Kunesian - Revision history

Dē Graut Bʉr: /* Vowels */

2018-04-11T15:25:13Z

Vowels

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:25, 11 April 2018
Line 126:		Line 126:
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}
	In addition, there are ~~three~~ stressed diphthongs: /aɨ̯/, /ei̯/ and /~~ɔɨ̯~~/.		In addition, there are four stressed diphthongs: /aɨ̯/, /ei̯/, /ɔɨ̯/ and /aʉ̯/. /aʉ̯/ only appears in the word /kʰáʉ̯/ "swamp", where it contrasts with /kʰáɨ̯/ "he, she".

	In unstressed syllables, only /ɐ e ɨ ʊ/ and sometimes /əɨ̯/ occur. However, /əɨ̯/ merges with /ɨ/ for some speakers.		In unstressed syllables, only /ɐ e ɨ ʊ/ and sometimes /əɨ̯/ occur. However, /əɨ̯/ merges with /ɨ/ for some speakers.

Dē Graut Bʉr: /* Numerals */

2018-01-30T20:47:36Z

Numerals

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:47, 30 January 2018
Line 350:		Line 350:

	The powers of twelve are ''pinai'' (144), ''belu'' (1728) and ''ilarai'' (20736).		The powers of twelve are ''pinai'' (144), ''belu'' (1728) and ''ilarai'' (20736).

			The first two ordinals are ''hiôla'' "first" and ''mahai'' "second". Other ordinals are expressed as numeral - mahai:

			* tara mahai = third
			* naike irek sinai mahai = fifty-fourth

	==Verbs==		==Verbs==

Dē Graut Bʉr: /* Plural */

2018-01-30T20:16:09Z

Plural

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:16, 30 January 2018
Line 183:		Line 183:
	\| gloss = PL house CL(many)		\| gloss = PL house CL(many)
	\| translation = houses, many houses, a village		\| translation = houses, many houses, a village
			}}

			Plurals are also used when making general statements.

			{{Gloss
			\| phrase = Ti nilaip nok nipu.
			\| IPA = /t͡ɕí ɲílɨp nʌ̀k ɲýpʊ/
			\| gloss = PL apple GNOM red
			\| translation = Apples are red.
	}}		}}

Dē Graut Bʉr: /* Complex sentences */

2017-09-19T08:50:31Z

Complex sentences

@@ Line 494: / Line 494: @@
 | translation = Snow is a kind of cold rain.
 }}
 ==Sample==
 [[Category:Languages]]

Dē Graut Bʉr: /* Complex sentences */

2017-09-19T08:24:08Z

Complex sentences

@@ Line 474: / Line 474: @@
 ==Complex sentences==
 ==Sample==
 [[Category:Languages]]

Dē Graut Bʉr: /* Compound verbs */

2017-09-17T14:08:45Z

Compound verbs

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:08, 17 September 2017
Line 427:		Line 427:

	===Compound verbs===		===Compound verbs===
			Instead of a single verb root a verbal phrase may also contain several roots after one another. In such cases the first root is the main root while the following one(s) modify it. Many verbs have slightly different meanings than normally when used in such compounds. For example, ''nuli'', which usually means "to see", means "to intend" in compounds.

			{{Gloss
			\| phrase = No baistak nuli ôno lsi.
			\| IPA = /nʌ́ bàɨ̯stɐk núʎɨ ónɐ θì/
			\| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ leave intend morning rise
			\| translation = I intend to leave tomorrow.
			}}

			Somewhat relatedly, many combinations of verbs and nouns also have idiomatic meanings. An example is ''qotte nênte'' "to interrupt", which literally means "to carry a wall".

			{{Gloss
			\| phrase = Es nerep lai, hêtai no qotte nênte.
			\| IPA = /èɕ ɲéɾep láɨ̯, jèθəɨ̯ nʌ́ qʰʌ̀t͡ɕe nḛ̀t͡ɕe/
			\| gloss = DYN speak PST.INC, but 1SG.SUBJ wall carry
			\| translation = He started to speak, but I interrupted him.
			}}

	==Word order==		==Word order==

Dē Graut Bʉr: /* Adjectives */

2017-09-09T12:09:52Z

Adjectives

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:09, 9 September 2017
Line 202:		Line 202:

	===Adjectives===		===Adjectives===
			Adjectives are placed before the nouns they modify and are often combined with a classifier with a similar meaning. They can be intensified by reduplication.

			{{Gloss
			\| phrase = sai mela ere
			\| IPA = /sáɨ̯ mʲélɐ ǽɾe/
			\| gloss = old man CL(old)
			\| translation = an old man
			}}

			{{Gloss
			\| phrase = ara ara akko pe
			\| IPA = /áɾɐ áɾɐ àkɐ p͡çé/
			\| gloss = handsome handsome boy CL(beautiful)
			\| translation = a very handsome boy
			}}

			Comparisons are expressed using the relation particle ''anku''. One can distinguish three types of comparisons:

			* Equality, expressed with a single adjective
			* "More than", expressed with a reduplicated adjective
			* "Less than", expressed with the negative particle ''ku''.

