Ashucky at 19:09, 6 November 2014

2014-11-06T19:09:13Z

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			[[Category:Laefêvëši]]

Ashucky: Created page with "Nouns in '''Laefêvëši''' are marked for both case and number. There are 38 cases divided into three groups and 3 numbers (singular, dual and plural). == Class == In Laefê..."

2014-11-06T18:53:34Z

Created page with "Nouns in '''Laefêvëši''' are marked for both case and number. There are 38 cases divided into three groups and 3 numbers (singular, dual and plural). == Class == In Laefê..."

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Nouns in '''Laefêvëši''' are marked for both case and number. There are 38 cases divided into three groups and 3 numbers (singular, dual and plural).

== Class ==
In Laefêvëši, nouns belong to one of the two classes: class I or class II.

== Number ==
Three numbers are distinguished in Laefêvëši: singular, dual and plural. Numbers are marked with suffixes.

== Case ==
{{Main|Laefêvëši/Nouns/Cases}}
Laefêvëši nouns have 38 cases in singular, dual and plural. Cases are divided into three groups.

The groups are:
# '''Basic''' or '''main cases''': nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, instrumental
# '''Subcases''': terminative, egressive, elative, delative, abessive, essive, lative, orientative, illative, benefactive, sublative, allative, ablative, prosecutive, prolative, superessive, inessive, adessive, perlative, apudessive, postessive, temporal, instcomitative, antensive,
# '''Additional cases''': vocative, partitive, nepartitive, equative, semblative, translative, amarative, miristive

The basic cases can replace any of the sub-cases and additional cases. The cases are arranged in the so-called '''case hierarchy''' which shows which case can replace another case.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Case hierarchy
|-
! Groups || colspan="6" | Cases
|-
! Main cases
| '''Nominative''' || '''Genitive:''' || '''Dative:''' || '''Accusative:''' || '''Locative:''' || '''Instrumental:'''
|-
! rowspan="7" | Subcases
| rowspan="7" |
| Terminative || Lative || Illative || Superessive || Instcomitative
|-
| Egressive || Orientative || Benefactive || Inessive || Antensive
|-
| Elative || rowspan="5" | || Sublative || Adessive || rowspan="5" |
|-
| Delative || Allative || Perlative
|-
| Abessive || Ablative || Apudessive
|-
| Essive || Prosecutive || Postessive
|-
| || Prolative || Temporal
|-
! rowspan="4" | Additional<br>cases
| ''Equative'' || ''Partitive'' || rowspan="4" | || ''Semblative'' || rowspan="4" | || rowspan="4" |
|-
| ''Vocative'' || ''Nepartitive'' || ''Translative''
|-
| ''Amarative'' || rowspan="2" |
|-
| ''Miristive''
|}

Locative and instrumental are prepositional cases and are always used with prepositions.

=== Case cohesiveness ===
Cases are also divided into two groups, called '''open cases''' and '''closed cases''', this feature is called case cohesiveness. The difference between them is that open cases can be combined with other cases while closed cases cannot combine.

