Ithkuil - Revision history

Sware at 23:59, 24 July 2021

2021-07-24T23:59:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:59, 24 July 2021
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Infobox language		{{Infobox language
	\| name = Ithkuil		\| name = Ithkuil
	\| nativename = ~~Iţkûil~~		\| nativename = îţkuil
	\| pronunciation = ~~{{IPA\|/iːθˈkuːɪl/}}~~		\| pronunciation = iθkuːɪl
	~~\| region = none~~		\| familycolor = conlang
	~~\| speakers = none~~
	\| familycolor = ~~violet~~
	\| fam1 = philosophical language		\| fam1 = philosophical language
	\| creator = John Quijada		\| creator = John Quijada
	\| created = ~~1978–2016<!--Refers to development, not actual use-->~~		\| created = 1978
	\| ~~script~~ = [[Logogram\|logographic]]		\| scripts = * [[Logogram\|logographic]]
	\| ~~iso3~~ = ~~none~~		\| clcr = qit
	\| image = [[~~File:Ithkuil-name.jpg\|link=https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/~~File:Ithkuil-name.jpg\|frameless]]		\| image = [[File:Ithkuil-name.jpg\|frameless]]
	\| notice = IPA		\| notice = IPA
	~~\| glotto = none~~
	}}		}}
	'''Ithkuil''', [iːθˈkuːɪl], is an experimental [[constructed language]] created by American linguist John Quijada,<ref name="foer-2012">Joshua Foer, [http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/12/24/121224fa_fact_foer "John Quijada and Ithkuil, the Language He Invented"], ''The New Yorker'', December 24, 2012.</ref> designed to express deeper levels of human cognition briefly yet overtly and clearly, particularly with regard to human categorization. Presented as a cross between an [[a priori language\|a priori]] [[philosophical language\|philosophical]] and a [[logical language\|logical]] language striving to minimize the ambiguities and semantic vagueness found in natural human languages,<ref name="intro">[http://www.ithkuil.net/00_intro.html ''A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language''– Introduction]</ref> Ithkuil is notable for its grammatical complexity and extensive phoneme inventory, the latter being simplified in the final version of the language. The name "Ithkuil" is an anglicized form of ''Îţkûil'', which in the original form roughly means "hypothetical representation of a language".<ref name="intro" /> Quijada states he did not create Ithkuil to be [[international auxiliary language\|auxiliary]] or used in everyday conversations, but rather to serve as a language for more elaborate and profound fields where more insightful thoughts are expected, such as philosophy, arts, science and politics.<ref name="faqs">[http://ithkuil.net/faqs.html Ithkuil FAQs]</ref>		'''Ithkuil''', [iːθˈkuːɪl], is an experimental [[constructed language]] created by American linguist John Quijada,<ref name="foer-2012">Joshua Foer, [http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/12/24/121224fa_fact_foer "John Quijada and Ithkuil, the Language He Invented"], ''The New Yorker'', December 24, 2012.</ref> designed to express deeper levels of human cognition briefly yet overtly and clearly, particularly with regard to human categorization. Presented as a cross between an [[a priori language\|a priori]] [[philosophical language\|philosophical]] and a [[logical language\|logical]] language striving to minimize the ambiguities and semantic vagueness found in natural human languages,<ref name="intro">[http://www.ithkuil.net/00_intro.html ''A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language''– Introduction]</ref> Ithkuil is notable for its grammatical complexity and extensive phoneme inventory, the latter being simplified in the final version of the language. The name "Ithkuil" is an anglicized form of ''Îţkûil'', which in the original form roughly means "hypothetical representation of a language".<ref name="intro" /> Quijada states he did not create Ithkuil to be [[international auxiliary language\|auxiliary]] or used in everyday conversations, but rather to serve as a language for more elaborate and profound fields where more insightful thoughts are expected, such as philosophy, arts, science and politics.<ref name="faqs">[http://ithkuil.net/faqs.html Ithkuil FAQs]</ref>

Nicomega: /* External links */

2021-02-14T00:25:10Z

External links

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:25, 14 February 2021
Line 574:		Line 574:
	[[Category:Conlangs]]		[[Category:Conlangs]]
	[[Category:A priori]]		[[Category:A priori]]
			[[Category:Smiley Award winners]]

Nicomega: /* A New Ithkuilic Language (2017) */

2021-02-06T00:58:33Z

A New Ithkuilic Language (2017)

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:58, 6 February 2021
Line 49:		Line 49:

	=== A New Ithkuilic Language (2017) ===		=== A New Ithkuilic Language (2017) ===
	Owing to complaints about the difficult patterns in the language morphology from the community Reddit forum, on 30 October 2017, Quijada published a tentative outline for a new version of the language, which has yet to be named, addressing learners' desires for a more [[w:Agglutination\|agglutinative]] [[w:morphophonology]], including a restructured Formative outline, and extended use of Adjuncts for flexible expression of the grammar to further create [[w:phonaesthetics\|phonoaesthetics]]. Despite the complexity of the language, intended only as an experiment without concern for the constraints of human learnability, he has published several updates for a new language predicated off of the original grammar.		Owing to complaints about the difficult patterns in the language morphology from the community Reddit forum, on 30 October 2017, Quijada published a tentative outline for a new version of the language, which has yet to be named, addressing learners' desires for a more [[w:Agglutination\|agglutinative]] [[w:morphophonology\|morphophonology]], including a restructured Formative outline, and extended use of Adjuncts for flexible expression of the grammar to further create [[w:phonaesthetics\|phonoaesthetics]]. Despite the complexity of the language, intended only as an experiment without concern for the constraints of human learnability, he has published several updates for a new language predicated off of the original grammar.