			{{Gloss
			\| phrase = <font color="green">Paki</font> mela ira kigat <font color="green">anku</font>.
			\| IPA = /pʰǽc͡çɨ mʲélɐ íɾɐ c͡çìgɐt à̰ŋkɨ/
			\| gloss = big man CL(big) tiger as
			\| translation = The man is <font color="green">as big as</font> a tiger.
			}}

			{{Gloss
			\| phrase = <font color="green">Zata zata</font> tôla pattu <font color="green">anku</font>.
			\| IPA = /d͡záθɐ d͡záθɐ tòlɐ pʰàtʊ à̰ŋkɨ/
			\| gloss = strong strong sun wind as
			\| translation = The sun is <font color="green">stronger than</font> the wind.
			}}

			{{Gloss
			\| phrase = <font color="green">Ku laipi</font> no paik <font color="green">anku</font>.
			\| IPA = /kɯ́ láɨ̯p͡çɨ nʌ́ pʰɯ́k à̰ŋkɨ/
			\| gloss = NEG smart 1SG.SUBJ 2SG.OBJ as
			\| translation = I'm <font color="green">not as smart as</font> you.
			}}

	==Pronouns==		==Pronouns==

Dē Graut Bʉr: /* Classifying particles */

2017-09-08T19:29:44Z

Classifying particles

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:29, 8 September 2017
Line 152:		Line 152:

	In addition, some nouns exclusively, or almost exclusively, occur with one particular particle, such as ''gâlo kem'' "poison", with just ''gâlo'' being ungrammatical outside the phrase ''gâlo nênte'' "to poison".		In addition, some nouns exclusively, or almost exclusively, occur with one particular particle, such as ''gâlo kem'' "poison", with just ''gâlo'' being ungrammatical outside the phrase ''gâlo nênte'' "to poison".

			Nominal classifiers and their meanings include:

			* ''ap'': people
			* ''itu'': food
			* ''nô'': buildings and other human constructions
			* ''at'': language, speech
			* ''ils'': day, light
			* ''oko'': night, darkness
			* ''hêkai'': nature, weather conditions
			* ''ira'': big things
			* ''lid'': small things, small quantities
			* ''tai'': large quantities
			* ''ere'': old things
			* ''e'': good things
			* ''kem'': bad things
			* ''sio'': despective
			* ''pe'': beautiful things
			* ''ad'': something similar, usually occurs in lexicalised combinations
			* ''tod'': places and times, frequently forms adverbials
			* ''nai'': abstract, can be used very freely to derive nouns from adjectives and verbs
			* ''ô'': no clear meaning, only occurs in certain fixed combinations such as ''harid ô'' "knot" and ''sanap ô'' "family"

	===Plural===		===Plural===

Dē Graut Bʉr: /* Sandhi */

2017-09-03T19:05:23Z

Sandhi

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:05, 3 September 2017
Line 134:		Line 134:

	===Sandhi===		===Sandhi===
			A few phonological processes take place at word boundaries:

			* Unaccented final vowels are lost if the following word begins with a vowel: ''nitote ad'' /ɲýt͡ɕe à/ --> [ɲýt͡ɕà].
			* /ɰ/ at the beginning of a word is dropped if the preceding word ends in a consonant, leaving creaky voice: ''eras hai'' /ǽɾɐs ɰáɨ̯/ --> [ǽɾɐ̄sá̰ɨ̯].
			* Final /x/ contracts with a following dorsal consonant to /ɾχ/ or /ɾç/: ''gor kolu'' /gʌ̰̀x kólʊ/ --> [gʌ̰̀ɾχólʊ̄].

	==Orthography==		==Orthography==

Dē Graut Bʉr: /* Word order */

2017-09-03T15:51:03Z

Word order

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:51, 3 September 2017
Line 360:		Line 360:

	==Word order==		==Word order==
			The basic word order of Kunesian is SOV.

			{{Gloss
			\| phrase = Kigat allai peste.
			\| IPA = /c͡çìgɐt àləɨ̯ p͡çèɕːe/
			\| gloss = tiger rat eat
			\| translation = The tiger eats a rat.
			}}

			Adverbs are usually placed at the end.

			{{Gloss
			\| phrase = No nok naito nhaiki.
			\| IPA = /nʌ́ nʌ̀k náɨ̯θɐ ŋáɨ̯c͡çɨ/
			\| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ GNOM speak quick
			\| translation = I speak quickly.
			}}

			Deviations from the default word order are common. Often one part of the sentence is topicalised, which causes it to be moved to the very beginning of the sentence.

			{{Gloss
			\| phrase = Allai te kigat peste.
			\| IPA = /àləɨ̯ t͡ɕé c͡çìgɐt p͡çèɕːe/
			\| gloss = rat 3SG.OBJ tiger eat
			\| translation = The rat is eaten by a tiger.
			}}

	==Complex sentences==		==Complex sentences==