Eska - Revision history

Xagena at 22:34, 3 January 2021

2021-01-03T22:34:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:34, 3 January 2021
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	''Instrument''		''Instrument''

	The Instrument case is marked by the Subordinate predicate '''~~uzane~~''' (to use). It denotes an instrument or means of completing an action. It can be a tool such as a hammer that is used to pound in a nail. It can be a weapon used to hurt or kill someone. It can be the method of completing an action.		The Instrument case is marked by the Subordinate predicate '''uzanu''' (to use). It denotes an instrument or means of completing an action. It can be a tool such as a hammer that is used to pound in a nail. It can be a weapon used to hurt or kill someone. It can be the method of completing an action.

	examples:		examples:

	Sac iz bitane op mano ap misa '''~~uzane~~ cluba'''. The man clubbed the woman. (The man hit the woman using a club.)		Sac iz bitane op mano ap misa '''uzanu cluba'''. The man clubbed the woman. (The man hit the woman using a club.)

	Sac iz bitane op mano ap mana '''~~uzane~~ fista'''. The man punched another man. (The man hit the other man using (his) fist.)		Sac iz bitane op mano ap mana '''uzanu fista'''. The man punched another man. (The man hit the other man using (his) fist.)

	Sac iz bitane op mano ap nela '''~~uzane~~ hamara'''. The man hammered in the nail. (The man hit the nail using a hammer.)		Sac iz bitane op mano ap nela '''uzanu hamara'''. The man hammered in the nail. (The man hit the nail using a hammer.)

	Sac iz beldane op mano ap veg bigan husi '''~~uzane~~ brika'''. The man built the very big house using bricks.		Sac iz beldane op mano ap veg bigan husi '''uzanu brika'''. The man built the very big house using bricks.

Xagena at 12:21, 19 May 2020

2020-05-19T12:21:09Z

Show changes

Xagena at 11:35, 19 May 2020

2020-05-19T11:35:41Z

Show changes

Xagena at 10:12, 17 May 2020

2020-05-17T10:12:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:12, 17 May 2020
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	Eska is a conlang based on Case Grammar; more specifically, it is based on Extended Case Grammar which is my particular view of Case Grammar. Extended Case Grammar follows the Matrix Model applied by Walter Cook with a few exceptions. In Cook's Matrix Model there are four mutually exclusive cases: Experiencer, Benefactor, Location, and Time. To this list I add Range. It must be noted here that both the Matrix Model and Extended Case Grammar use semantic case rather than syntactic case. I know of no natural language that marks semantic case.		Eska is a conlang based on Case Grammar; more specifically, it is based on Extended Case Grammar which is my particular view of Case Grammar. Extended Case Grammar follows the Matrix Model applied by Walter Cook with a few exceptions. In Cook's Matrix Model there are four mutually exclusive cases: Experiencer, Benefactor, Location, and Time. To this list I add Range. It must be noted here that both the Matrix Model and Extended Case Grammar use semantic case rather than syntactic case. I know of no natural language that marks semantic case.

	In the Matrix Model and in Extended Case Grammar predicates each belong to a particular domain. Predicates are divided into a number of domains. A predicate that only uses Object and possibly Agent cases is said to be in the Basic Domain. A predicate requiring the Experiencer case is said to be in the Experiential Domain. A predicate requiring the Benefactor case is said to be in the Benefactive Domain. A predicate requiring the Location case is said to be in the Locative Domain. A predicate requiring the Time case is said to be in the Temporal Domain. And a predicate requiring the ~~Range~~ case is said to be in the ~~Range~~ Domain. (The Range ~~Domain is~~ not used in the Matrix Model, because Cook examines a single novel for his input. Extended Case Grammar uses dictionaries for their input, which yielded the Range Domain as well as all of the other domains.)		In the Matrix Model and in Extended Case Grammar predicates each belong to a particular domain. Predicates are divided into a number of domains. A predicate that only uses Object and possibly Agent cases is said to be in the Basic Domain. A predicate requiring the Experiencer case is said to be in the Experiential Domain. A predicate requiring the Benefactor case is said to be in the Benefactive Domain. A predicate requiring the Location case is said to be in the Locative Domain. A predicate requiring the Time case is said to be in the Temporal Domain. A predicate requiring the Range case is said to be in the Range Domain. And a predicate requiring the Comparison case is said to be in the Comparative Domain. (The Range and Comparative Domains are not used in the Matrix Model, because Cook examines a single novel for his input. Extended Case Grammar uses dictionaries for their input, which yielded the Range Domain as well as all of the other domains.)

