Uttrediay at 10:04, 1 June 2017

2017-06-01T10:04:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:04, 1 June 2017
Line 35:		Line 35:
	== Vocabulary ==		== Vocabulary ==

	~~<p>~~akud (a) last		akud (a) last
	<br>arj (a) wild		<br>arj (a) wild
	<br>awyasi (v) be		<br>awyasi (v) be
Line 156:		Line 156:
	== Formants ==		== Formants ==

	~~<p>~~- (null) unmarked: present tense, indicative mood, active voice, punctual-stative aspect, singular number, absolutive case		- (null) unmarked: present tense, indicative mood, active voice, punctual-stative aspect, singular number, absolutive case
	<br>a (a) progressive - emphasising progress in action		<br>a (a) progressive - emphasising progress in action
	<br>ad (t) past		<br>ad (t) past

Uttrediay at 10:03, 1 June 2017

2017-06-01T10:03:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:03, 1 June 2017
Line 206:		Line 206:
	== Abbreviations ==		== Abbreviations ==

	~~<p>~~1S - 1st person singular		1S - 1st person singular
	<br>2P - 2nd person plural		<br>2P - 2nd person plural
	<br>2S - 2nd person singular		<br>2S - 2nd person singular

Uttrediay at 07:50, 1 June 2017

2017-06-01T07:50:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:50, 1 June 2017
Line 7:		Line 7:
	<br>majbanarsulapfachymnubxa		<br>majbanarsulapfachymnubxa
	<br>qfekajeturgu manirshunuhilu		<br>qfekajeturgu manirshunuhilu
			<br />
			<br />
			Duɡuxi Guaijuz

	== Some grammar notes ==		== Some grammar notes ==
Line 28:		Line 31:
	Idaltu is currently rather experimental and so far I have done away with all verbal and nominal class distinctions. But I can foresee that something will crystallise out of the theme vowel system if I ever have time to work further on it.		Idaltu is currently rather experimental and so far I have done away with all verbal and nominal class distinctions. But I can foresee that something will crystallise out of the theme vowel system if I ever have time to work further on it.

	As for pronunciation, the letters have their IPA values, except c = /ç/, ch = /χ/ ~~and~~ sh = /ʃ/.		As for pronunciation, the letters have their IPA values, except c = /ç/, ch = /χ/, sh = /ʃ/ and ng = /ŋ/.

	== Vocabulary ==		== Vocabulary ==
Line 230:		Line 233:
	== Interlinear ==		== Interlinear ==

	~~<p>~~bajuljuceqebaja		bajuljuceqebaja
	<br>find-DES-2P-ERG-joy		<br>find-DES-2P-ERG-joy

	~~<p>~~maxarirsumeqetedaqechulu		maxarirsumeqetedaqechulu
	<br>die-FUT-DECL-1S-ERG-2S-BENE-end-INST		<br>die-FUT-DECL-1S-ERG-2S-BENE-end-INST

	~~<p>~~njarqapemeqeshuxuhawnaxzamexzashuda		njarqapemeqeshuxuhawnaxzamexzashuda
	<br>HAB-maintain-1S-ERG-wisdom-desire-GEN-1S-GEN-3S-BENE		<br>HAB-maintain-1S-ERG-wisdom-desire-GEN-1S-GEN-3S-BENE

	~~<p>~~majbanarsulapfachymnubxa		majbanarsulapfachymnubxa
	<br>RES-spring_out-FUT-DECL-leaf-PL-world-LOC		<br>RES-spring_out-FUT-DECL-leaf-PL-world-LOC

	~~<p>~~qfekajeturgu		qfekajeturgu
	<br>PROT-go-time		<br>PROT-go-time

	~~<p>~~manirshunuhilu		manirshunuhilu
	<br>remain-FUT-3S-indefinite_time-INST		<br>remain-FUT-3S-indefinite_time-INST

			Duɡuxi Guaijuz
			<br>personal name

	Happy translating!		Happy translating!