== Declensions ==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
! colspan="22" | Declensions
|-
! rowspan="5" | Case || colspan="7" | Class I declensions || colspan="14" | Class II declensions
|-
! colspan="7" | Number || colspan="14" | Number
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural !! colspan="8" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="4" | Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" | long || rowspan="2" | short || rowspan="2" | vocalic || rowspan="2" | long || rowspan="2" | short || rowspan="2" | long || rowspan="2" | short || rowspan="2" | vocalic || colspan="7" | non-vocalic || rowspan="2" | vocalic || rowspan="2" | non-voc. || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | vocalic || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | non-voc.
|-
! -B || -D || -G || -X || -V || -Z || -Ð
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| colspan="3" | -/ || colspan="2" | -'''ie''' || colspan="2" | -'''a''' || -/ || -'''b''' || -'''d''' || -'''g''' || -'''x''' || -'''v''' || -'''z''' || -'''ð''' || -'''n''' || -'''an''' || colspan="2" | -'''f''' || colspan="2" | -'''af'''
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| colspan="3" | -'''au''' || colspan="2" | -'''iau''' || -'''asa''' || -'''as''' || -'''de''' || -'''bde''' || -'''dde''' || -'''gde''' || -'''xde''' || -'''vde''' || -'''zde''' || -'''jde''' || -'''nde''' || -'''ende''' || -'''fe''' || -'''ve''' || -'''efe''' || -'''eve'''
|-
! Terminative
| -alu || -al || -y || -ialu || -ial || -asla || -ajl || -le || -ble || -dle || -gle || -xle || -vle || -zle || -lle || -nle || -enle || -fle || -lle|| -efle || -elle
|-
! Egressive
| -alo || -ol || -o || -ialo || -iol || -aslu || -ant || -ne || -mme || -dne || -gne || -xne || -vne || -zne || -jne || -nne || -enne || -fne || -nne || -efne || -enne
|-
! Elative
| -atu || -at || -u || -iatu || -iat || -asta || -ajt || -te || -jte || -tte || -kte || -hte || -rte || -ste || -lte || -nte || -ente || -fte || -tte || -efte || -ette
|-
! Delative
| -ano || -on || -oi || -iano || -ion || -asna || -ans || -ke || -jke || -tke || -kke || -hke || -rke || -ske || -lke || -nke || -enke || -fke || -kke || -efke || -ekke
|-
! Abessive
| -azu || -aþ || -au || -iazu || -iaþ || -azza || -ank || -se || -jse || -tse || -kse || -hse || -rse || -sse || -ððe || -nse || -ense || -fse || -sse || -esfe || -esse
|-
! Essive
| -aju || -aj || -ai || -iaju || -iaj || -asja || -ajs || -he || -bje || -dje || -gje || -xje || -vje || -zje || -ðje || -nhe || -enhe || -fhe || -hhe || -efhe || -ehhe
|-
! '''Dative'''
| colspan="3" | -'''iu''' || colspan="2" | -'''iue''' || -'''asi''' || -'''is''' || -'''do''' || -'''bdo''' || -'''ddo''' || -'''gdo''' || -'''xdo''' || -'''vdo''' || -'''zdo''' || -'''jdo''' || -'''ndo''' || -'''ondo''' || -'''fo''' || -'''vo''' || -'''ofo''' || -'''ovo'''
|-
! Lative
| -iku || -ik || -ui || -iaku || -iak || -ači || -ëjn || -ko || -jko || -tko || -kko || -hko || -rko || -sko || -lko || -nko || -onko || -fko || -kko || -ofko || -okko
|-
! Orientative
| -išu || -iš || -yi || -iašu || -iaš || -ašu || -ëjs || -so || -jso || -tso || -kso || -hso || -rso || -sso || -ððo || -nso || -onso || -fso || -sso || -ofso || -osso
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| colspan="3" | -'''eu''' || colspan="2" | -'''ieu''' || -'''ase''' || -'''es''' || -'''da''' || -'''bda''' || -'''dda''' || -'''gda''' || -'''xda''' || -'''vda''' || -'''zda''' || -'''jda''' || -'''nda''' || -'''anda''' || -'''fa''' || -'''va''' || -'''afa''' || -'''ava'''
|-
! Illative
| -elu || -el || -ø || -ielu || -iel || -asle || -ejl || -la || -bla || -dla || -gla || -xla || -vla || -zla || -lla || -nla || -anla || -fla || -lla || -afla || -alla
|-
! Benefactive
| -elo || -øl || -øi || -ielo || -iøl || -asli || -ent || -na || -mma || -dna || -gna || -xna || -vna || -zna || -jna || -nna || -anna || -fna || -nna || -afna || -anna
|-
! Sublative
| -eru || -er || -iu || -ieru || -ier || -asre || -ejn || -ra || -bra || -dra || -gra || -xra || -vra || -zra || -jra || -nra || -anra || -fra || -rra || -afra || -arra
|-
! Allative
| -eku || -ek || -ie || -ieku || -iek || -aske || -ens || -ka || -jka || -tka || -kka || -hka || -rka || -ska || -lka || -nka || -anka || -fka || -kka || -afka || -akka
|-
! Ablative
| -eju || -ej || -ei || -ieju || -iej || -asje || -ejs || -sa || -jsa || -tsa || -ksa || -hsa || -rsa || -ssa || -ðða || -nsa || -ansa || -fsa || -ssa || -afsa || -assa
|-
! Prosecutive
| -ete || -et || -eu || -iete || -iet || -aste || -ejt || -ta || -jta || -tta || -kta || -hta || -rta || -sta || -lta || -nta || -anta || -fta || -tta || -afta ||-atta