	Predicates are also divided into three classes: State verbs, Inchoative verbs, and Causative verbs. (The Matrix Model calls these: State verbs, Process verbs, and Action Verbs, respectively.) State verbs denote an unchanging state or condition. Examples are: be good, be tall, be old, be happy, be hungry, be sad, see, hear, have, lack, be at, be inside, be outside, be ready to walk, be on (day), weigh, and measure. Inchoative verbs include: get better, get taller, become happier, get hungrier, become sadder, spy, start to hear, get, lose, arrive, enter, exit, walk, last (for time), allocate, and appropriate. Causative verbs include: make good, make tall, make old, make hungry, make sad, show, make hear, give, discard, take away, bring, insert, remove, walk (a dog), spend (time), add, and subtract. State verbs are taken to be the basic form of verbs with the Inchoative and Causative verbs being derived from State verbs. An Inchoative verb is derived from a State verb by adding the inchoative notion of becoming or changing. A Causative verb is derived from an Inchoative verb by adding the notion of causation. A simple example would be the verbs be hungry, become hungry, and make hungry. '''Be hungry''' is a state verb; it denotes an unchanging state. '''Become hungry''' is derived from '''be hungry''' by adding the notion of becoming; therefore, '''become hungry''' is an Inchoative verb. '''Make hungry''' is derived from become by adding the notion of causing; therefore, '''make hungry''' is a Causative verb.		Predicates are also divided into three classes: State verbs, Inchoative verbs, and Causative verbs. (The Matrix Model calls these: State verbs, Process verbs, and Action Verbs, respectively.) State verbs denote an unchanging state or condition. Examples are: be good, be tall, be old, be happy, be hungry, be sad, see, hear, have, lack, be at, be inside, be outside, be ready to walk, be on (day), weigh, and measure. Inchoative verbs include: get better, get taller, become happier, get hungrier, become sadder, spy, start to hear, get, lose, arrive, enter, exit, walk, last (for time), allocate, and appropriate. Causative verbs include: make good, make tall, make old, make hungry, make sad, show, make hear, give, discard, take away, bring, insert, remove, walk (a dog), spend (time), add, and subtract. State verbs are taken to be the basic form of verbs with the Inchoative and Causative verbs being derived from State verbs. An Inchoative verb is derived from a State verb by adding the inchoative notion of becoming or changing. A Causative verb is derived from an Inchoative verb by adding the notion of causation. A simple example would be the verbs be hungry, become hungry, and make hungry. '''Be hungry''' is a state verb; it denotes an unchanging state. '''Become hungry''' is derived from '''be hungry''' by adding the notion of becoming; therefore, '''become hungry''' is an Inchoative verb. '''Make hungry''' is derived from become by adding the notion of causing; therefore, '''make hungry''' is a Causative verb.
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	The man bid '''$100'''.		The man bid '''$100'''.



			''Comparison Case''

			The Comparison case is required by Comparative verbs. Comparison is used by verbs such as: '''compare''', '''contrast''', '''be the same''', '''be different''', '''be more''', and '''be less'''.

			examples:

			The man compares the '''apples''' to each other.

			The woman contrasts the '''lemons''' with the limes.

			The '''book''' is more than 400 pages.

			The '''toy''' is less than the candy.


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	Sac az azine ip '''mani''' buka. The man has a book.		Sac az azine ip '''mani''' buka. The man has a book.



	''Location Case''		''Location Case''
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	Sac iz wakise ap kida '''froparki'''. The child walked from the park.		Sac iz wakise ap kida '''froparki'''. The child walked from the park.



	''Time Case''		''Time Case''
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	Sac iz okurise festiva '''yesti'''. The party happened yesterday.		Sac iz okurise festiva '''yesti'''. The party happened yesterday.



	''Range Case''		''Range Case''
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	Sac az kostine ap buka dekip '''dolari'''. The book costs ten dollars.		Sac az kostine ap buka dekip '''dolari'''. The book costs ten dollars.