	== Phonology ==		== Phonology ==

Nicomega at 03:08, 29 January 2021

2021-01-29T03:08:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:08, 29 January 2021
Line 19:		Line 19:
	The many examples from the original grammar book<ref name="intro"/> show that a message, like a meaningful phrase or a sentence, can usually be expressed in Ithkuil with fewer sounds, or lexically distinct speech-elements, than in natural human languages. For example, the two-word Ithkuil sentence "''Tram-mļöi hhâsmařpţuktôx''" can be translated into English as "On the contrary, I think it may turn out that this rugged mountain range trails off at some point".<ref name="intro"/> Quijada sees his strictly regular creation as too complex to have developed naturally, but nonetheless as a language suited to human conversation. No person, including Quijada himself, is known to be able to speak Ithkuil fluently.		The many examples from the original grammar book<ref name="intro"/> show that a message, like a meaningful phrase or a sentence, can usually be expressed in Ithkuil with fewer sounds, or lexically distinct speech-elements, than in natural human languages. For example, the two-word Ithkuil sentence "''Tram-mļöi hhâsmařpţuktôx''" can be translated into English as "On the contrary, I think it may turn out that this rugged mountain range trails off at some point".<ref name="intro"/> Quijada sees his strictly regular creation as too complex to have developed naturally, but nonetheless as a language suited to human conversation. No person, including Quijada himself, is known to be able to speak Ithkuil fluently.

	Three versions of the language have been publicized: the initial version in 2004, a simplified version called Ilaksh in 2007, and the version in 2011, with additional updates on the morphophonology and lexicon. As of 2019, a new (yet to be named) language is being developed by Quijada based on Ithkuil.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.ithkuil.net/new_morpho-phonology_v_0_8.pdf\|title=Newest Update\|last=Quijada\|first=John\|date=June 26, 2019\|website=Ithkuil.net\|url-status=live\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|access-date=}}</ref>		Three versions of the language have been publicized: the initial version in 2004, a simplified version called Ilaksh in 2007, and the version in 2011, with additional updates on the morphophonology and lexicon. As of 2019, a new (yet to be named) language is being developed by Quijada based on Ithkuil.

	In 2004<ref name=kozl/>—and again in 2009<ref name=gertelmann>[http://library.conlang.org/articles/ithkuil_Komputerra_17.pdf Ithkuil and its philosophical design] (Russian) by Mikhail Gertelman, Kompyuterra (17(781)2009 p 12)</ref> with Ilaksh—Ithkuil was featured in the Russian-language popular science and IT magazine ''Computerra''. In 2008, [[w:David J. Peterson\|David Peterson]] awarded it the [[Smiley Award]].<ref>[http://dedalvs.com/smileys/2008.html The 2008 Smiley Award Winner: Ithkuil]</ref> In 2013, Bartłomiej Kamiński codified the language to be able to quickly parse complicated sentences.<ref>[https://ebvalaim.pl/en/2016/01/14/making-fun-with-ithkuil-easier Making fun with Ithkuil easier]</ref> Since July 2015, Quijada has published several Ithkuil music voiced by Peterson under the album ''Kaduatán'', which translates to "Wayfarers".		In 2004<ref name=kozl/>—and again in 2009<ref name=gertelmann>[http://library.conlang.org/articles/ithkuil_Komputerra_17.pdf Ithkuil and its philosophical design] (Russian) by Mikhail Gertelman, Kompyuterra (17(781)2009 p 12)</ref> with Ilaksh—Ithkuil was featured in the Russian-language popular science and IT magazine ''Computerra''. In 2008, [[w:David J. Peterson\|David Peterson]] awarded it the [[Smiley Award]].<ref>[http://dedalvs.com/smileys/2008.html The 2008 Smiley Award Winner: Ithkuil]</ref> In 2013, Bartłomiej Kamiński codified the language to be able to quickly parse complicated sentences.<ref>[https://ebvalaim.pl/en/2016/01/14/making-fun-with-ithkuil-easier Making fun with Ithkuil easier]</ref> Since July 2015, Quijada has published several Ithkuil music voiced by Peterson under the album ''Kaduatán'', which translates to "Wayfarers".
Line 39:		Line 39:
	==History==		==History==
	=== Ilaksh (2007) ===		=== Ilaksh (2007) ===
	The initial publication of Ithkuil in 2004 had an extensive phonology of 65 consonants and 17 vowels. Since the mention of Ithkuil in the Russian magazine ''Computerra'',<ref name="kozl" /> several speakers of Russian contacted Quijada and expressed enthusiasm to learn Ithkuil for its application to [[w:psychonetics\|psychonetics]], with several complaining about its difficulty in pronunciation. Quijada remade Ithkuil's morphophonology with 30 consonants and 10 vowels (and the addition of [[w:Tone (linguistics)\|tones]]) and published the revision on 10 June 2007 as Ilaksh.<ref name="intro" /> The language featured other amendments to grammar, including some additional Levels and a change of Cases. It was redesigned to be easier to speak and included an additional writing system.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110605210044/http://ithkuil.net/ilaksh/images/script_diagram.gif Ilaksh script diagram (indicates what the various parts of an Ilaksh logogram indicate) (no longer available on site, link shows archive.org's cache)]</ref><ref>[http://ithkuil.net/11_script.htm#Sec11o6 Ilaksh formal / ornamental script example, an updated version of the older script diagram]</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522161309/http://www.ithkuil.net:80/ilaksh/Chapter_11.htm\|title=A Grammar of the Ithkuil Language - Chapter 11: The Script\|date=2009-05-22\|access-date=2018-08-10}}</ref> The initial sequential "informal" system suitable for handwriting or compact typesetting, and a "formal" [[w:logographic\|logographic]] system with artistic possibilities resembling [[w:Maya script\|Maya script]]s.		The initial publication of Ithkuil in 2004 had an extensive phonology of 65 consonants and 17 vowels. Since the mention of Ithkuil in the Russian magazine ''Computerra'',<ref name="kozl" /> several speakers of Russian contacted Quijada and expressed enthusiasm to learn Ithkuil for its application to [[w:psychonetics\|psychonetics]], with several complaining about its difficulty in pronunciation. Quijada remade Ithkuil's morphophonology with 30 consonants and 10 vowels (and the addition of [[w:Tone (linguistics)\|tones]]) and published the revision on 10 June 2007 as Ilaksh.<ref name="intro" /> The language featured other amendments to grammar, including some additional Levels and a change of Cases. It was redesigned to be easier to speak and included an additional writing system.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110605210044/http://ithkuil.net/ilaksh/images/script_diagram.gif Ilaksh script diagram (indicates what the various parts of an Ilaksh logogram indicate) (no longer available on site, link shows archive.org's cache)]</ref><ref>[http://ithkuil.net/11_script.htm#Sec11o6 Ilaksh formal / ornamental script example, an updated version of the older script diagram]</ref> The initial sequential "informal" system suitable for handwriting or compact typesetting, and a "formal" [[w:logographic\|logographic]] system with artistic possibilities resembling [[w:Maya script\|Maya script]]s.