|-
! Prolative
| -eko || -øk || -ue || -ieko || -iøk || -askø || -ejk || -ha || -bja || -dja || -gja || -xja || -vja || -zja || -ðja || -nha || -anha || -fha || -hha || -afha || -ahha
|-
! '''Locative'''
| colspan="3" | -'''ui''' || colspan="2" | -'''iui''' || -'''asu''' || -'''us''' || -'''di''' || -'''bdi''' || -'''ddi''' || -'''gdi''' || -'''xdi''' || -'''vdi''' || -'''zdi''' || -'''jdi''' || -'''ndi''' || -'''indi''' || -'''fi''' || -'''vi''' || -'''ifi''' || -'''ivi'''
|-
! Superessive
| -uki || -uk || -i || -iuki || -iuk || -asku || -unt || -ki || -jki || -tki || -kki || -hki || -rki || -ski || -lki || -nki || -inki || -fki || -kki || -ifki || -ikki
|-
! Inessive
| -uli || -il || -e || -iuli || -iul || -aslu || -ujl || -li || -bli || -dli || -gli || -xli || -vli || -zli || -lli || -nli || -inli || -fli || -lli || -ifli || -illi
|-
! Adessive
| -uni || -un || -io || -iuni || -iun || -asnu || -uns || -ni || -mmi || -dni || -gni || -xni || -vni || -zni || -jni || -nni || -inni || -fni || -nni || -ifni || -inni
|-
! Perlative
| -uno || -øn || -iø || -iuno || -iøn || -asno || -ujn || -ti || -jti || -tti || -kti || -hti || -rti || -sti || -lti || -nti || -inti || -fti || -tti || -ifti || -itti
|-
! Apudessive
| -uku || -ëk || -ou || -iuku || -iëk || -askë || -unk || -ri || -bri || -dri || -gri || -xri || -vri || -zri || -jri || -nri || -inri || -fri || -rri || -ifri || -irri
|-
! Postessive
| -unë || -ën || -ëi || -iunë || -iën || -asnë || -ujt || -hi || -bji || -dji || -gji || -xji || -vji || -zji || -ðji || -nhi || -inhi || -fhi || -hhi || -ifhi || -ihhi
|-
! Temporal
| -uko || -ok || -ō || -iuko || -iok || -asko || -ujk || -si || -jsi || -tsi || -ksi || -hsi || -rsi || -ssi || -ðði || -nsi || -insi || -fsi || -sse || -ifsi || -issi
|-
! '''Instrumental'''
| colspan="3" | -'''ou''' || colspan="2" | -'''iou''' || -'''aso''' || -'''os''' || -'''du''' || -'''bdu''' || -'''ddu''' || -'''gdu''' || -'''xdu''' || -'''vdu''' || -'''zdu''' || -'''jdu''' || -'''ndu''' || -'''undu''' || -'''fu''' || -'''vu''' || -'''ufu''' || -'''uvu'''
|-
! Instcomitative
| -odu || -ot || -ë || -iodu || -iot || -asto || -ojt || -ku || -jtu || -tku || -kku || -hku || -rku || -sku || -lku || -nku || -unku || -fku || -kku || -ufku || -ukku
|-
! Antesive
| -olu || -ul || -ië || -iolu || -iyl || -aslo || -ojn || -lu || -blu || -dlu || -glu || -xlu || -vlu || -zlu || -llu || -nlu || -unlu || -flu || -llu || -uflu || -ullu
|-
! ''Vocative''
| colspan="3" | -''o'' || -''oma'' || -''om'' || -''ova'' || -''of'' || -''to'' || -''jto'' || -''tto'' || -''kto'' || -''hto'' || -''rto'' || -''sto'' || -''lto'' || -''nto'' || -''onto'' || -''fto'' || -''tto'' || -''ofto'' || -''otto''
|-
! ''Partitive''
| colspan="3" | -''ea'' || -''eni'' || -''in'' || -''evi'' || -''ef'' || -''dei'' || -''bdei'' || -''ddei'' || -''gdei'' || -''xdei'' || -''rdei'' || -''zdei'' || -''jdei'' || -''ndei'' || -''edei'' || -''ftei'' || -''ttei'' || -''eftei'' || -''ettei''
|-
! ''Nepartitive''
| -''ena'' || colspan="2" | -''en'' || -''enni'' || -''ien'' || -''envi'' || -''øf'' || -''nei'' || -''mmei'' || -''dnei'' || -''gnei'' || -''xnei'' || -''vnei'' || -''znei'' || -''jnei'' || -''nnei'' || -''enei'' || -''fnei'' || -''nnei''|| -''efnei'' || -''ennei''
|-
! ''Equative''
| -''ana'' || colspan="2" | -''an'' || -''iana'' || -''ian'' || -''asna'' || -''ajn'' || -''sø'' || -''jsø'' || -''tsø'' || -''ksø'' || -''hsø'' || -''rsø'' || -''ssø'' || -''ððø'' || -''nsø'' || -''ønsø'' || -''fsø'' || -''ssø'' || -''øfsø'' || -''øssø''
|-
! ''Semblative''
| -''yky'' || colspan="2" | -''yk'' || -''iyky'' || -''iyk'' || -''ysky'' || -''yjs'' || -''ʒø'' || -''jʒø'' || -''dʒø'' || -''gʒø'' || -''xʒø'' || -''rʒø'' || -''zzø'' || -''lʒø'' || -''nʒø'' || -''ønʒø'' || -''fcø'' || -''ttø'' || -''øfcø'' || -''øttø''
|-
! ''Translative''
| -''ara'' || colspan="2" | -''ar'' || -''iara'' || -''iar'' || -''asra'' || -''ajk'' || -''rai'' || -''brai'' || -''drai'' || -''grai'' || -''xrai'' || -''vrai'' || -''zrai'' || -''jrai'' || -''nrai'' || -''anrai'' || -''frai'' || -''rrai'' || -''afrai'' || -''arrai''
|-
! ''Amarative''
| colspan="3" | -''y'' || -''yne'' || -''yn'' || -''yve'' || -''yf'' || -''sy'' || -''jsy'' || -''tsy'' || -''ksy'' || -''hsy'' || -''rsy'' || -''ssy'' || -''ððy'' || -''nsy'' || -''ynsy'' || -''fsy'' || -''ssy'' || -''yfsy'' || -''yssy''
|-
! ''Miristive''
| colspan="3" | -''øt'' || -''ote'' || -''iøt'' || -''otte'' || -''øjt'' || -''ge'' || -''jge'' || -''dge'' || -''gge'' || -''xge'' || -''rge'' || -''zge'' || -''lge'' || -''nge'' || -''enge'' || -''fkeu'' || -''kkeu'' || -''efkeu'' || -''ekkeu''
|-
|}