			''Comparative Case''

			examples:

			Sac iz

Xagena at 13:13, 14 May 2020

2020-05-14T13:13:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:13, 14 May 2020
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	Sac iz runine ap misa froparki '''kwikeh'''. The woman ran quickly from the park.		Sac iz runine ap misa froparki '''kwikeh'''. The woman ran quickly from the park.



			'''Frequency'''

			Frequency is marked by -oh.

			examples:

			'''nevoh''' never

			'''alvoh''' always

			'''oftoh''' often

			'''seldoh''' seldom

			'''regoh''' regularly, periodically

			'''negoh''' irregularly

			'''okoh''' occaisionally



			'''Temporal'''

			Temporal is marked by -ah.

			'''forah''' forever

			'''nah''' now

			'''henah''' then

			'''befah''' before

			'''aftah''' after

			'''arlah''' earlier

			'''letah''' later

			'''todah''' today

			'''yestah''' yesterday

			'''tumah''' tomorrow

			'''yeswikah''' last week

			'''nekwikah''' next week

			'''yiragah''' a year ago

			'''yirkamah''' in a year

			'''penakah''' at 5:00

			'''orakamah''' in an hour

			'''momenagah''' a moment ago

			'''dekap dezagah''' ten days ago

			'''kwah?''' when?

Xagena at 18:52, 10 May 2020

2020-05-10T18:52:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:52, 10 May 2020
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	Datap That, those		Datap That, those

	Unap One		Unap man One man

	~~Duap~~ Two		Dosap misa Two women

	Hrap Three		Hrap kida Three children

	Kwadrap Four		Kwadrap doga Four dogs

	Pentap Five		Pentap kata Five cats

	Multap Many~~, much~~		Multap kara Many cars

	Fap A few		Fap husa A few houses

	Parap ~~Some,~~ partial		Parap buka A partial book


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	Sac iz baytale op mano buka '''minir'''. The man bought a book for me. (Baytale is in the Benefactive Domain and does not require 'for me'. If '''minir''' is replaced by '''mini''' then the sentence would mean: the man bought a book from me.)		Sac iz baytale op mano buka '''minir'''. The man bought a book for me. (Baytale is in the Benefactive Domain and does not require 'for me'. If '''minir''' is replaced by '''mini''' then the sentence would mean: the man bought a book from me.)



	'''Manner'''		'''Manner'''
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	noj no, not		noj no, not

	Sac az plizine fixa mini. I don't like fish. (Fish doesn't please me.)		Sac az noj plizine fixa mini. I don't like fish. (Fish doesn't please me.)

	''Tense''		''Tense''
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	siprib reciprocal		siprib reciprocal

			Sac az pasib itane apla. The apple is eaten.

			Sac iz envib baytane ap mana op dogo. The dog bit the man (inverse).

	''Aspect''		''Aspect''
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	kompak completive		kompak completive

			Sac iz trak bitane op mano ap misa. The man beat the woman. (The man hit the woman repeatedly.)

			Sac az bitak drikane op miso kafa. The woman usually drinks coffee.

	''Mood''		''Mood''
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	sikwex consequentiality		sikwex consequentiality

			Sac az ablex vidine ip mani ap ava. The man can see the bird.

	'''Performatives'''		'''Performatives'''

Xagena at 12:52, 10 May 2020

2020-05-10T12:52:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:52, 10 May 2020
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	'''Atisu''' ap mana husi, sac iz atine ap misa deri. When the man came home, the woman was there.		'''Atisu''' ap mana husi, sac iz atine ap misa deri. When the man came home, the woman was there.

	Sac iz ~~naj~~ vidise ip mani nobada, '''wakisu''' ha awi. The man didn't see anybody, (so) he walked away.		Sac iz noj vidise ip mani nobada, '''wakisu''' ha awi. The man didn't see anybody, (so) he walked away.

	Embedded Predicates		Embedded Predicates
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	'''kwag''' quite, really		'''kwag''' quite, really

			ap '''veg''' bigan man the very big man

			Sac iz '''sog''' gudan ap fuda. The food is so good.

			Sac iz '''bereg''' livane ap misa. The woman barely survived.

			Sac az '''almog''' dedase ap mana. The man almost died.


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	examples:		examples:

	Sac iz atise xa husi '''~~mar~~'''. She came home with me.		Sac iz atise xa husi '''minar'''. She came home with me.