	In the "informal" writing system, several parallel sets of lines are shaped to correspond sequentially to the different parallel sets of lexemes and inflections. It is directly pronounceable. The author designed it with reserve for convenient handwriting. The overall design would permit compact, clear, black-and-white rendering.		In the "informal" writing system, several parallel sets of lines are shaped to correspond sequentially to the different parallel sets of lexemes and inflections. It is directly pronounceable. The author designed it with reserve for convenient handwriting. The overall design would permit compact, clear, black-and-white rendering.
Line 49:		Line 49:

	=== A New Ithkuilic Language (2017) ===		=== A New Ithkuilic Language (2017) ===
	Owing to complaints about the difficult patterns in the language morphology from the community Reddit forum, on 30 October 2017, Quijada published a tentative outline for a new version of the language, which has yet to be named, addressing learners' desires for a more [[w:Agglutination\|agglutinative]] [[w:morphophonology]], including a restructured Formative outline, and extended use of Adjuncts for flexible expression of the grammar to further create [[w:phonaesthetics\|phonoaesthetics]]. Despite the complexity of the language, intended only as an experiment without concern for the constraints of human learnability, he has published several updates for a new language predicated off of the original grammar. <ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Ithkuil/comments/4z1h58/a_long_message_from_john_q_about_a_future_reform/\|title=r/Ithkuil - A (LONG) MESSAGE FROM JOHN Q ABOUT A FUTURE REFORM OF ITHKUIL\|website=reddit\|language=en\|access-date=2019-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://ithkuil.net/updates.htm\|title=Ithkuil Update\|website=ithkuil.net\|access-date=2019-05-03}}</ref>		Owing to complaints about the difficult patterns in the language morphology from the community Reddit forum, on 30 October 2017, Quijada published a tentative outline for a new version of the language, which has yet to be named, addressing learners' desires for a more [[w:Agglutination\|agglutinative]] [[w:morphophonology]], including a restructured Formative outline, and extended use of Adjuncts for flexible expression of the grammar to further create [[w:phonaesthetics\|phonoaesthetics]]. Despite the complexity of the language, intended only as an experiment without concern for the constraints of human learnability, he has published several updates for a new language predicated off of the original grammar.