Uttrediay: Created page with "== Text in Idaltu == '''bajuljuceqebaja!'''
maxarirsumeqetedaqechulu
njarqapemeqeshuxuhawnaxzamexzashuda
majbanarsulapfachymnubxa
qfekajeturgu manirshunuhilu..."

2017-05-31T23:56:42Z

Created page with "== Text in Idaltu == '''bajuljuceqebaja!''' maxarirsumeqetedaqechulu njarqapemeqeshuxuhawnaxzamexzashuda majbanarsulapfachymnubxa qfekajeturgu manirshunuhilu..."

New page

== Text in Idaltu ==

'''bajuljuceqebaja!'''

maxarirsumeqetedaqechulu
 njarqapemeqeshuxuhawnaxzamexzashuda
 majbanarsulapfachymnubxa
 qfekajeturgu manirshunuhilu

== Some grammar notes ==

Idaltu is designed to be a non-recursive language. It has been theorised that recursion is the only feature of language unique to humans (Hauser, M., Chomsky, N. & Fitch, W. T. 2002. The Language Faculty: What is it, who has it, and how did it evolve? Science, 298, 1569-1579), which I interpret to mean that it was the last major innovation of human speech before we reached the condition we have today, a modern, flexible language with full freedom of expression. Recursion probably is hard-wired in us, because it is a reasonable guess that features that are universal or near universal in human language (or human characteristics in general) are hard-wired. Many of the other universals (or near-universals) that do not depend on recursion are present in Idaltu. However, it does not, by definition, have statements and clauses like normal human language. Instead, I will refer to them as calls. They are more structured than usual animal calls, and the structural elements are similar to the ones of modern language, thus I will mostly use commonplace terminology when referring to them. Each call has this structure:

<aspect>-VERB-<tense>-<mood>-<evidentiality>-<subject>-<voice>-<object>-<other arguments>, where only the VERB is mandatory.

Which looks pretty commonplace for a polysynthetic language at first glance. In my model of language history the languages were polysynthetic at first when they reached the recursive stage, and have been evolving towards more analytic structures since, though not necessarily in a linear fashion.

In place of a complex syntax, Idaltu has complex semantics. The things we can say just by adjusting the syntax a little, or a lot – in principle there's no limit – Idaltu has to invent new words for. It has been suggested (http://www.sciencemag.org/content/332/6027/346.abstract) that there is a correlation between the size of a language's phoneme inventory and its geographical distance from the site of the origin of the human species. This indicates that pre-human language had rich phoneme inventories, which is an advantage if you need such a large vocabulary. But the evolution of logical structures like the above probably reduced the need for huge inventories a bit, as before them you had to invent new words for each logical distinction. The phonetic ability of humans probably evolved to its full extent before this logical structure evolved. Then the need for it declined, and modern languages get by with just a small fraction of the sounds that it's actually possible for us to make. For Idaltu, I propose a comparatively rich inventory, which I will represent by the reasonably close Latin letters and digraphs to save me from too much work. I'm not a natural IPA typist.

Each of the subject, object or other arguments above are nominal items. They are declined for singular, dual and plural number and for a large number of cases. Pronouns are not in principle different from other nouns and work in the same way. Since the nominal arguments are marked, they can switch places for emphasis. The scheme above is the neutral one. All nouns as well as verbs have theme vowels, and attribute markers can be inserted between them and the roots. The structure of a nominal argument is as follows:

NOUN-<attribute>-<theme>-<number>-<case>, where only the NOUN is mandatory.

There is a large number of verbal aspects, plenty of moods and a number of voices, but only 3 tenses, past, present and future.

For the vocabulary below I have used Bengtson's and Ruhlen's 27 Proto-World reconstructions (http://www.jdbengt.net/articles/Global.pdf) as my main inspiration. Not because I believe they have reached an accurate description of what language was like before it started to diverge, but because I like them and think they are a nice starting point for this experiment. I think however that the freedom of word invention, which amounts to the starting point for divergence, was evolved long before the invention of recursion, so Proto-World belongs to a much earlier stage than Idaltu. But the 27 of B & R have a moderately rich phoneme inventory which is suitable for my purpose. Sergei Starostin's online database (http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/query.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=\data\eura\globet) has been useful for the rest.