	''Modal Dative''		''Modal Dative''
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	Sac iz vidise ip mani ap misa '''parkir'''. The man spied the woman at the park. (Vidise is in the Experiential Domain and does not require a location.)		Sac iz vidise ip mani ap misa '''parkir'''. The man spied the woman at the park. (Vidise is in the Experiential Domain and does not require a location.)

	Sac iz baytale op mano buka '''~~mir~~'''. The man bought a book for me. (Baytale is in the Benefactive Domain and does not require 'for me'. If '''~~mir~~''' is replaced by '''mi''' then the sentence would mean: the man bought a book from me.)		Sac iz baytale op mano buka '''minir'''. The man bought a book for me. (Baytale is in the Benefactive Domain and does not require 'for me'. If '''minir''' is replaced by '''mini''' then the sentence would mean: the man bought a book from me.)

			'''Manner'''

			Manner is marked by the suffix -eh.

			examples:

			Sac iz wakine ap mana tuparki '''sloveh'''. The man walked slowly to the park.

			Sac iz runine ap misa froparki '''kwikeh'''. The woman ran quickly from the park.



	'''Verbal Modalities'''		'''Verbal Modalities'''
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	examples:		examples:

	~~naj~~ no, not		noj no, not

			Sac az plizine fixa mini. I don't like fish. (Fish doesn't please me.)

	''Tense''		''Tense''
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	botaz prospective		botaz prospective

			Sac az avaz itane op mano apla. The man has eaten an apple.

			Sac az ingaz baytane op dogo ap mana. The dog is biting the man.

			Kwac az botaz gozine va husi? Are you about to leave home?

	''Voice''		''Voice''

Xagena at 20:14, 9 May 2020

2020-05-09T20:14:21Z

Show changes

Xagena at 14:00, 7 May 2020

2020-05-07T14:00:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:00, 7 May 2020
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	Sac iz bitane op mano ap nela '''hamaror'''. The man hammered in the nail. (The man hit the nail with a hammer.)		Sac iz bitane op mano ap nela '''hamaror'''. The man hammered in the nail. (The man hit the nail with a hammer.)

	Sac iz beldane op mano ap husi '''brikor'''. The man built the house using bricks.		Sac iz beldane op mano ap veg bigan husi '''brikor'''. The man built the very big house using bricks.

	Topic		'''Topic'''

	Topic can be used to indicate the "topic" of discussion. It is marked by the suffix -ay.		Topic can be used to indicate the "topic" of discussion. It is marked by the suffix -ay.
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			Commitative

			Commitative case denotes accompaniment. It is marked by the suffix -ar.

			examples:

Xagena at 13:57, 7 May 2020

2020-05-07T13:57:50Z

@@ Line 525: / Line 525: @@
 The Class suffix determines which type of Predicate is being used.  For State Verbs the suffix -n is used.  For Inchoative Verbs the suffix -s is used.  And for Causative Verbs the suffix -l is used.
-Predicate suffixes appear in this order:  Dative Status + Class + (Main or Subordinate Predicate) + (Case)
+Predicate suffixes appear in this order:  Dative Status + Class + (Main or Subordinate Predicate) + (Case).  Reduced Predicates take these suffixes:  Case + Class.
@@ Line 546: / Line 546: @@
 '''Atisu''' ap mana husi, sac iz atine ap misa deri.  When the man came home, the woman was there.
-Sac iz nay vidise ip mani nobada, '''wakisu''' ha awi.  The man didn't see anybody, (so) he walked away.
+Sac iz naj vidise ip mani nobada, '''wakisu''' ha awi.  The man didn't see anybody, (so) he walked away.
 Embedded Predicates
@@ Line 552: / Line 552: @@
 examples:
-Sac iz vidise ip misi atanua ava ip tri.  The woman spied the bird in the tree. (The woman spied the bird being (at) in the tree.)
+Sac iz vidise ip misi '''atanua''' ava ip tri.  The woman spied the bird in the tree. (The woman spied the bird being (at) in the tree.)
 Sac iz
@@ Line 562: / Line 562: @@
 examples:
-ap talan mana  the tall man
+ap '''talan''' mana  the tall man
-ap engran misa  the angry woman
+ap '''engran''' misa  the angry woman
-ap dedan mana  the dead man
+ap '''dedan''' mana  the dead man
-ap dedas mana  the dying man (the died man)
+ap '''dedas''' mana  the dying man (the died man)