Middle Semitic/Morphophonology - Revision history

Aquatiki: /* Verbs */

2025-02-04T02:38:32Z

Verbs

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:38, 4 February 2025
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	: Inf. laMLaK ܠܡܠܟ		: Inf. laMLaK ܠܡܠܟ
	: Imp. ܡܠܟ		: Imp. ܡܠܟ
	~~Only indicative and imperative moods~~

	~~no productive causative~~


	== Notes ==		== Notes ==

Aquatiki: /* Pronouns */

2025-02-01T05:01:12Z

Pronouns

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:01, 1 February 2025
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	\|-		\|-
	! 2		! 2
	\| -kâ <sub>m</sub> {{Sy\|{{C\|-ܟܐ}}}} -kî <sub>f</sub> {{Sy\|{{C\|-ܟܝ}}}} \|\| -kûm {{Sy\|{{C\|-~~ܟܘܡ~~}}}}		\| -kâ <sub>m</sub> {{Sy\|{{C\|-ܟܐ}}}} -kî <sub>f</sub> {{Sy\|{{C\|-ܟܝ}}}} \|\| -kûm {{Sy\|{{C\|-ܟܡ}}}}
	\|-		\|-
	! 3		! 3
	\| -hû <sub>m</sub> {{Sy\|{{C\|-ܗܘ}}}} -hâ <sub>f</sub> {{Sy\|{{C\|-ܗܐ}}}} \|\| -hûm {{Sy\|{{C\|-~~ܗܘܡ~~}}}}		\| -hû <sub>m</sub> {{Sy\|{{C\|-ܗܘ}}}} -hâ <sub>f</sub> {{Sy\|{{C\|-ܗܐ}}}} \|\| -hûm {{Sy\|{{C\|-ܗܡ}}}}
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable" style="width:auto;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="width:auto;"
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	The pronouns may seem strange for Indo-Europeans, but are utterly normal for Semitic speakers. There are independent forms which can only serve as the subject of a clause. Another set of forms serves two functions: they attach to verbs to mark direct objects, or they attach to nouns to indicate genitival possession.		The pronouns may seem strange for Indo-Europeans, but are utterly normal for Semitic speakers. There are independent forms which can only serve as the subject of a clause. Another set of forms serves two functions: they attach to verbs to mark direct objects, or they attach to nouns to indicate genitival possession.


	== Verbs ==		== Verbs ==

Aquatiki at 15:06, 31 January 2025

2025-01-31T15:06:39Z

Show changes

Aquatiki at 04:25, 31 January 2025

2025-01-31T04:25:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:25, 31 January 2025
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	* Two states - regular and construct. Construct is frozen, not productive. The genitive clitic (cp. English ‘’of’’) is dal - [[ܕܠ]]<ref>a combination of Aramaic '’d-'', and Western Arabics ''dyal’’</ref>		* Two states - regular and construct. Construct is frozen, not productive. The genitive clitic (cp. English ‘’of’’) is dal - [[ܕܠ]]<ref>a combination of Aramaic '’d-'', and Western Arabics ''dyal’’</ref>
	* Definiteness can only be achieved through proper nouns or the definite article [[ܗܠ]]/hal<ref>Graciously lifted from Semitish - http://palisra.com - by Nizar Habash, with permission</ref>. No indefinite article.		* Definiteness can only be achieved through proper nouns or the definite article [[ܗܠ]]/hal<ref>Graciously lifted from Semitish - http://palisra.com - by Nizar Habash, with permission</ref>. No indefinite article.
			* ܗܐܡ (hâm) is the sentence initial, polar question particle
	* No pausal forms		* No pausal forms
	* Adjectives		* Adjectives

Aquatiki: /* Adjectives */

2024-03-20T15:11:30Z

Adjectives

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:11, 20 March 2024
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	\| -ø \|\| -î		\| -ø \|\| -î
	\|-		\|-
	! -(a)t \|\| û		! F
			\| -(a)t \|\| û
	\|}		\|}

Aquatiki: Created page with "* Three numbers: singular and plural, with duals only for body parts, glasses, pants. The dual is frozen, not productive. * SVO word order, though others are possible * No ca..."

2019-07-03T19:44:12Z

Created page with "* Three numbers: singular and plural, with duals only for body parts, glasses, pants. The dual is frozen, not productive. * SVO word order, though others are possible * No ca..."

New page

* Three numbers: singular and plural, with duals only for body parts, glasses, pants. The dual is frozen, not productive.
* SVO word order, though others are possible
* No case marking
* Two genders
* Two states - regular and construct. Construct is frozen, not productive. The genitive clitic (cp. English ‘’of’’) is dal - [[ܕܠ]]<ref>a combination of Aramaic '’d-'', and Western Arabics ''dyal’’</ref>
* Definiteness can only be achieved through proper nouns or the definite article [[ܗܠ]]/hal<ref>Graciously lifted from Semitish - http://palisra.com - by Nizar Habash, with permission</ref>. No indefinite article.
* No pausal forms
* Adjectives
** Agree in number, gender, and state with their head
** Elatives are uninflected
** Agree number, gender, but not state for copulative clause
* Only one, uninflecting relative pronoun
Notice that we do not maintain the gender distinction in the second person plural.