=== Irregularities ===
'''Class I irregularities:'''
* when the noun end in '''-w''' in nominative singular, the ''-w'' changes to '''-v''': '''nómiw''' (nom. sg.) -> '''nómivie''' (nom. dual). This change applies for all declined cases.
* when the noun ends in '''-va''' in nominative singular, the ''-va'' changes to '''-tv''', to which is then added the appropriate suffix.
* when the noun ends in '''-tva''' in nominative singular, the ''-tva'' changes to '''-kv''', to which is then added the appropriate suffix.
* when the noun ends in '''-vi''' in nominative singular, the ''-vi'' changes to '''-lv''', to which is then added the appropriate suffix.
* when the noun ends in '''-j''' or '''-i''' in nominative singular, the ''-j'' changes to '''-ð''' and the ''-i'' changes into '''-z''' when declined; however, verbal nouns ending in '''-i''' can also be declined as simply changing the ''-i'' to '''-j'''
* when the noun ends in '''-hb/hd/hg''' (pronounced /xp/, /xt/, /xk/, respectively, or simply as /p/, /t/, /k/, respectively) in nominative singular, the ''-hb/hd/hg'' changes to '''-b/d/g''', to which is then added the appropriate suffix; such nouns cannot take the vocalic suffixes in singular.
* when the noun ends in '''-CCë''' (eg. ''-bbë'', ''-kkë'', etc.), the schwa '''-ë''' is ommited when declining; no other changes occur in the stem; such nouns cannot take the vocalic suffixes in singular.
* when the noun ends in '''-VCëC''', the schwa is omitted and the stress moves to the first vowel of the suffix when declined, thus becoming something like '''-VCCV́(C/V)'''

