Nahónda - Revision history

Anyar: /* Verb Template */

2024-01-01T02:53:44Z

Verb Template

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	! colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background-color:#E0E0E0" \| Pronominals		! colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background-color:#E0E0E0" \| Pronominals
	\|-		\|-
	\| style="text-align:center" \| ~~Active~~		\| style="text-align:center" \| Agent
	\| style="text-align:center" \| Patient		\| style="text-align:center" \| Patient
	\| style="text-align:center" \| Extensions		\| style="text-align:center" \| Extensions

Anyar: /* Nahónda Vowel Inventory */

2022-12-29T15:50:26Z

Nahónda Vowel Inventory

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	=== ~~Nahónda Vowel Inventory~~ ===		=== Vowels ===
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	\|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"		\|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"

Anyar: /* Nahónda Consonantal Inventory */

2022-12-29T15:50:02Z

Nahónda Consonantal Inventory

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	Nahónda phonology is relatively straightforward. Except for ejectives, its phonemic inventory otherwise consists of an average set of consonants, and a five-vowel system. Its phonemic inventory is considerably larger than Nankóre, which lost most of its voiced consonants, and is slightly larger than Minhast, which lacks affricates. In syllabic structure, a CV syllabic structure predominates and almost all words end in a vowel, although intermedial biconsonantal clusters do occur, e.g. ''wanko'' /waŋku/ "that one over there".		Nahónda phonology is relatively straightforward. Except for ejectives, its phonemic inventory otherwise consists of an average set of consonants, and a five-vowel system. Its phonemic inventory is considerably larger than Nankóre, which lost most of its voiced consonants, and is slightly larger than Minhast, which lacks affricates. In syllabic structure, a CV syllabic structure predominates and almost all words end in a vowel, although intermedial biconsonantal clusters do occur, e.g. ''wanko'' /waŋku/ "that one over there".

	===~~Nahónda Consonantal Inventory~~===		===Consonants===
	~~Under the influence of Siouan Sprachbund,~~ Nahónda is the only Nahenic language that has preserved the original ejectives reconstructed from the protolanguage. The velar fricative and pharyngeal fricative were also lost, merging with /h/. The rhotic /r/ merged with /l/, likely due to Lakota influence.		Nahónda is the only Nahenic language that has preserved the original ejectives reconstructed from the protolanguage. The velar fricative and pharyngeal fricative were also lost, merging with /h/. The rhotic /r/ merged with /l/, likely due to Lakota influence.

	{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg"		{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg"

Anyar at 15:48, 29 December 2022

2022-12-29T15:48:22Z

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	\|states = Great Plains First Nations Confederation		\|states = Great Plains First Nations Confederation
	\|speakers = 60,450		\|speakers = 60,450
	\|date = ~~2005~~		\|date = 2013
	\|familycolor = panlaffic		\|familycolor = panlaffic
	\|fam1 = Nahenic		\|fam1 = Nahenic

