Hakdor - Revision history

Bpnjohnson: /* Verbs */

2023-12-18T20:36:32Z

Verbs

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:36, 18 December 2023
Line 648:		Line 648:
	! (Some) Extended Meanings		! (Some) Extended Meanings
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: ~~ketra~~#Hakdor\|keta]]''		! ''[[Contionary: keta#Hakdor\|keta]]''
	\| ‘to give’		\| ‘to give’
	\| to transfer, to remove (from oneself), to shed, to excrete		\| to transfer, to remove (from oneself), to shed, to excrete
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: ~~tokra~~#Hakdor\|toka]]''		! ''[[Contionary: toka#Hakdor\|toka]]''
	\| ‘to take’		\| ‘to take’
	\| to eat, to consume, to steal		\| to eat, to consume, to steal
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: ~~iitra~~#Hakdor\|iita]]''		! ''[[Contionary: iita#Hakdor\|iita]]''
	\| ‘to throw’		\| ‘to throw’
	\| to observe with the senses ('''''[[Contionary: ~~iitra~~ luuat#Hakdor\|iita luuat]]''''' = ‘look at’)		\| to observe with the senses ('''''[[Contionary: iita luuat#Hakdor\|iita luuat]]''''' = ‘look at’)
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: ~~kepra~~#Hakdor\|kepa]]''		! ''[[Contionary: kepa#Hakdor\|kepa]]''
	\| ‘to catch’		\| ‘to catch’
	\| to capture, to seize		\| to capture, to seize
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: ~~pasra~~#Hakdor\|pasa]]''		! ''[[Contionary: pasa#Hakdor\|pasa]]''
	\| ‘to fall’		\| ‘to fall’
	\| to do something accidentally, to sleep		\| to do something accidentally, to sleep
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: ~~sopra~~#Hakdor\|sopa]]''		! ''[[Contionary: sopa#Hakdor\|sopa]]''
	\| ‘to rise’		\| ‘to rise’
	\| to ascend, to awaken, to succeed		\| to ascend, to awaken, to succeed
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: ~~uekra~~#Hakdor\|ueka]]''		! ''[[Contionary: ueka#Hakdor\|ueka]]''
	\| ‘to sit’		\| ‘to sit’
	\| to be located,		\| to be located,
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: ~~kupra~~#Hakdor\|kupa]]''		! ''[[Contionary: kupa#Hakdor\|kupa]]''
	\| ‘to stand’		\| ‘to stand’
	\| to be upright, to be in a state of		\| to be upright, to be in a state of
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: ~~hapra~~#Hakdor\|hapa]]''		! ''[[Contionary: hapa#Hakdor\|hapa]]''
	\| ‘to have’		\| ‘to have’
	\| to control, to hold, to be imbued with (e.g. ability)		\| to control, to hold, to be imbued with (e.g. ability)
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: ~~rekra~~#Hakdor\|reka]]''		! ''[[Contionary: reka#Hakdor\|reka]]''
	\| ‘to do’		\| ‘to do’
	\| to make, to compel, to cause, to force		\| to make, to compel, to cause, to force
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: ~~pikra~~#Hakdor\|pika]]''		! ''[[Contionary: pika#Hakdor\|pika]]''
	\| ‘to pick up’		\| ‘to pick up’
	\| to grasp, ~take		\| to grasp, ~take
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: ~~topra~~#Hakdor\|topa]]''		! ''[[Contionary: topa#Hakdor\|topa]]''
	\| ‘to put down’		\| ‘to put down’
	\| to put in place, to situate, ~give, to sense ('''''[[Contionary: ~~topra~~ luuat#Hakdor\|topa luuat]]''''' = ‘to see’)		\| to put in place, to situate, ~give, to sense ('''''[[Contionary: topa luuat#Hakdor\|topa luuat]]''''' = ‘to see’)
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: ~~katra~~#Hakdor\|kata]]''		! ''[[Contionary: kata#Hakdor\|kata]]''
	\| ‘to keep’		\| ‘to keep’
	\| to protect, to hide		\| to protect, to hide
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: ~~sitra~~#Hakdor\|sita]]''		! ''[[Contionary: sita#Hakdor\|sita]]''
	\| ‘to be’		\| ‘to be’
	\| to exist, copula		\| to exist, copula
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: ~~qetra~~#Hakdor\|qeta]]''		! ''[[Contionary: qeta#Hakdor\|qeta]]''
	\| ‘to go’		\| ‘to go’
	\| to move, to travel, to start		\| to move, to travel, to start
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: ~~tikra~~#Hakdor\|tika]]''		! ''[[Contionary: tika#Hakdor\|tika]]''
	\| ‘to hit’		\| ‘to hit’
	\| to make contact with, to touch		\| to make contact with, to touch
	\|}		\|}