	== Phonology ==		== Phonology ==
Line 381:		Line 381:
	\|}		\|}

	The phonological system of the original Ithkuil consisted of 65 consonants; the ones above, in adittion to the lateral aspirated and central ejective palatal affricates ''q̌'' /cʎ̥˔ʰ/, ''çʼ'' /c͡çʼ/ and the velar affricates ''xʼ'' /k͡xʼ/, ''x̧ʼ'' /q͡χʼ/.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ithkuil.net:80/ithkuil-ch1-phonology.htm\|title=Ithkuil Phonology\|date=2009-06-08\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608003709/http://www.ithkuil.net:80/ithkuil-ch1-phonology.htm\|archive-date=2009-06-08\|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060808175717/http://home.inreach.com/sl2120/Ithkuil/}}</ref> /m n̪ ŋ l ɫ ɻ/ could be syllabic. ''h'' was [ɸ] when preceded by a vowel and followed by another consonant. [cʎ̥˔ʰ] was in free variation with [cʎ̥˔ʼ], the latter being more common at the beginning of a word (both spelt ''q̌''). All consonants except ''y'' and ''w'' could be geminated; when geminated, ''h'' was a bidental fricative (h̪͆) and ''r'' was an alveolar trill (/r/).		The phonological system of the original Ithkuil consisted of 65 consonants; the ones above, in adittion to the lateral aspirated and central ejective palatal affricates ''q̌'' /cʎ̥˔ʰ/, ''çʼ'' /c͡çʼ/ and the velar affricates ''xʼ'' /k͡xʼ/, ''x̧ʼ'' /q͡χʼ/. /m n̪ ŋ l ɫ ɻ/ could be syllabic. ''h'' was [ɸ] when preceded by a vowel and followed by another consonant. [cʎ̥˔ʰ] was in free variation with [cʎ̥˔ʼ], the latter being more common at the beginning of a word (both spelt ''q̌''). All consonants except ''y'' and ''w'' could be geminated; when geminated, ''h'' was a bidental fricative (h̪͆) and ''r'' was an alveolar trill (/r/).

	At the left of each cell in the table below is the phoneme, and at the right its transliterated representation. The original 17 vowels are as follows:		At the left of each cell in the table below is the phoneme, and at the right its transliterated representation. The original 17 vowels are as follows:

Nicomega at 21:35, 28 January 2021

2021-01-28T21:35:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:35, 28 January 2021
Line 539:		Line 539:
	The [[w:Linguistic relativity\|Sapir–Whorf hypothesis]] postulates that a person's language influences their perceptions and cognitive patterns. Stanislav Kozlovsky proposed<ref name=kozl>(Russian) [http://old.computerra.ru/xterra/205420/ «Скорость мысли», Станислав Козловский] – ''Speed of thought'' by Stanislav Kozlovsky, ''Computerra'', №26–27, June 20, 2004</ref> in the Russian popular-scientific magazine ''Computerra'' that a fluent speaker of Ithkuil, accordingly, would think "about five or six times as fast" as a speaker of a typical natural language. The Sapir–Whorf hypothesis would suggest that, Ithkuil being an extremely precise and [[w:synthetic language\|synthetic language]], its speakers would have a more discerning, deeper understanding both of everyday situations and of broader phenomena, and of abstract philosophical categories.		The [[w:Linguistic relativity\|Sapir–Whorf hypothesis]] postulates that a person's language influences their perceptions and cognitive patterns. Stanislav Kozlovsky proposed<ref name=kozl>(Russian) [http://old.computerra.ru/xterra/205420/ «Скорость мысли», Станислав Козловский] – ''Speed of thought'' by Stanislav Kozlovsky, ''Computerra'', №26–27, June 20, 2004</ref> in the Russian popular-scientific magazine ''Computerra'' that a fluent speaker of Ithkuil, accordingly, would think "about five or six times as fast" as a speaker of a typical natural language. The Sapir–Whorf hypothesis would suggest that, Ithkuil being an extremely precise and [[w:synthetic language\|synthetic language]], its speakers would have a more discerning, deeper understanding both of everyday situations and of broader phenomena, and of abstract philosophical categories.

	However, strong forms of the hypothesis, which postulate that language ''determines'' thought and not only influences it, have been disproven within mainstream linguistics.<ref>[Ahearn, Laura. ''Living language: an introduction to linguistic anthropology'', Wiley Blackwell, Oxford. ISBN 9781405124416. Page 69.]</ref> Moreover, in line with this, Quijada has stated he does not believe a speaker would think necessarily any faster, because even though Ithkuil is terse, a single word requires a lot more thought before it can be spoken than it would in a natural language.<ref name=FAQ>[http://www.ithkuil.net/faqs.html FAQ]</ref>		However, strong forms of the hypothesis, which postulate that language ''determines'' thought and not only influences it, have been disproven within mainstream linguistics.<ref>Ahearn, Laura. ''Living language: an introduction to linguistic anthropology'', Wiley Blackwell, Oxford. ISBN 9781405124416. Page 69.</ref> Moreover, in line with this, Quijada has stated he does not believe a speaker would think necessarily any faster, because even though Ithkuil is terse, a single word requires a lot more thought before it can be spoken than it would in a natural language.<ref name=FAQ>[http://www.ithkuil.net/faqs.html FAQ]</ref>

	"For these reasons, I believe use of Ithkuil would probably allow one to think more deeply, critically, and analytically; but think faster? I doubt it."		"For these reasons, I believe use of Ithkuil would probably allow one to think more deeply, critically, and analytically; but think faster? I doubt it."

