Minhast - Revision history

Anyar: /* Preverb 3 Mood-Aspect-Manner Affixes */

2026-03-07T21:04:45Z

Preverb 3 Mood-Aspect-Manner Affixes

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:04, 7 March 2026
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	Unlike other verb slots, where the affixes are strictly ordered in relation to each other, the affixes in the Preverb 3 slot exhibit free order, or to be more precise, they are scope-ordered. Within this slot, a given affix exhibits scope over the element immediately to its right. With few exceptions, several affixes may occur simultaneously, limited only by whether the combination "makes sense", i.e. the resulting semantic meaning is felicitous.		Unlike other verb slots, where the affixes are strictly ordered in relation to each other, the affixes in the Preverb 3 slot exhibit free order, or to be more precise, they are scope-ordered. Within this slot, a given affix exhibits scope over the element immediately to its right. With few exceptions, several affixes may occur simultaneously, limited only by whether the combination "makes sense", i.e. the resulting semantic meaning is felicitous.

	The positional variability within this slot traces back to an earlier stage in the language when these affixes were originally independent words in either a preposed-''wa'' construction, or verb-verb apposition structure. These older analytic structures were eventually reanalyzed and ~~gramatticalized~~, ultimately fusing both ~~phonetically~~ and morphologically into the verb complex.		The positional variability within this slot traces back to an earlier stage in the language when these affixes were originally independent words in either a preposed-''wa'' construction, or verb-verb apposition structure. These older analytic structures were eventually reanalyzed and grammaticalized, ultimately fusing both phonologically and morphologically into the verb complex.

	{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg sortable mw-collapsible"		{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg sortable mw-collapsible"

Anyar: /* Unmarked Oblique */

2026-03-07T20:52:12Z

Unmarked Oblique

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:52, 7 March 2026
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	===== Unmarked Oblique=====		===== Unmarked Oblique=====
	The Unmarked Oblique is in form indistinguishable from the Absolutive. However, it is identifiable in that is is always the noun phrase that lacks an agreement marker in the verb. Unmarked oblique nouns, when they appear, are usually patients of low transitivity verbs, or unindividuated patients of mid-transitivity verbs, e.g. ''Yak <u>eškat</u> pes-ek-araban'' "I was harvesting mushroooms". For perceptive verbs, their presence may differentiate non-volitional, unintentional, or accidental occurrences from deliberate, intentive ones, e.g. ''Yak kaslub šullum-ek-aran'' "I heard a dog", vs. ''Yakte kaslub šullum-ek-aru'' "I ''listened to'' the dog".		The Unmarked Oblique is in form indistinguishable from the Absolutive. However, it is identifiable in that is is always the noun phrase that lacks an agreement marker in the verb. Unmarked oblique nouns, when they appear, are usually patients of low transitivity verbs, or unindividuated patients of mid-transitivity verbs, e.g. ''Yak <u>eškat</u> pes-ek-araban'' "I was harvesting mushroooms". For perceptive verbs, their presence may differentiate non-volitional, unintentional, or accidental occurrences from deliberate, intentive ones, e.g. ''Yak <u>kaslub</u> šullum-ek-aran'' "I heard a dog", vs. ''Yakte kaslub šullum-ek-aru'' "I ''listened to'' the dog".

	Unmarked obliques are often considered adjuncts, non-essential information provided only ~~too~~ provide more information, so it is not surprising that they are converted to antitopics via postposed ''wa=''binding, e.g. ''Yakte šullum-ek-aran, ~~wakkaslub~~.''		Unmarked obliques are often considered adjuncts, non-essential information provided only to provide more information, so it is not surprising that they are frequently converted to antitopics via postposed ''wa=''binding, e.g. ''Yakte šullum-ek-aran, wak<u>kaslub</u>.''