	Yet as few verbs as there are, every clause requires one. Usually, what we generally think of as the verb of a clause is a noun which changes meaning when used as the direct object of a verb. For example, “to look at” translates as iita luuat ‘to throw eyes’, but you might think of it as the more melodious “to cast a glance.” In fact, all sensing words use ''iita'' as their verb, though “cast an ear” (~~iit~~ siiek, ‘listen’) or ‘cast an eye’ (~~iit~~ luuat, ‘look’) sound a little nicer to our ears than ‘throw a nose’ (iita safiu, ‘smell’) or ‘hurl a tongue’ (iita ruhac, ‘taste’).		Yet as few verbs as there are, every clause requires one. Usually, what we generally think of as the verb of a clause is a noun which changes meaning when used as the direct object of a verb. For example, “to look at” translates as ''[[Contionary: iita luuat#Hakdor\|iita luuat]]'' ‘to throw eyes’, but you might think of it as the more melodious “to cast a glance.” In fact, all sensing words use ''[[Contionary: iita#Hakdor\|iita]]'' as their verb, though “cast an ear” (''[[Contionary: iita siiek#Hakdor\|iita siiek]]'', ‘listen’) or ‘cast an eye’ (''[[Contionary: iita luuat#Hakdor\|iita luuat]]'', ‘look’) sound a little nicer to our ears than ‘throw a nose’ (''[[Contionary: iita safiu#Hakdor\|iita safiu]]'', ‘smell’) or ‘hurl a tongue’ (''[[Contionary: iita ruhac#Hakdor\|iita ruhac]]'', ‘taste’).