Anyar at 15:45, 29 December 2022

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 {{Construction}}
 == Introduction ==
-Nahónda, also known as Nónda and referred to by its own speakers as ''Nahónda keloma'' (lit. "Nahónda speak"), is a language centered in Northwestern Montana.  It is bordered by the Lakota Nation to the east, by the Cheyenne to the south, and the Blackfeet and Crow Nations to the north.  Along its western border lies the Nez Percé Nation.  Long considered a language isolate, new analyses has demonstrated it shares a common lineage with [[Minhast]] and [[Nankôre]].  It has now been classified as a member of the Nahenic language family, a small family that includes Minhast and Nankóre, as well as the recently discovered Neina or Na'ena language in northeast Siberia.  Nahónda is the second largest member of this family, around 60,450 members in the First Nations Confederation, with a few expatriate communities the largest of which exists in southern Manitoba at around nine hundred members.  Minhast remains the population juggernaut, at 26 million members in the Minhast homeland, and around 3 million more scattered in expatriate communities throughout the rest of the world.
+Nahónda, also known as Nónda and referred to by its own speakers as ''Nahónda klóma'' (lit. "Nahónda speak"), is a language centered in Northwestern Montana.  It is bordered by the Lakota Nation to the east, by the Cheyenne to the south, and the Blackfeet and Crow Nations to the north.  Along its western border lies the Nez Percé Nation.  Long considered a language isolate, new analyses has demonstrated it shares a common lineage with [[Minhast]] and [[Nankôre]].  It has now been classified as a member of the Nahenic language family, a small family that includes Minhast and Nankóre, as well as the recently discovered Neina or Na'ena language in northeast Siberia.  Nahónda is the second largest member of this family, around 60,450 members in the Great Plains First Nations Confederation, with a few expatriate communities the largest of which exists in southern Manitoba at around nine hundred members.  Minhast remains the population juggernaut, at 26 million members in the Minhast homeland, and around 3 million more scattered in expatriate communities throughout the rest of the world.
 Nahónda is an agglutinative and fusional language which is most apparent in its complex verb forms.  Its morphosyntactic alignment is split-intransitive of the Fluid-S subtype.  Agents are explicitly marked while patients receive null marking.  Nahónda canonical word order is SOV, as in both Minhast and Nankóre, but word order is quite flexible and may deviate from SOV word order for pragmatics or other discourse considerations.  Like Minhast, it is considered a polysynthetic language as it exhibits polypersonal agreement, noun incorporation, head marking, holophrasis, and the occurrence of adverbial, modal, and evidential markers inside the verb complex.  The evolution of Nahónda polysynthesis is complex, reflecting both developments from its Nahenic ancestry, and influences from outside sources, especially the Siouan languages.

Anyar: /* Conjugation Class */

2022-04-19T10:13:26Z

Conjugation Class

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	===== Conjugation Class =====		===== Conjugation Class =====
	The Conjugation Class slot is occupied by one of three suffixes or their allomorphs, ''-no'', ''-né'', and ''-na''. ~~<ref>~~These suffixes are descended from Proto-Nahenic auxiliaries, ''ne'nok'' "do", and ''ya'na:ʔ'' "be". In Classical Minhast and many of the modern northern dialects, these became the transitive ''-un'' and intransitive ''-an'' affixes, and ''-u'' and ''-an'' in all other dialects. In Nankôre, the Proto-Nahenic auxiliaries survive as the verb ''unna'', "to make", and the stative auxiliary ''iná''.</ref> While both Minhast and Nankôre preserve the distinction of transitive-intransitive or active-stative meanings from the protolanguage's auxiliaries, a considerable amount of syncretism has occurred in Nahónda. So while a slightly higher number of active verbs end with ''-no'' and stative verbs with ''-né'' or ''-na'' in their basic forms, many active verbs have ''-né'' or ''-na'' endings, and ''-no'' for stative verbs. Interestingly, when a third person singular agent acts on a third person singular patient, the verb obligatorily takes the ''-no'' ending, as third person singular agents and third person singular patients both take null marking.<ref>Its Minhast relative shares this null-marking feature</ref> This so-called "''no''-flipping" of ''-né/-na'' endings is the primary way of cross-indexing the agent when it experiences pro-drop. <ref>The Siouan languages also null-mark third person singular agents and patients, but there is no reason to conclude that they contributed to ''no''-flipping.</ref>		The Conjugation Class slot is occupied by one of three suffixes or their allomorphs, ''-no'', ''-né'', and ''-na''. These suffixes are descended from Proto-Nahenic auxiliaries, transitive ''ne'nok'' "do", and intransitive''ya'na:ʔ'' "be". <ref>In Classical Minhast and many of the modern northern dialects, these became the transitive ''-un'' and intransitive ''-an'' affixes, and ''-u'' and ''-an'' in all other dialects. In Nankôre, the Proto-Nahenic auxiliaries survive as the verb ''unna'', "to make", and the stative auxiliary ''iná''.</ref> While both Minhast and Nankôre preserve the distinction of transitive-intransitive or active-stative meanings from the protolanguage's auxiliaries, a considerable amount of syncretism has occurred in Nahónda. So while a slightly higher number of active verbs end with ''-no'' and stative verbs with ''-né'' or ''-na'' in their basic forms, many active verbs have ''-né'' or ''-na'' endings, and ''-no'' for stative verbs. Interestingly, when a third person singular agent acts on a third person singular patient, the verb obligatorily takes the ''-no'' ending, as third person singular agents and third person singular patients both take null marking.<ref>Its Minhast relative shares this null-marking feature</ref> This so-called "''no''-flipping" of ''-né/-na'' endings is the primary way of cross-indexing the agent when it experiences pro-drop. <ref>The Siouan languages also null-mark third person singular agents and patients, but there is no reason to conclude that they contributed to ''no''-flipping.</ref>