	====Tense-Aspect Marking====		====Tense-Aspect Marking====

Anyar: /* Unmarked Oblique */

2026-03-07T20:49:48Z

Unmarked Oblique

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:49, 7 March 2026
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	===== Unmarked Oblique=====		===== Unmarked Oblique=====
	The Unmarked Oblique is in form indistinguishable from the Absolutive. However, it is identifiable in that is is always the noun phrase that lacks an agreement marker in the verb. Unmarked oblique nouns, when they appear, are usually patients of low transitivity verbs, or unindividuated patients of mid-transitivity verbs, e.g. ''Yak <u>eškat</u> pes-ek-araban'' "I was harvesting mushroooms". For perceptive verbs, their presence may differentiate non-volitional, unintentional, or accidental occurrences from deliberate, intentive ones, e.g. ''Yak kaslub šullum-ek-aran'' "I heard a dog", vs. ''Yakte kaslub šullum-ek-aru'' "I ''listened to'' the dog".		The Unmarked Oblique is in form indistinguishable from the Absolutive. However, it is identifiable in that is is always the noun phrase that lacks an agreement marker in the verb. Unmarked oblique nouns, when they appear, are usually patients of low transitivity verbs, or unindividuated patients of mid-transitivity verbs, e.g. ''Yak <u>eškat</u> pes-ek-araban'' "I was harvesting mushroooms". For perceptive verbs, their presence may differentiate non-volitional, unintentional, or accidental occurrences from deliberate, intentive ones, e.g. ''Yak kaslub šullum-ek-aran'' "I heard a dog", vs. ''Yakte kaslub šullum-ek-aru'' "I ''listened to'' the dog".

			Unmarked obliques are often considered adjuncts, non-essential information provided only too provide more information, so it is not surprising that they are converted to antitopics via postposed ''wa=''binding, e.g. ''Yakte šullum-ek-aran, wakkaslub.''

	====Tense-Aspect Marking====		====Tense-Aspect Marking====

Anyar: /* Unmarked Oblique */

2026-03-07T20:37:18Z

Unmarked Oblique

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:37, 7 March 2026
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	===== Unmarked Oblique=====		===== Unmarked Oblique=====
			The Unmarked Oblique is in form indistinguishable from the Absolutive. However, it is identifiable in that is is always the noun phrase that lacks an agreement marker in the verb. Unmarked oblique nouns, when they appear, are usually patients of low transitivity verbs, or unindividuated patients of mid-transitivity verbs, e.g. ''Yak <u>eškat</u> pes-ek-araban'' "I was harvesting mushroooms". For perceptive verbs, their presence may differentiate non-volitional, unintentional, or accidental occurrences from deliberate, intentive ones, e.g. ''Yak kaslub šullum-ek-aran'' "I heard a dog", vs. ''Yakte kaslub šullum-ek-aru'' "I ''listened to'' the dog".

	====Tense-Aspect Marking====		====Tense-Aspect Marking====

Anyar: /* Tense-Aspect (TA) Affixes */

2026-02-16T18:23:58Z

Tense-Aspect (TA) Affixes

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:23, 16 February 2026
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	! Distributed-Periodic		! Distributed-Periodic
	\| -(a)x-		\| -(a)x-
			\|-
			! Iterative 2
			\| -(a)š-<ref>For numeric roots only</ref>
	\|-		\|-
	! Partial Completion		! Partial Completion

Anyar: /* Verbal Possession */

2025-09-07T19:23:29Z

Verbal Possession

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:23, 7 September 2025
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	# *Wakektaltahan (Intended: "Your horse")		# *Wakektaltahan (Intended: "Your horse")

	In Modern Standard Minhast, the verb ''ittaħšu'' "to take" can secondarily mean "to have". Amongst younger speakers, the secondary meaning has actually eclipsed the original meaning. Because of this semantic bleaching, the Durative affix is now added to the verb stem to convey the meaning "to have", as in ''iħtašittaħšu'', whilst the Semelfactive, as in ''minnittaħšu'', is used by these speakers too convey "to take", displacing its original meaning, "~~too~~ seize".		In Modern Standard Minhast, the verb ''ittaħšu'' "to take" can secondarily mean "to have". Amongst younger speakers, the secondary meaning has actually eclipsed the original meaning. Because of this semantic bleaching, the Durative affix is now added to the verb stem to convey the meaning "to have", as in ''iħtašittaħšu'', whilst the Semelfactive, as in ''minnittaħšu'', is used by these speakers too convey "to take", displacing its original meaning, "to seize".

	For animate possessa, the verb ''rununk-'' (to guide, to command) is used, but there is a noticeable avoidance of it for humans or other high agency nouns:		For animate possessa, the verb ''rununk-'' (to guide, to command) is used, but there is a noticeable avoidance of it for humans or other high agency nouns:

Anyar: /* Terminative Affixes */

2025-08-17T00:37:16Z

Terminative Affixes

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:37, 17 August 2025
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	! rowspan="9" \|Evidentials		! rowspan="9" \|Evidentials
	! Factive		! Factive
	\| -∅- <br/>-ne <br/>-št(a)-<br/>-štanne		\| -∅- <br/>-ne- <br/>-št(a)-<br/>-štanne-
	\| Referred to as the Gnomic, Aorist, and Neutral in other comparative linguistics material, the term Factive is used due to the influence of Iroquoian linguistic literature, since early treatises of Minhast were conducted by experts in the Iroquoian languages, who noticed structural and typological similarities between the two otherwise different language groups.		\| Referred to as the Gnomic, Aorist, and Neutral in other comparative linguistics material, the term Factive is used due to the influence of Iroquoian linguistic literature, since early treatises of Minhast were conducted by experts in the Iroquoian languages, who noticed structural and typological similarities between the two otherwise different language groups.
	\|-		\|-
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	! rowspan="4" \|Miratives		! rowspan="4" \|Miratives
	! Unexpected		! Unexpected
	\| -kil- <br/> -kila		\| -kil- <br/> -kila-
	\| Indicates the verb is a sudden, unexpected event or state. The second form occurs in verb-final position.		\| Indicates the verb is a sudden, unexpected event or state. The second form occurs in verb-final position.
	\|-		\|-

Anyar: /* Oblique Cases */

2025-08-16T21:06:29Z

Oblique Cases

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:06, 16 August 2025
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	====Oblique Cases====		====Oblique Cases====

			===== Marked Oblique=====

	Position and directional information are marked on the NP by various clitics. A few clitics are used to mark an argument that has been demoted by antipassivation, or by displacement by applicative formation. Some forms are dialectal or rare, such as the Inessive =''kīr/=kir''. The Oblique clitics have two forms, one form with a short medial vowel, and the other with a long medial vowel. Use of both forms are acceptable, but native speakers tend to use the clitics with short vowels when the clitic is preceded by a long vowel, while the converse is true for the clitics forms with long vowels. Highly uncommon postpositions, such as the aforementioned Inessive =''kīr/=kir'' are indicated in the following table with a double asterisk (**).		Position and directional information are marked on the NP by various clitics. A few clitics are used to mark an argument that has been demoted by antipassivation, or by displacement by applicative formation. Some forms are dialectal or rare, such as the Inessive =''kīr/=kir''. The Oblique clitics have two forms, one form with a short medial vowel, and the other with a long medial vowel. Use of both forms are acceptable, but native speakers tend to use the clitics with short vowels when the clitic is preceded by a long vowel, while the converse is true for the clitics forms with long vowels. Highly uncommon postpositions, such as the aforementioned Inessive =''kīr/=kir'' are indicated in the following table with a double asterisk (**).
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	\|}		\|}

			===== Unmarked Oblique=====

	====Tense-Aspect Marking====		====Tense-Aspect Marking====

Anyar: /* Verbal Possession */

2025-08-10T21:50:32Z

Verbal Possession

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:50, 10 August 2025
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	# *Wakektaltahan (Intended: "Your horse")		# *Wakektaltahan (Intended: "Your horse")

	In Modern Standard Minhast, the verb ''ittaħšu'' "to take" can secondarily mean "to have". Amongst younger speakers, the secondary meaning has actually eclipsed the original meaning. Because of this semantic bleaching, the Durative affix is now added to the verb stem to convey the meaning "to have", as in ''iħtašittaħšu'', whilst the Semelfactive, as in ''minnittaħšu'', is used by these speakers too convey "to take".		In Modern Standard Minhast, the verb ''ittaħšu'' "to take" can secondarily mean "to have". Amongst younger speakers, the secondary meaning has actually eclipsed the original meaning. Because of this semantic bleaching, the Durative affix is now added to the verb stem to convey the meaning "to have", as in ''iħtašittaħšu'', whilst the Semelfactive, as in ''minnittaħšu'', is used by these speakers too convey "to take", displacing its original meaning, "too seize".

	For animate possessa, the verb ''rununk-'' (to guide, to command) is used, but there is a noticeable avoidance of it for humans or other high agency nouns:		For animate possessa, the verb ''rununk-'' (to guide, to command) is used, but there is a noticeable avoidance of it for humans or other high agency nouns:

Anyar: /* Temporal */

2025-08-02T19:13:18Z

Temporal

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:13, 2 August 2025
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	\| translation = While the other one ate, he watched tv. ''(lit. "The one (non-focus) who ate beside him (focus), he (focus) tv-watched.")'		\| translation = While the other one ate, he watched tv. ''(lit. "The one (non-focus) who ate beside him (focus), he (focus) tv-watched.")'
	}}		}}

			The Participial may also be used to create circumstantial clauses. This construction appears more often in Lower Minhast dialects.

	===== Purposive =====		===== Purposive =====