	====Particles====		====Particles====

Bpnjohnson: /* Verbs */

2023-12-18T18:40:43Z

Verbs

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:40, 18 December 2023
Line 648:		Line 648:
	! (Some) Extended Meanings		! (Some) Extended Meanings
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: ketra#Hakdor\|~~ketra~~]]''		! ''[[Contionary: ketra#Hakdor\|keta]]''
	\| ‘to give’		\| ‘to give’
	\| to transfer, to remove (from oneself), to shed, to excrete		\| to transfer, to remove (from oneself), to shed, to excrete
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: tokra#Hakdor\|~~tokra~~]]''		! ''[[Contionary: tokra#Hakdor\|toka]]''
	\| ‘to take’		\| ‘to take’
	\| to eat, to consume, to steal		\| to eat, to consume, to steal
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: iitra#Hakdor\|~~iitra~~]]''		! ''[[Contionary: iitra#Hakdor\|iita]]''
	\| ‘to throw’		\| ‘to throw’
	\| to observe with the senses ('''''[[Contionary: iitra luuat#Hakdor\|~~iitra~~ luuat]]''''' = ‘look at’)		\| to observe with the senses ('''''[[Contionary: iitra luuat#Hakdor\|iita luuat]]''''' = ‘look at’)
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: kepra#Hakdor\|~~kepra~~]]''		! ''[[Contionary: kepra#Hakdor\|kepa]]''
	\| ‘to catch’		\| ‘to catch’
	\| to capture, to seize		\| to capture, to seize
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: pasra#Hakdor\|~~pasra~~]]''		! ''[[Contionary: pasra#Hakdor\|pasa]]''
	\| ‘to fall’		\| ‘to fall’
	\| to do something accidentally, to sleep		\| to do something accidentally, to sleep
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: sopra#Hakdor\|~~sopra~~]]''		! ''[[Contionary: sopra#Hakdor\|sopa]]''
	\| ‘to rise’		\| ‘to rise’
	\| to ascend, to awaken, to succeed		\| to ascend, to awaken, to succeed
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: uekra#Hakdor\|~~uekra~~]]''		! ''[[Contionary: uekra#Hakdor\|ueka]]''
	\| ‘to sit’		\| ‘to sit’
	\| to be located,		\| to be located,
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: kupra#Hakdor\|~~kupra~~]]''		! ''[[Contionary: kupra#Hakdor\|kupa]]''
	\| ‘to stand’		\| ‘to stand’
	\| to be upright, to be in a state of		\| to be upright, to be in a state of
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: hapra#Hakdor\|~~hapra~~]]''		! ''[[Contionary: hapra#Hakdor\|hapa]]''
	\| ‘to have’		\| ‘to have’
	\| to control, to hold, to be imbued with (e.g. ability)		\| to control, to hold, to be imbued with (e.g. ability)
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: rekra#Hakdor\|~~rekra~~]]''		! ''[[Contionary: rekra#Hakdor\|reka]]''
	\| ‘to do’		\| ‘to do’
	\| to make, to compel, to cause, to force		\| to make, to compel, to cause, to force
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: pikra#Hakdor\|~~pikra~~]]''		! ''[[Contionary: pikra#Hakdor\|pika]]''
	\| ‘to pick up’		\| ‘to pick up’
	\| to grasp, ~take		\| to grasp, ~take
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: topra#Hakdor\|~~topra~~]]''		! ''[[Contionary: topra#Hakdor\|topa]]''
	\| ‘to put down’		\| ‘to put down’
	\| to put in place, to situate, ~give, to sense ('''''[[Contionary: topra luuat#Hakdor\|~~topra~~ luuat]]''''' = ‘to see’)		\| to put in place, to situate, ~give, to sense ('''''[[Contionary: topra luuat#Hakdor\|topa luuat]]''''' = ‘to see’)
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: katra#Hakdor\|~~katra~~]]''		! ''[[Contionary: katra#Hakdor\|kata]]''
	\| ‘to keep’		\| ‘to keep’
	\| to protect, to hide		\| to protect, to hide
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: sitra#Hakdor\|~~sitra~~]]''		! ''[[Contionary: sitra#Hakdor\|sita]]''
	\| ‘to be’		\| ‘to be’
	\| to exist, copula		\| to exist, copula
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: qetra#Hakdor\|~~qetra~~]]''		! ''[[Contionary: qetra#Hakdor\|qeta]]''
	\| ‘to go’		\| ‘to go’
	\| to move, to travel, to start		\| to move, to travel, to start
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: tikra#Hakdor\|~~tikra~~]]''		! ''[[Contionary: tikra#Hakdor\|tika]]''
	\| ‘to hit’		\| ‘to hit’
	\| to make contact with, to touch		\| to make contact with, to touch
	\|}		\|}

	Yet as few verbs as there are, every clause requires one. Usually, what we generally think of as the verb of a clause is a noun which changes meaning when used as the direct object of a verb. For example, “to look at” translates as ~~iit~~ luuat ‘to throw eyes’, but you might think of it as the more melodious “to cast a glance.” In fact, all sensing words use ~~iit~~ as their verb, though “cast an ear” (iit siiek, ‘listen’) or ‘cast an eye’ (iit luuat, ‘look’) sound a little nicer to our ears than ‘throw a nose’ (~~iit~~ safiu, ‘smell’) or ‘hurl a tongue’ (~~iit~~ ruhac, ‘taste’).		Yet as few verbs as there are, every clause requires one. Usually, what we generally think of as the verb of a clause is a noun which changes meaning when used as the direct object of a verb. For example, “to look at” translates as iita luuat ‘to throw eyes’, but you might think of it as the more melodious “to cast a glance.” In fact, all sensing words use ''iita'' as their verb, though “cast an ear” (iit siiek, ‘listen’) or ‘cast an eye’ (iit luuat, ‘look’) sound a little nicer to our ears than ‘throw a nose’ (iita safiu, ‘smell’) or ‘hurl a tongue’ (iita ruhac, ‘taste’).