Idaltu is currently rather experimental and so far I have done away with all verbal and nominal class distinctions. But I can foresee that something will crystallise out of the theme vowel system if I ever have time to work further on it.

As for pronunciation, the letters have their IPA values, except c = /ç/, ch = /χ/ and sh = /ʃ/.

== Vocabulary ==

akud (a) last
 arj (a) wild
 awyasi (v) be
 baja (n) joy
 baju (v) find
 bana (v) bloom, spring out
 bau (interj.) dog’s bark
 bawa (v) bark
 bele (v) fear
 beng (n) news
 buqi (n) wildness, madness
 ce (pron) 2p
 cheha (n) hunger
 chuk (a) strange, bent, crooked
 chym (n) land
 chymnu (n) world
 dagu (v) show
 diru (n) tree
 dawa (n) day
 efal (a) many
 faxe (v) break
 faza (n) pot
 Federfann (n) personal name
 gar (v) bring
 hafa (v) kick
 hala (n) food
 hamnetu (n) journey
 hantu (n) front
 haqe (v) see
 hara (v) trade, exchange, switch
 harahamnetu (n) trading journey
 haramano (n) merchant
 hawa (n) river
 hawna (n) desire
 heri (v) destroy
 hiwkul (n) gold (yellow stone)
 hule (v) eat
 hurxura (n) wagon
 huxu (n) brother
 hwy (v) love
 Idaltu (n) place name
 jen (v) speak
 kaje (v) go
 kame (v) grasp
 kamo (n) family, parents
 kanu (v) tie
 katse (v) hold, keep
 kocha (n) basket
 kole (v) fall
 kolu (n) fall
 koza (n) house
 kuna (n) woman
 kurku (n) cage
 kwano (n) male dog
 lapu (n) leaf
 laxa (v) loosen
 loqi (v) jump
 makaq (n) word
 makaqware (n) story
 mako (n) boy
 mani (v) stay, remain
 mano (n) man
 mari (v) walk
 Marwalla (n) place name
 maxari (v) die
 me (pron) 1s
 miro (n) ruler, king
 mora (n) mare, female horse
 nawahi (v) wait, expect
 nguki (v) be shocked, surprised
 nuhi (n) indefinite time
 oh (interj.) surprise
 p (a) near, proximate
 pajar (n) princess
 para (n) edge, side, shore
 purch (v) beg
 qabaw (v) weave
 qape (v) hold on to, maintain
 qaich (n) animal
 qarto (n) knot
 qazu (n) piece
 qechu (n) end
 qiru (n) door
 qudu (n) inside
 qurduni (v) be insufficient
 quxa (v) look, look for
 sayam (n) grass
 Sento (n) personal name
 sha (pron) 3s, fem.
 Shambara (n) place name
 shi (pron) 3s, neut.
 Shinnerell (n) personal name
 sho (pron) 3s, masc.
 shu (pron) 3s, inanim.
 shule (v) liberate, get free
 shulu (n) freedom
 shuxu (n) wisdom
 siha (n) fight
 sihte (v) fight
 sto (pron) 3p
 tano (v) pull, draw
 tanxane (v) harness (a draft animal) to something
 te (pron) 2s
 tinu (v) sit
 tuku (v) show, display
 turgu (n) walk, time
 tyak (v) steal
 wiltengu (v) not will
 ware (n) rope
 weda (v) hit
 wola (n) greatness, bigness, muchness
 wæri (v) make, prepare
 xogu (v) be hurt, feel bad
 xur (a) young
 za (pron) demonstrative
 zahe (v) put, set
 zeqe (v) run
 zuhe (v) appear, turn up