'''Class I vocalic suffixes''' are used when the nouns ends on a consonant that can be geminated. The consonants are: '''-m, -p, -f, -n, -t, -r, -þ, -s, -l and -k (and -w)'''.

'''Class II irregularities:'''
* when the noun ends in '''-Vnd''' (pronounced as /nt/), the ''-Vnd'' changes to '''-VnnV''' when the following suffix contains a voiced consonant; and it changes to '''-VttV''' when the following suffix contains a voiceless consonant; the vowel following the geminate consonant is the same as the preceding vowel; only when the suffix contains one consonant or two voice/voiceless consonants.
* when the noun ends in '''-Vng''' (pronounced as /ŋk/), the ''-Vng'' changes to '''-VggV''' when the following suffix contains a voiced consonant; and it changes to '''-VkkV''' when the following suffix contains a voiceless consonant; the vowel following the geminate consonant is the same as the preceding vowel; only when the suffix contains one consonant or two voice/voiceless consonants.

'''Class II non-vocalic suffixes''' are used then the noun ends on a certain consonant. The consonants: '''-b, -d, -g, -x, -v, -z and -ð''' (pronounced as /p/, /t/, /k/, /x/, /f/, /s/ and /θ/ in nominative singular).

===Secondary plurals===
There are two secondary plurals in the language:
* '''differential plural''' - denotes the entities are not of the same kind
* '''collective plural''' - denotes the entities are of the same kind

They're formed by adding a suffix to the noun (and when declined, class II suffixes are used):
* differential: '''-noia''' (dual: '''-noian''')
* collective: '''-toa''' (dual: '''-toan''')

== Gradation of nouns ==
The gradation of nouns has two types: diminutives and augmentatives. There are two basic diminutive and augmenative degrees (besides the basic or the zeroth degree), however, it is possible to create even higher degrees by combining the suffixes.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
! colspan="14" | Gradation of nouns
|-
! colspan="7" | '''Diminutives''' !! colspan="7" | '''Augmentatives'''
|-
! rowspan="3"| Degree !! colspan="6" | Number !! rowspan="3"| Degree !! colspan="6" | Number
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! long !! short !! long !! short !! long !! short !! long !! short !! long !! short !! long !! short
|-
! Zeroth
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | -/
! Zeroth
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | -/
|-
! First
| -ijo || -jo || -ije || -je || -ija || -ja
! First
| -ibo || -bo || -ibe || -be || -iba || -ba
|-
! Second
| -iko || -ko || -ike || -ke || -ika || -ka
! Second
| -išo || -šo || -iše || -še || -iša || -ša
|-
! ''Third''
| ''-ihko'' || ''-hko'' || ''-ihke'' || ''-hke'' || ''-ihka'' || ''-hka''
! ''Third''
| ''-ipro'' || ''-pro'' || ''-ipre'' || ''-pre'' || ''-ipra'' || ''-pra''
|-
|}

Laefêvëši/Nouns - Revision history

Ashucky at 19:09, 6 November 2014

Ashucky: Created page with "Nouns in '''Laefêvëši''' are marked for both case and number. There are 38 cases divided into three groups and 3 numbers (singular, dual and plural). == Class == In Laefê..."