Nicomega at 21:35, 28 January 2021

2021-01-28T21:35:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:35, 28 January 2021
Line 5:		Line 5:
	\| region = none		\| region = none
	\| speakers = none		\| speakers = none
	\| familycolor = philosophical language		\| familycolor = violet
			\| fam1 = philosophical language
	\| creator = John Quijada		\| creator = John Quijada
	\| created = ~~{{nobr\|~~1978–2016}}<!--Refers to development, not actual use-->		\| created = 1978–2016<!--Refers to development, not actual use-->
	\| script = [[Logogram\|logographic]]		\| script = [[Logogram\|logographic]]
	\| iso3 = none		\| iso3 = none
Line 34:		Line 35:
	'''[[w:International Phonetic Alphabet\|IPA]]:''' [<span class="IPA">ˈpʊlːˋ ʊˈɪˊqɪʃx ˈmaʔwaʟɡ ɛʁjɑʊfɤˈnɪɛnˉ ˈpæθwɯç aʊˈxɤʔjaɬt xnɛʔwiɬˈtaʔʂʊɪ tʊa kɪt œlːˈaˊ jaˈqazmʊɪv lɪʔjɯɾˈzɪʂkaʔ p’amːˊ aɪlɔˈwɤtʃːa ʃʊʔˈjɛhtaʂ</span><nowiki>]</nowiki> '''[//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Ithkuil_pull_uiqisx.ogg <span style="white-space:initial;">Listen</span>]:''' [[File:Speaker Icon.svg\|frameless\|10x10px]]]]Ithkuil evolved over 45 years as a linguistic experiment beyond Western Indo-European languages in response to [[w:Linguistic relativity\|the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis]] and [[w:Charles J. Fillmore\|Charles J. Fillmore]]’s case grammar into "a complex, intricate array of interwoven grammatical concepts [...] inspired by ideas inspired by countless hours studying texts in [[w:theoretical linguistics\|theoretical linguistics]], [[w:cognitive grammar\|cognitive grammar]], [[w:psycholinguistics\|psycholinguistics]], [[w:language acquisition\|language acquisition]], [[w:linguistic relativity\|linguistic relativity]], semantics, semiotics, philosophy, [[w:fuzzy set theory\|fuzzy set theory]], and even [[w:Quantum Physics\|quantum physics]]. "		'''[[w:International Phonetic Alphabet\|IPA]]:''' [<span class="IPA">ˈpʊlːˋ ʊˈɪˊqɪʃx ˈmaʔwaʟɡ ɛʁjɑʊfɤˈnɪɛnˉ ˈpæθwɯç aʊˈxɤʔjaɬt xnɛʔwiɬˈtaʔʂʊɪ tʊa kɪt œlːˈaˊ jaˈqazmʊɪv lɪʔjɯɾˈzɪʂkaʔ p’amːˊ aɪlɔˈwɤtʃːa ʃʊʔˈjɛhtaʂ</span><nowiki>]</nowiki> '''[//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Ithkuil_pull_uiqisx.ogg <span style="white-space:initial;">Listen</span>]:''' [[File:Speaker Icon.svg\|frameless\|10x10px]]]]Ithkuil evolved over 45 years as a linguistic experiment beyond Western Indo-European languages in response to [[w:Linguistic relativity\|the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis]] and [[w:Charles J. Fillmore\|Charles J. Fillmore]]’s case grammar into "a complex, intricate array of interwoven grammatical concepts [...] inspired by ideas inspired by countless hours studying texts in [[w:theoretical linguistics\|theoretical linguistics]], [[w:cognitive grammar\|cognitive grammar]], [[w:psycholinguistics\|psycholinguistics]], [[w:language acquisition\|language acquisition]], [[w:linguistic relativity\|linguistic relativity]], semantics, semiotics, philosophy, [[w:fuzzy set theory\|fuzzy set theory]], and even [[w:Quantum Physics\|quantum physics]]. "

	For his influences, Quijada cites the obscure "morpho-phonology of [[w:Abkhaz language\|Abkhaz]] verb complexes, the [[w:Grammatical mood\|moods]] of verbs of certain [[w:Indigenous languages of the Americas\|American Indian languages]], the [[w:Grammatical aspect\|aspectual]] system of [[w:Niger–Kordofanian languages\|Niger–Kordofanian languages]], the [[w:Ergative case\|nominal]] [[w:Noun case\|case systems]] of [[w:Basque language\|Basque]] and [[w:Northeast Caucasian languages\|Dagestanian languages]], the [[w:enclitic\|enclitic]] system of the [[w:Wakashan languages\|Wakashan languages]], the positional orientation systems of [[w:Tzeltal language\|Tzeltal]] and [[w:Guugu Yimithirr language\|Guugu Yimithirr]], the [[w:Semitic root\|Semitic triliteral root]] morphology, and the hearsay and possessive categories of [[w:Suzette Elgin\|Suzette Elgin]]'s [[Láadan]] language". The writing system's logical design borrows principles from [[w:Ge'ez script\|Ethiopic]] and [[w:Brahmi script\|Brahmi]] scripts, but employs a unique morpho-phonemic principle.<ref name="intro" /> The script used throughout the Ithkuil grammar bears superficial resemblance to [[w:Hebrew script\|Hebrew]] square script and the various [[w:Klingon script\|Klingon]] fonts, and Ilaksh has also used a "cartouche script" and a cursive format. Because Ithkuil is designed for users to be precise in their speech, it is quite difficult to express humorous concepts in Ithkuil.<ref>~~{{Cite news\|url=~~https://www.newyorker.com/cartoons/bob-mankoff/a-l~~\|title=~~Ça üšlá~~\|work=~~The New Yorker\|access-date=2018-08-10~~\|language=en-US}}~~</ref>		For his influences, Quijada cites the obscure "morpho-phonology of [[w:Abkhaz language\|Abkhaz]] verb complexes, the [[w:Grammatical mood\|moods]] of verbs of certain [[w:Indigenous languages of the Americas\|American Indian languages]], the [[w:Grammatical aspect\|aspectual]] system of [[w:Niger–Kordofanian languages\|Niger–Kordofanian languages]], the [[w:Ergative case\|nominal]] [[w:Noun case\|case systems]] of [[w:Basque language\|Basque]] and [[w:Northeast Caucasian languages\|Dagestanian languages]], the [[w:enclitic\|enclitic]] system of the [[w:Wakashan languages\|Wakashan languages]], the positional orientation systems of [[w:Tzeltal language\|Tzeltal]] and [[w:Guugu Yimithirr language\|Guugu Yimithirr]], the [[w:Semitic root\|Semitic triliteral root]] morphology, and the hearsay and possessive categories of [[w:Suzette Elgin\|Suzette Elgin]]'s [[Láadan]] language". The writing system's logical design borrows principles from [[w:Ge'ez script\|Ethiopic]] and [[w:Brahmi script\|Brahmi]] scripts, but employs a unique morpho-phonemic principle.<ref name="intro" /> The script used throughout the Ithkuil grammar bears superficial resemblance to [[w:Hebrew script\|Hebrew]] square script and the various [[w:Klingon script\|Klingon]] fonts, and Ilaksh has also used a "cartouche script" and a cursive format. Because Ithkuil is designed for users to be precise in their speech, it is quite difficult to express humorous concepts in Ithkuil.<ref>[https://www.newyorker.com/cartoons/bob-mankoff/a-l Ça üšlá. ''The New Yorker'', access-date=2018-08-10]</ref>