	====Particles====		====Particles====

Bpnjohnson: /* Orthography & Romanization */

2023-01-03T23:30:26Z

Orthography & Romanization

Show changes

Bpnjohnson: /* Phonology */

2022-07-26T02:52:32Z

Phonology

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:52, 26 July 2022
Line 14:		Line 14:
	Unlike standard human languages, the language of the Hakdor is not based exclusively on phonology. Instead it is based on a series of “modes,” of which phonology is just one expression. It is possible for a group of Hakdor who primarily use a vocal language to communicate instantly with a group whose language is primarily manual, written, or melodic, since all the modes are just reflexes of the same processes.		Unlike standard human languages, the language of the Hakdor is not based exclusively on phonology. Instead it is based on a series of “modes,” of which phonology is just one expression. It is possible for a group of Hakdor who primarily use a vocal language to communicate instantly with a group whose language is primarily manual, written, or melodic, since all the modes are just reflexes of the same processes.

	However, since spoken language is the theme of this exercise, the average approximate phonology of verbalized Hakdor follows. ̩		However, since spoken language is the theme of this exercise, the average approximate phonology of verbalized Hakdor follows.

	===Consonants===		===Consonants===

Bpnjohnson at 18:50, 9 June 2022

2022-06-09T18:50:28Z

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Bpnjohnson: /* Numerals */

2022-06-06T22:07:55Z

Numerals

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:07, 6 June 2022
Line 410:		Line 410:
	! ''[[Contionary: lah#Hakdor\|lah]]''		! ''[[Contionary: lah#Hakdor\|lah]]''
	\|colspan=2\| 0		\|colspan=2\| 0
	! ''[[Contionary: iel#Hakdor\|iel]]'' (''[[Contionary: kir]] [[Contionary: lah]]'')		! ''[[Contionary: iel#Hakdor\|iel]]'' (''[[Contionary: kir#Hakdor\|kir]] [[Contionary: lah#Hakdor\|lah]]'')
	\|10 \|\|(16)		\|10 \|\|(16)
	! ''[[Contionary: tat#Hakdor\|tat]] [[Contionary: lah#Hakdor\|lah]]''		! ''[[Contionary: tat#Hakdor\|tat]] [[Contionary: lah#Hakdor\|lah]]''
	\|20 \|\|(32)		\|20 \|\|(32)
	! ''[[Contionary: iel#Hakdor\|iel]]'' (''[[Contionary: kir]] [[Contionary: lah]]'')		! ''[[Contionary: iel#Hakdor\|iel]]'' (''[[Contionary: kir#Hakdor\|kir]] [[Contionary: lah#Hakdor\|lah]]'')
	\|10 \|\|(16)		\|10 \|\|(16)
	\|-		\|-

Bpnjohnson: /* Verbs */

2022-06-06T18:34:31Z

Verbs

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:34, 6 June 2022
Line 571:		Line 571:
	! ''[[Contionary: iitra#Hakdor\|iitra]]''		! ''[[Contionary: iitra#Hakdor\|iitra]]''
	\| ‘to throw’		\| ‘to throw’
	\| to observe with the senses ('''''[[Contionary: iitra luuat]]''''' = ‘look at’)		\| to observe with the senses ('''''[[Contionary: iitra luuat#Hakdor\|iitra luuat]]''''' = ‘look at’)
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: kepra#Hakdor\|kepra]]''		! ''[[Contionary: kepra#Hakdor\|kepra]]''
Line 607:		Line 607:
	! ''[[Contionary: topra#Hakdor\|topra]]''		! ''[[Contionary: topra#Hakdor\|topra]]''
	\| ‘to put down’		\| ‘to put down’
	\| to put in place, to situate, ~give, to sense ('''''[[Contionary: topra luuat]]''''' = ‘to see’)		\| to put in place, to situate, ~give, to sense ('''''[[Contionary: topra luuat#Hakdor\|topra luuat]]''''' = ‘to see’)
	\|-		\|-
	! ''[[Contionary: katra#Hakdor\|katra]]''		! ''[[Contionary: katra#Hakdor\|katra]]''
Line 626:		Line 626:
	\|}		\|}

