* Coda (can be null): /k/, /t/, /p/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /ʔ/, /f/, /s̺/, /s̻/, /ʃ/, /l/, /ɫ/, /r/, /ɾ/

Puyongechi: /* Intonation */

2021-07-01T11:11:44Z

Intonation

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:11, 1 July 2021
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	When it comes to adding the definite suffix -e, -i or -a, some words ending in vowel have two possible pronunciations. The word ''inere'' (girl), if attached the suffix (inere'''-i''') can be pronounced either /ɪˈne.ɾeɪ/ or /ɪˈne.ɾeˌi/. The same thing happens with masculine words ending in -u (maiddu / maiddu'''-e''': /ˈmaiʔ.ɟwe/ or /ˈmaiʔ.ɟuˌe/ 'beaver') or in -i (koddi / koddi'''-e''': /ˈkɔʔ.ɟje/ or /ˈkɔʔ.ɟiˌe/ 'dog').		When it comes to adding the definite suffix -e, -i or -a, some words ending in vowel have two possible pronunciations. The word ''inere'' (girl), if attached the suffix (inere'''-i''') can be pronounced either /ɪˈne.ɾeɪ/ or /ɪˈne.ɾeˌi/. The same thing happens with masculine words ending in -u (maiddu / maiddu'''-e''': /ˈmaiʔ.ɟwe/ or /ˈmaiʔ.ɟuˌe/ 'beaver') or in -i (koddi / koddi'''-e''': /ˈkɔʔ.ɟje/ or /ˈkɔʔ.ɟiˌe/ 'dog').

	~~====Intonation====~~

	===Phonotactics===		===Phonotactics===

Puyongechi: /* Superlative */

2021-06-30T00:03:42Z

Superlative

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:03, 30 June 2021
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	====Superlative====		====Superlative====
			The superlative forms by adding ''-ain-'' between the adjective and the gender mark (nivi - niv'''ain'''i 'the tallest'). To mean "the least", ''-uin-'' is placed in said position (nivi - niv'''uin'''i 'the least tall'). Superlative adjectives need the partitive case for the noun they describe, so "the tallest building" would be ''nivaini getox'''ku''''' where ''getox'' (building) has the partitive case mark ''-ku''. Adjectives in Naibas use plural marks if the noun is absent: ''nivixo'' (the tall ones).

	==Syntax==		==Syntax==