	==History==		==History==
Line 538:		Line 539:
	The [[w:Linguistic relativity\|Sapir–Whorf hypothesis]] postulates that a person's language influences their perceptions and cognitive patterns. Stanislav Kozlovsky proposed<ref name=kozl>(Russian) [http://old.computerra.ru/xterra/205420/ «Скорость мысли», Станислав Козловский] – ''Speed of thought'' by Stanislav Kozlovsky, ''Computerra'', №26–27, June 20, 2004</ref> in the Russian popular-scientific magazine ''Computerra'' that a fluent speaker of Ithkuil, accordingly, would think "about five or six times as fast" as a speaker of a typical natural language. The Sapir–Whorf hypothesis would suggest that, Ithkuil being an extremely precise and [[w:synthetic language\|synthetic language]], its speakers would have a more discerning, deeper understanding both of everyday situations and of broader phenomena, and of abstract philosophical categories.		The [[w:Linguistic relativity\|Sapir–Whorf hypothesis]] postulates that a person's language influences their perceptions and cognitive patterns. Stanislav Kozlovsky proposed<ref name=kozl>(Russian) [http://old.computerra.ru/xterra/205420/ «Скорость мысли», Станислав Козловский] – ''Speed of thought'' by Stanislav Kozlovsky, ''Computerra'', №26–27, June 20, 2004</ref> in the Russian popular-scientific magazine ''Computerra'' that a fluent speaker of Ithkuil, accordingly, would think "about five or six times as fast" as a speaker of a typical natural language. The Sapir–Whorf hypothesis would suggest that, Ithkuil being an extremely precise and [[w:synthetic language\|synthetic language]], its speakers would have a more discerning, deeper understanding both of everyday situations and of broader phenomena, and of abstract philosophical categories.

	However, strong forms of the hypothesis, which postulate that language ''determines'' thought and not only influences it, have been disproven within mainstream linguistics.<ref>~~{{Citation\|last=~~Ahearn~~\|first=~~Laura~~\|title=~~Living language: an introduction to linguistic anthropology~~\|publisher=~~Wiley-Blackwell~~\|location=~~Oxford~~\|isbn=~~9781405124416~~\|page=~~69~~\|edition=1. publ~~.}}</ref> Moreover, in line with this, Quijada has stated he does not believe a speaker would think necessarily any faster, because even though Ithkuil is terse, a single word requires a lot more thought before it can be spoken than it would in a natural language.<ref name=FAQ>[http://www.ithkuil.net/faqs.html FAQ]</ref>		However, strong forms of the hypothesis, which postulate that language ''determines'' thought and not only influences it, have been disproven within mainstream linguistics.<ref>[Ahearn, Laura. ''Living language: an introduction to linguistic anthropology'', Wiley Blackwell, Oxford. ISBN 9781405124416. Page 69.]</ref> Moreover, in line with this, Quijada has stated he does not believe a speaker would think necessarily any faster, because even though Ithkuil is terse, a single word requires a lot more thought before it can be spoken than it would in a natural language.<ref name=FAQ>[http://www.ithkuil.net/faqs.html FAQ]</ref>

	"For these reasons, I believe use of Ithkuil would probably allow one to think more deeply, critically, and analytically; but think faster? I doubt it."		"For these reasons, I believe use of Ithkuil would probably allow one to think more deeply, critically, and analytically; but think faster? I doubt it."
Line 567:		Line 568:
	* [http://ithkuil-russian.narod.ru/ Information site] (Russian)		* [http://ithkuil-russian.narod.ru/ Information site] (Russian)


	~~[[Category:Engineered languages]]~~
	[[Category:Fusional languages]]		[[Category:Fusional languages]]
	[[Category:~~Knowledge representation~~ languages]]		[[Category:Philosophical languages]]
	[[Category:~~Constructed languages introduced in the 2000s~~]]		[[Category:Ithkuil]]
			[[Category:Languages]]
			[[Category:Conlangs]]
			[[Category:A priori]]