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Anyar: /* Conjugation Class */

2022-04-19T10:09:30Z

Conjugation Class

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	===== Conjugation Class =====		===== Conjugation Class =====
	The Conjugation Class slot is occupied by one of three suffixes or their allomorphs, ''-no'', ''-né'', and ''-na''. These suffixes are descended from Proto-Nahenic auxiliaries, ''ne'nok'' "do", and ''ya'na:ʔ'' "be". In Classical Minhast and many of the modern northern dialects, these became the transitive ''-un'' and intransitive ''-an'' affixes, and ''-u'' and ''-an'' in all other dialects. In Nankôre, the Proto-Nahenic auxiliaries survive as the verb ''unna'', "to make", and the stative auxiliary ''iná''. While both Minhast and Nankôre preserve a distinction of transitive-intransitive or active-stative meanings from the protolanguage's auxiliaries, a considerable amount of syncretism has occurred in Nahónda. So while a slightly higher number of active verbs end with ''-no'' and stative verbs with ''-né'' or ''-na'' in their basic forms, many active verbs have ''-né'' or ''-na'' endings, and ''-no'' for stative verbs. Interestingly, when a third person singular agent acts on a third person singular patient, the verb obligatorily takes the ''-no'' ending, as third person singular agents and third person singular patients both take null marking.<ref>Its Minhast relative shares this null-marking feature</ref> This so-called "''no''-flipping" of ''-né/-na'' endings is the primary way of cross-indexing the agent when it experiences pro-drop. <ref>The Siouan languages also null-mark third person singular agents and patients, but there is no reason to conclude that they contributed to ''no''-flipping.</ref>		The Conjugation Class slot is occupied by one of three suffixes or their allomorphs, ''-no'', ''-né'', and ''-na''. <ref>These suffixes are descended from Proto-Nahenic auxiliaries, ''ne'nok'' "do", and ''ya'na:ʔ'' "be". In Classical Minhast and many of the modern northern dialects, these became the transitive ''-un'' and intransitive ''-an'' affixes, and ''-u'' and ''-an'' in all other dialects. In Nankôre, the Proto-Nahenic auxiliaries survive as the verb ''unna'', "to make", and the stative auxiliary ''iná''.</ref> While both Minhast and Nankôre preserve the distinction of transitive-intransitive or active-stative meanings from the protolanguage's auxiliaries, a considerable amount of syncretism has occurred in Nahónda. So while a slightly higher number of active verbs end with ''-no'' and stative verbs with ''-né'' or ''-na'' in their basic forms, many active verbs have ''-né'' or ''-na'' endings, and ''-no'' for stative verbs. Interestingly, when a third person singular agent acts on a third person singular patient, the verb obligatorily takes the ''-no'' ending, as third person singular agents and third person singular patients both take null marking.<ref>Its Minhast relative shares this null-marking feature</ref> This so-called "''no''-flipping" of ''-né/-na'' endings is the primary way of cross-indexing the agent when it experiences pro-drop. <ref>The Siouan languages also null-mark third person singular agents and patients, but there is no reason to conclude that they contributed to ''no''-flipping.</ref>