== Nouns ==
Nouns come in three declensions:
# masculine,
# true feminine (f2 below), and
# feminine-appearing-masculine-in-the-singular (f1 below).

{| class="wikitable" style="width:auto;"
! !! singular !! dual !! plural
|-
! m.
| MvLKÂ {{Sy|ܡܠܟܐ}} || MvLKÎM {{Sy|ܡܠܟܝܡ}} || MvLKIN {{Sy|ܡܠܟܝܢ}}
|-
! ''m. con.''
| MvLaK {{Sy|ܡܠܟ}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | MvLKÎ {{Sy|ܡܠܟܝ}}
|-
! f1
| MvLKÂ {{Sy|ܡܠܟܐ}} || MvLKÎM {{Sy|ܡܠܟܝܡ}} || MvLKÛT {{Sy|ܡܠܟܘܬ}}
|-
! ''f1 con.''
| MvLKaT {{Sy|ܡܠܟܬ}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | MvLKÛ {{Sy|ܡܠܟܘ}}
|-
! f2
| MvLKaTÂ {{Sy|ܡܠܟܬܐ}} || MvLKÎM {{Sy|ܡܠܟܝܡ}} || MvLKÛT {{Sy|ܡܠܟܘܬ}}
|-
! ''f2 con.''
| MvLKaT {{Sy|ܡܠܟܬ}}|| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | MvLKÛ {{Sy|ܡܠܟܘ}}
|}
M-L-K is the triliteral root. '''v''' might be '''u''', or '''a''', or '''i''' (or '''e''' or '''o''' in foreign-based words). For example, ''king'' is '''malkâ, malkin''' (constr. '''malak, malkî''') and ''queen'' is '''malkatâ, malkut''' (constr. '''malkat, malkû'''). ''earth'' is '''ʾarṣâ, ʾarṣut''' (constr. '''ʾarṣat, ʾarṣû'''). ''eye/spring'' is f1 and exists in the dual: '''ʿenâ, ʿenim, ʿenut''' (constr. '''ʿenat, ʿenû''')

=== Adjectives ===
Unlike nouns, adjectives don't have multiple declensions.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ adjective endings
! !! sg. !! pl.
|-
! M
| -â || - în
|-
! F
| -tâ || ût
|}
Technically, there are construct forms of all of these, but they are not productive.

{| class="wikitable"
! !! sg. !! pl.
|-
! M
| -ø || -î
|-
! -(a)t || û
|}

=== Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:auto;"
|+ object pronouns
! !! sg. !! pl.
|-
! 1
| -nî {{Sy|[[-ܢܝ]]}} || -nû {{Sy|[[-ܢܘ]]}}
|-
! 2
| -kâm {{Sy|[[-ܟܐ]]}} -kîf {{Sy|[[-ܟܝ]]}} || -kûm {{Sy|[[-ܟܘܡ]]}}
|-
! 3
| -hûm {{Sy|[[-ܗܘ]]}} -hâ f {{Sy|[[-ܗܐ]]}} || -hûm {{Sy|[[-ܗܘܡ]]}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:auto;"
|+ subject pronouns
! !! sg. !! pl.
|-
! 1
| {{Sy|[[ܐܢܐ]]}} 'anâ || {{Sy|[[ܐܢܚܢܘ]]}} 'anaħnû
|-
! 2
| {{Sy|[[ܐܢܬܐ]]}} 'antâm, {{Sy|[[ܐܢܬܝ]]}} 'antîf || {{Sy|[[ܐܢܬܘܡ]]}} 'antum
|-
! 3
| {{Sy|[[ܗܘܐ]]}} huwâm, {{Sy|[[ܗܝܐ]]}} hiyâf
| {{Sy|[[ܗܘܡ]]}} hûm
|}
Pronouns are strange for Indo-Europeans, but utterly normal for Semitic speakers. There are indepedent forms which can only serve as the subject of a clause. Another set of forms serves two functions: they attach to verbs to mark direct objects, or they attach to nouns to indicate genitival possession.

== Verbs ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Past
! !! Sing. !! Pl.
|-
! 3m
| MaLaK
| rowspan="2" | MaLKÛ
|-
! 3f
| MaLaKaT
|-
! 2m
| MaLaKTÂ
| rowspan="2" | MaLaKTUM
|-
! 2f
| MaLaKTÎ
|-
! 1c
| MaLaKTÛ
| MaLaKNÂ
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Non-past
! !! Sing. !! Pl.
|-
! 3m
| YaMLUK
| rowspan="2" | YaMLaKUN
|-
! 3f
| rowspan="2" | TaMLUK

|-
! 2m

| rowspan="2" | TaMaLUKNÂ
|-
! 2f
| TaMLaKÎ

|-
! 1c
| 'aMLUK
| NaMLUK
|}

: Part. maMLaK-
: Inf. laMLaK

Only indicative and imperative moods

no productive causative

vowel prefixing to make imperfect/non-past

== Notes ==
<references />

{{Aquatiki}}
[[Category:Middle Semitic]]