	Yet as few verbs as there are, every clause requires one. Usually, what we generally think of as the verb of a clause is a noun which changes meaning when used as the direct object of a verb. For example, “to look at” translates as iit luuat ‘to throw eyes’, but you might think of it as the more ~~melodius~~ “to cast a glance.” In fact, all sensing words use iit as their verb, though “cast an ear” (iit siiek, ‘listen’) or ‘cast an eye’ (iit luuat, ‘look’) sound a little nicer to our ears than ‘throw a nose’ (iit safiu, ‘smell’) or ‘hurl a tongue’ (iit ruhac, ‘taste’).		Yet as few verbs as there are, every clause requires one. Usually, what we generally think of as the verb of a clause is a noun which changes meaning when used as the direct object of a verb. For example, “to look at” translates as iit luuat ‘to throw eyes’, but you might think of it as the more melodious “to cast a glance.” In fact, all sensing words use iit as their verb, though “cast an ear” (iit siiek, ‘listen’) or ‘cast an eye’ (iit luuat, ‘look’) sound a little nicer to our ears than ‘throw a nose’ (iit safiu, ‘smell’) or ‘hurl a tongue’ (iit ruhac, ‘taste’).

	====Particles====		====Particles====

Bpnjohnson at 18:18, 6 June 2022

2022-06-06T18:18:12Z

Show changes

Bpnjohnson: /* Adjectives */

2022-06-06T16:34:15Z

Adjectives

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:34, 6 June 2022
Line 401:		Line 401:
	\| height=90 style="background-color: #000000;"\| '''''[[hul#Hakdor\|hul]]''<br />black'''<br />#000000		\| height=90 style="background-color: #000000;"\| '''''[[hul#Hakdor\|hul]]''<br />black'''<br />#000000
	\|}		\|}

			===Numerals===
			The Hakdor numerals are hexadecimal; that is, base-16. For hexadecimal transcription, 〈A〉 is used to represent ‘ten’, 〈B〉 for ‘eleven’, 〈C〉 for ‘twelve’ , 〈D〉 for ‘thirteen’ , 〈E〉 for ‘fourteen’ , and 〈F〉 for ‘fifteen’. Decimal equivalents are given in parentheses after the hexadecimal.

			While there are words for exponents – like hundred, thousand, million, and so on – most numbers are simply read as strings of digits from left to right. So 4EB6 (20,150 in decimal) is spoken: '''''[[ual#Hakdor\|ual]]-[[ruk#Hakdor\|ruk]]-[[tin#Hakdor\|tin]]-[[kut#Hakdor\|kut]]'''''. As a result, two additional number terms are common in Hakdor: '''''[[lalah#Hakdor\|lalah]]''''', which we might translate as “double-zero,” and '''''[[lalalah#Hakdor\|lalalah]]''''', which I’ll leave to you to figure out. So “100” is as likely to be pronounced '''''[[kir#Hakdor\|kir]]-[[lalah#Hakdor\|lalah]]''''' as '''''[[ren#Hakdor\|ren]]'''''.

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"

Bpnjohnson at 14:50, 6 June 2022

2022-06-06T14:50:43Z

Show changes

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:07, 6 June 2022
Line 410:		Line 410:
	! ''[[Contionary: lah#Hakdor\|lah]]''		! ''[[Contionary: lah#Hakdor\|lah]]''
	\|colspan=2\| 0		\|colspan=2\| 0
	! ''[[Contionary: iel#Hakdor\|iel]]'' (''[[Contionary: kir]] [[Contionary: lah]]'')		! ''[[Contionary: iel#Hakdor\|iel]]'' (''[[Contionary: kir#Hakdor\|kir]] [[Contionary: lah#Hakdor\|lah]]'')
	\|10 \|\|(16)		\|10 \|\|(16)
	! ''[[Contionary: tat#Hakdor\|tat]] [[Contionary: lah#Hakdor\|lah]]''		! ''[[Contionary: tat#Hakdor\|tat]] [[Contionary: lah#Hakdor\|lah]]''
	\|20 \|\|(32)		\|20 \|\|(32)
	! ''[[Contionary: iel#Hakdor\|iel]]'' (''[[Contionary: kir]] [[Contionary: lah]]'')		! ''[[Contionary: iel#Hakdor\|iel]]'' (''[[Contionary: kir#Hakdor\|kir]] [[Contionary: lah#Hakdor\|lah]]'')
	\|10 \|\|(16)		\|10 \|\|(16)
	\|-		\|-