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Anyar: /* Verb Template */

2022-03-23T20:22:55Z

Verb Template

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	Nevertheless, there are certain patterns shared by both languages. In both languages, the scalar operators appear before the verb root in both languages. The position of the incorporated noun appears directly after the verb in both languages, an otherwise rare phenomenon in polysynthetic languages. The causative appears before the verb root in both languages, occupying a single slot within the Nahónda verb template, and Slot 3 of the Preverbal affixes in the Minhast template. Moreover, the tense/aspect and so-called "Conjugation Class", coinciding with the slot for the Minhast transitivity markers, appear after the verb root, in the same ordinal position in both languages. The placement of these slots relative to the verb root is not coincidental but is the result from a shared ancestry.		Nevertheless, there are certain patterns shared by both languages. In both languages, the scalar operators appear before the verb root in both languages. The position of the incorporated noun appears directly after the verb in both languages, an otherwise rare phenomenon in polysynthetic languages. The causative appears before the verb root in both languages, occupying a single slot within the Nahónda verb template, and Slot 3 of the Preverbal affixes in the Minhast template. Moreover, the tense/aspect and so-called "Conjugation Class", coinciding with the slot for the Minhast transitivity markers, appear after the verb root, in the same ordinal position in both languages. The placement of these slots relative to the verb root is not coincidental but is the result from a shared ancestry.

	Interestingly, their non-polysynthetic relative, Nankôre, employs a similar process to noun incorporation called [[Nankôre#Quasi-Noun_Incorporation \| Quasi-Incorporation]]. And just as in Nahónda and Minhast, the quasi-incorporated noun appears immediately after the verb root.		Interestingly, their non-polysynthetic relative, Nankôre, employs a similar process to noun incorporation called [[Nankôre#Quasi-Noun_Incorporation \| Quasi-Incorporation]]. And just as in Nahónda and Minhast, the quasi-incorporated noun appears immediately after the verb root, just before the verbal auxiliary.

	The postverbal position of the incorporated or quasi-incorporated noun is a shared feature among the three languages, apparently inherited from the Nahenic protolanguage.		The postverbal position of the incorporated or quasi-incorporated noun is a shared feature among the three languages, apparently inherited from the Nahenic protolanguage.

Anyar: /* Verb Template */

2022-03-07T00:59:40Z

Verb Template

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	! rowspan="2" \|		! rowspan="2" \|
	\| colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" \| Adverbials		\| colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" \| Adverbials
	\| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" \| ~~Deictics~~		\| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" \| Locationals
	\| style="text-align:center" \| Precatives		\| style="text-align:center" \| Precatives
	\| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" \| Finals		\| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" \| Finals

Anyar: /* Nahónda Consonantal Inventory */

2022-03-07T00:55:35Z

Nahónda Consonantal Inventory

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:55, 7 March 2022
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	===Nahónda Consonantal Inventory===		===Nahónda Consonantal Inventory===
	Under the influence of Siouan Sprachbund, Nahónda is the only Nahenic language that has preserved the original ejectives reconstructed from the protolanguage. The velar fricative and pharyngeal fricative were also lost. The rhotic /r/ merged with /l/, likely due to Lakota influence.		Under the influence of Siouan Sprachbund, Nahónda is the only Nahenic language that has preserved the original ejectives reconstructed from the protolanguage. The velar fricative and pharyngeal fricative were also lost, merging with /h/. The rhotic /r/ merged with /l/, likely due to Lakota influence.

	{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg"		{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg"

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	! colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background-color:#E0E0E0" \| Pronominals		! colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background-color:#E0E0E0" \| Pronominals
	\|-		\|-
	\| style="text-align:center" \| ~~Active~~		\| style="text-align:center" \| Agent
	\| style="text-align:center" \| Patient		\| style="text-align:center" \| Patient
	\| style="text-align:center" \| Extensions		\| style="text-align:center" \| Extensions

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	! rowspan="2" \|		! rowspan="2" \|
	\| colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" \| Adverbials		\| colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" \| Adverbials
	\| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" \| ~~Deictics~~		\| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" \| Locationals
	\| style="text-align:center" \| Precatives		\| style="text-align:center" \| Precatives
	\| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" \| Finals		\| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" \| Finals