Nicomega at 20:10, 28 January 2021

2021-01-28T20:10:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:10, 28 January 2021
Line 2:		Line 2:
	\| name = Ithkuil		\| name = Ithkuil
	\| nativename = Iţkûil		\| nativename = Iţkûil
	\| pronunciation = {{IPA\|/~~iθˈku.ɪl~~/}}		\| pronunciation = {{IPA\|/iːθˈkuːɪl/}}
	\| region = none		\| region = none
	\| speakers = none		\| speakers = none
Line 14:		Line 14:
	\| glotto = none		\| glotto = none
	}}		}}
	'''Ithkuil''' is an experimental [[constructed language]] created by American linguist John Quijada,<ref name="foer-2012">Joshua Foer, [http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/12/24/121224fa_fact_foer "John Quijada and Ithkuil, the Language He Invented"], ''The New Yorker'', December 24, 2012.</ref> designed to express deeper levels of human cognition briefly yet overtly and clearly, particularly with regard to human categorization. Presented as a cross between an [[a priori language\|a priori]] [[philosophical language\|philosophical]] and a [[logical language\|logical]] language striving to minimize the ambiguities and semantic vagueness found in natural human languages,<ref name="intro">[http://www.ithkuil.net/00_intro.html ''A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language''– Introduction]</ref> Ithkuil is notable for its grammatical complexity and extensive phoneme inventory, the latter being simplified in the final version of the language. The name "Ithkuil" is an anglicized form of ''Îţkûil'', which in the original form roughly means "hypothetical representation of a language".<ref name="intro" /> Quijada states he did not create Ithkuil to be [[international auxiliary language\|auxiliary]] or used in everyday conversations, but rather to serve as a language for more elaborate and profound fields where more insightful thoughts are expected, such as philosophy, arts, science and politics.<ref name="faqs">[http://ithkuil.net/faqs.html Ithkuil FAQs]</ref>		'''Ithkuil''', [iːθˈkuːɪl], is an experimental [[constructed language]] created by American linguist John Quijada,<ref name="foer-2012">Joshua Foer, [http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/12/24/121224fa_fact_foer "John Quijada and Ithkuil, the Language He Invented"], ''The New Yorker'', December 24, 2012.</ref> designed to express deeper levels of human cognition briefly yet overtly and clearly, particularly with regard to human categorization. Presented as a cross between an [[a priori language\|a priori]] [[philosophical language\|philosophical]] and a [[logical language\|logical]] language striving to minimize the ambiguities and semantic vagueness found in natural human languages,<ref name="intro">[http://www.ithkuil.net/00_intro.html ''A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language''– Introduction]</ref> Ithkuil is notable for its grammatical complexity and extensive phoneme inventory, the latter being simplified in the final version of the language. The name "Ithkuil" is an anglicized form of ''Îţkûil'', which in the original form roughly means "hypothetical representation of a language".<ref name="intro" /> Quijada states he did not create Ithkuil to be [[international auxiliary language\|auxiliary]] or used in everyday conversations, but rather to serve as a language for more elaborate and profound fields where more insightful thoughts are expected, such as philosophy, arts, science and politics.<ref name="faqs">[http://ithkuil.net/faqs.html Ithkuil FAQs]</ref>

	The many examples from the original grammar book<ref name="intro"/> show that a message, like a meaningful phrase or a sentence, can usually be expressed in Ithkuil with fewer sounds, or lexically distinct speech-elements, than in natural human languages. For example, the two-word Ithkuil sentence "''Tram-mļöi hhâsmařpţuktôx''" can be translated into English as "On the contrary, I think it may turn out that this rugged mountain range trails off at some point".<ref name="intro"/> Quijada sees his strictly regular creation as too complex to have developed naturally, but nonetheless as a language suited to human conversation. No person, including Quijada himself, is known to be able to speak Ithkuil fluently.		The many examples from the original grammar book<ref name="intro"/> show that a message, like a meaningful phrase or a sentence, can usually be expressed in Ithkuil with fewer sounds, or lexically distinct speech-elements, than in natural human languages. For example, the two-word Ithkuil sentence "''Tram-mļöi hhâsmařpţuktôx''" can be translated into English as "On the contrary, I think it may turn out that this rugged mountain range trails off at some point".<ref name="intro"/> Quijada sees his strictly regular creation as too complex to have developed naturally, but nonetheless as a language suited to human conversation. No person, including Quijada himself, is known to be able to speak Ithkuil fluently.

Nicomega at 14:09, 28 December 2020

2020-12-28T14:09:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:09, 28 December 2020
Line 572:		Line 572:
	[[Category:Knowledge representation languages]]		[[Category:Knowledge representation languages]]
	[[Category:Constructed languages introduced in the 2000s]]		[[Category:Constructed languages introduced in the 2000s]]
	~~[[Category:Constructed languages]]~~

Nicomega at 14:08, 28 December 2020

2020-12-28T14:08:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:08, 28 December 2020
Line 51:		Line 51:

	== Phonology ==		== Phonology ==

			===Orthography===

			[[File:Ithkuil-ex001.jpg\|thumb\|"Tram-mļöi hhâsmařpţuktôx" written in the Ithkuil script. English translation: "On the contrary, I think it may turn out that this rugged mountain range trails off at some point"]]