== Formants ==

- (null) unmarked: present tense, indicative mood, active voice, punctual-stative aspect, singular number, absolutive case
 a (a) progressive - emphasising progress in action
 ad (t) past
 ara (a) contrary - indicating contrariness to the previous statement
 bxa (c) locative - indicates place
 da (c) benefactive - what an action is done for the benefit of
 dbe (m) jussive - indicates an order
 de (m) optative - indicates wish or hope
 dxa (c) dative - marks indirect object
 esmu (a) simultaeous - indicates simultaneous action
 etse (a) terminative - marks finalising action
 fa (n) plural
 hi (c) allative - indicates movement towards
 hnu (a) intensive - intensifying the action
 iqe (a) inceptive - marks start of action
 iqne (a) inchoative - marks start of state change
 jo (t) past
 kaja (v) potential - marks ability to do the verb
 kla (c) circumferential (around, about)
 lju (m) desiderative - indicates wish
 lu (c) instrumental - means, manner (adverbial) or time
 maj (a) resumptive - marks resumed action
 mi (m) conditional - verb states a condition for another actio
 mne (a) iterative - marks repetition
 na (nom) active participle
 ngme (c) ablative - movement or action away from, out of
 ngo (v) middle - allows the subject of a transitive action to be marked other than by the ergative, for example to act upon itself.
 njar (a) habitual - marks habit
 ptu (m) speculative - marks speculative statement
 pu (c) adessive - marks adjacent location
 qe (c) ergative - marks the subject in a transitive action
 qfe (a) protractive - marks action that goes on and on
 qqa (c) superessive - marks location on top of something
 r (t) future
 she (a) continuous - marks continued action
 so (c) illative - movement into
 su (m) declarative mood - indicates more emphasis than the indicative mood but less than the energetic mood
 tli (c) prosecutive - movement along, across
 ur (t) future
 wke (e) quotative - marks a statement that the subject has been told
 xa (c) comitative - marks accompaniment, togetherness
 xza (c) genitive - possession
 yatin (a) episodic - marks a particular episode
 yne (e) reportative - marks the reporting of unwitnessed events
 za (c) translative - marks turning from one state to another
 zfe (c) pertingent - marks something that touches another thing
 æki (a) delimitative - indicates finite extent

== Abbreviations ==

1S - 1st person singular
 2P - 2nd person plural
 2S - 2nd person singular
 3S - 3rd person singular
 a - aspect, or attribute
 BENE - benefactive
 c - case
 DECL - declarative
 DES - desiderative
 e - evidentiality
 ERG - ergative
 FUT - future
 GEN - genitive
 HAB - habitual
 INST - instrumental
 LOC - locative
 m - mood
 n - number, or noun
 nom - nominaliser
 PL - plural
 PROT - protractive
 RES - resumptive
 t - tense
 v - verb, or voice

== Interlinear ==

bajuljuceqebaja
 find-DES-2P-ERG-joy

maxarirsumeqetedaqechulu
 die-FUT-DECL-1S-ERG-2S-BENE-end-INST

njarqapemeqeshuxuhawnaxzamexzashuda
 HAB-maintain-1S-ERG-wisdom-desire-GEN-1S-GEN-3S-BENE

majbanarsulapfachymnubxa
 RES-spring_out-FUT-DECL-leaf-PL-world-LOC

qfekajeturgu
 PROT-go-time

manirshunuhilu
 remain-FUT-3S-indefinite_time-INST

Happy translating!

Fifth Linguifex Relay/Idaltu - Revision history

Uttrediay at 10:04, 1 June 2017

Uttrediay at 10:03, 1 June 2017

Uttrediay at 07:50, 1 June 2017

Uttrediay: Created page with "== Text in Idaltu == '''bajuljuceqebaja!''' maxarirsumeqetedaqechulu njarqapemeqeshuxuhawnaxzamexzashuda majbanarsulapfachymnubxa qfekajeturgu manirshunuhilu..."

Uttrediay: Created page with "== Text in Idaltu == '''bajuljuceqebaja!'''
maxarirsumeqetedaqechulu
njarqapemeqeshuxuhawnaxzamexzashuda
majbanarsulapfachymnubxa
qfekajeturgu manirshunuhilu..."