			Ithkuil uses a morphophonemic script because characters convey both phonetic and morphological information. Its use is closely tied to Ithkuil's grammatical system, which allows much of the phonological aspect of words to be morpho-syntactically inferred. Those parts of an Ithkuil word whose pronunciation is predictable are not written, whereas the characters used to indicate the pronunciation of the unpredictable parts of a word also convey the grammatical information necessary to reconstruct the implicit phonetics. Words are thus written in a highly abbreviated manner, particularly useful for the highly inflected, occasionally elongated words of the Ithkuil language. The script is also used alphabetically for transliterating foreign words and mathematical expressions.<ref name="orthography">[http://www.ithkuil.net/11_script.htm ''A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language''– Chapter 11: The Writing System]</ref>

	===Consonant inventory===		===Consonant inventory===
Line 302:		Line 308:

	On 27 March 2015 Quijada released a [http://www.ithkuil.net/ithkuil_math_and_measurement.pdf mathematical sublanguage] using a dozenal number system.		On 27 March 2015 Quijada released a [http://www.ithkuil.net/ithkuil_math_and_measurement.pdf mathematical sublanguage] using a dozenal number system.

	~~==Orthography==~~

	[[File:Ithkuil-ex001.jpg\|thumb\|"Tram-mļöi hhâsmařpţuktôx" written in the Ithkuil script. English translation: "On the contrary, I think it may turn out that this rugged mountain range trails off at some point"]]

	Ithkuil uses a morphophonemic script because characters convey both phonetic and morphological information. Its use is closely tied to Ithkuil's grammatical system, which allows much of the phonological aspect of words to be morpho-syntactically inferred. Those parts of an Ithkuil word whose pronunciation is predictable are not written, whereas the characters used to indicate the pronunciation of the unpredictable parts of a word also convey the grammatical information necessary to reconstruct the implicit phonetics. Words are thus written in a highly abbreviated manner, particularly useful for the highly inflected, occasionally elongated words of the Ithkuil language. The script is also used alphabetically for transliterating foreign words and mathematical expressions.<ref name="orthography">[http://www.ithkuil.net/11_script.htm ''A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language''– Chapter 11: The Writing System]</ref>

	<!--== Past versions ==		<!--== Past versions ==

Nicomega: /* Past versions */

2020-12-28T14:07:59Z

Past versions

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:07, 28 December 2020
Line 309:		Line 309:
	Ithkuil uses a morphophonemic script because characters convey both phonetic and morphological information. Its use is closely tied to Ithkuil's grammatical system, which allows much of the phonological aspect of words to be morpho-syntactically inferred. Those parts of an Ithkuil word whose pronunciation is predictable are not written, whereas the characters used to indicate the pronunciation of the unpredictable parts of a word also convey the grammatical information necessary to reconstruct the implicit phonetics. Words are thus written in a highly abbreviated manner, particularly useful for the highly inflected, occasionally elongated words of the Ithkuil language. The script is also used alphabetically for transliterating foreign words and mathematical expressions.<ref name="orthography">[http://www.ithkuil.net/11_script.htm ''A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language''– Chapter 11: The Writing System]</ref>		Ithkuil uses a morphophonemic script because characters convey both phonetic and morphological information. Its use is closely tied to Ithkuil's grammatical system, which allows much of the phonological aspect of words to be morpho-syntactically inferred. Those parts of an Ithkuil word whose pronunciation is predictable are not written, whereas the characters used to indicate the pronunciation of the unpredictable parts of a word also convey the grammatical information necessary to reconstruct the implicit phonetics. Words are thus written in a highly abbreviated manner, particularly useful for the highly inflected, occasionally elongated words of the Ithkuil language. The script is also used alphabetically for transliterating foreign words and mathematical expressions.<ref name="orthography">[http://www.ithkuil.net/11_script.htm ''A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language''– Chapter 11: The Writing System]</ref>

	== Past versions ==		<!--== Past versions ==

	===Original Ithkuil===		===Original Ithkuil===
Line 534:		Line 534:
	\|}		\|}
	The 14 diphthongs of Ilaksh were {{IPA\|/ai̯/}}, {{IPA\|/æi̯/}}, {{IPA\|/ei̯/}}, {{IPA\|/əi̯/}}, {{IPA\|/oi̯/}}, {{IPA\|/øi̯/}}, {{IPA\|/ui̯/}}, {{IPA\|/au̯/}}, {{IPA\|/æu̯/}}, {{IPA\|/eu̯/}}, {{IPA\|/əu̯/}}, {{IPA\|/iu̯/}}, {{IPA\|/ou̯/}}, and {{IPA\|/øu̯/}}. All other sequences of vowels were pronounced as separate syllables.		The 14 diphthongs of Ilaksh were {{IPA\|/ai̯/}}, {{IPA\|/æi̯/}}, {{IPA\|/ei̯/}}, {{IPA\|/əi̯/}}, {{IPA\|/oi̯/}}, {{IPA\|/øi̯/}}, {{IPA\|/ui̯/}}, {{IPA\|/au̯/}}, {{IPA\|/æu̯/}}, {{IPA\|/eu̯/}}, {{IPA\|/əu̯/}}, {{IPA\|/iu̯/}}, {{IPA\|/ou̯/}}, and {{IPA\|/øu̯/}}. All other sequences of vowels were pronounced as separate syllables.
			-->

	==Possible advantages==		==Possible advantages==