Cuoxeh - Revision history

Sware at 21:09, 4 July 2021

2021-07-04T21:09:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:09, 4 July 2021
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	{{Infobox language		{{Infobox language
	\|name = Cuoxeh		\|name = Cuoxeh
	\|nativename = ''Cuoxeh''		\|nativename = Cuoxeh
	\|pronunciation = [kʷoˈʃeʔ]		\|pronunciation = kʷoˈʃeʔ
	\|region = [[wikipedia:Central America\|Central America]]		\|region = [[wikipedia:Central America\|Central America]]
	\|states = [[wikipedia:Guatemala\|Guatemala]],<br>[[wikipedia:Belize\|Belize]]		\|states = [[wikipedia:Guatemala\|Guatemala]],<br>[[wikipedia:Belize\|Belize]]
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	\|date = 2010		\|date = 2010
	\|familycolor = Language isolate		\|familycolor = Language isolate
	\|~~iso1 = cx~~		\|script1 = Latn
	~~\|iso2 = cxh~~
	~~\|iso3 = cxh~~
	~~\|script~~ = ~~[[wikipedia:Latin alphabet\|Latin alphabet]] (Cuoxeh)~~
	}}		}}

Chrysophylax: Text replacement - "Category:Conlangs" to "Category:Languages"

2017-01-20T02:26:56Z

Text replacement - "Category:Conlangs" to "Category:Languages"

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:26, 20 January 2017
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	\|}		\|}

	[[Category:Languages]][[Category:~~Conlangs~~]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Cuoxeh]]		[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Cuoxeh]]

Waahlis at 11:27, 13 July 2013

2013-07-13T11:27:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:27, 13 July 2013
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	<!--See Alabama language for allophony inspiration-->		<!--See Alabama language for allophony inspiration-->
	===Consonants===		===Consonants===
	{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="~~wikitable article-table~~" style="width: 765px; "		{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 765px; "
	! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 85px; "\|		! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 85px; "\|
	! scope="col" style="width: 85px; text-align: center; "\|Bilabial		! scope="col" style="width: 85px; text-align: center; "\|Bilabial
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	===Vowels===		===Vowels===
	{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="~~wikitable article-table~~" style="width: 300px; text-align:center"		{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 300px; text-align:center"
	! style="width: 100px; "\|		! style="width: 100px; "\|
	! style="width: 100px; "\|Front		! style="width: 100px; "\|Front
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	====Assimilation====		====Assimilation====
	The syllables of morphemes may be altered when followed or proceeded by certain other morphemes. A list of such assimilations is shown below:		The syllables of morphemes may be altered when followed or proceeded by certain other morphemes. A list of such assimilations is shown below:
	{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="~~wikitable article-table~~" style="width: 330px; text-align:center"		{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 330px; text-align:center"
	! style="width: 75px; "\|Coda		! style="width: 75px; "\|Coda
	! style="width: 35px; "\|		! style="width: 35px; "\|
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	<!--castilla(cuoxe)h = Spanish (n.)-->		<!--castilla(cuoxe)h = Spanish (n.)-->
	===Pronominal verbal prefixes===		===Pronominal verbal prefixes===
	{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="~~wikitable article-table~~" style="width: 750px; text-align:center"		{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 750px; text-align:center"
	! style="width: 150px; "\|		! style="width: 150px; "\|
	! style="width: 100px; "\|1ps		! style="width: 100px; "\|1ps
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	===Copula===		===Copula===
	{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="~~wikitable article-table~~" style="width: 750px; text-align:center"		{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 750px; text-align:center"
	! colspan="7" \|yō (''to be'', ''to exist'')		! colspan="7" \|yō (''to be'', ''to exist'')
	\|-		\|-
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	===Regular verbs===		===Regular verbs===
	====-V====		====-V====
	{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="~~wikitable article-table~~" style="width: 750px; text-align:center"		{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 750px; text-align:center"
	! colspan="7" \|huaxa (''to give'')		! colspan="7" \|huaxa (''to give'')
	\|-		\|-
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	====-C====		====-C====
	{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="~~wikitable article-table~~" style="width: 750px; text-align:center"		{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 750px; text-align:center"
	! colspan="7" \|ec (''to hear'')		! colspan="7" \|ec (''to hear'')
	\|-		\|-
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	==Example sentences==		==Example sentences==
	{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="~~wikitable~~ collapsible collapsed" style="width: 350px; "		{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 350px; "
	! colspan="2" style=" text-align: center; \|Glossing abbreviations used below		! colspan="2" style=" text-align: center; \|Glossing abbreviations used below
	\|-		\|-
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	\|}		\|}

	{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="~~wikitable article-table~~" style="width: 600px; text-align:center"		{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 600px; text-align:center"
	! colspan="2"\|Graded Sentences for Analysis from http://www.potterpcs.net/gsfa/		! colspan="2"\|Graded Sentences for Analysis from http://www.potterpcs.net/gsfa/
	\|-		\|-
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	\|}		\|}

	{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="~~wikitable article-table~~" style="width: 600px; text-align:center"		{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 600px; text-align:center"
	! colspan="2"\|Other		! colspan="2"\|Other
	\|-		\|-
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	\|3PL-CAUS-TRANS-NG-freeze-PI candle~PL-ABS 3SG-freeze-PF cake-ABS RC 3SG-prove-PP 3SG-NG-food-PP RC		\|3PL-CAUS-TRANS-NG-freeze-PI candle~PL-ABS 3SG-freeze-PF cake-ABS RC 3SG-prove-PP 3SG-NG-food-PP RC
	\|}		\|}

			[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Cuoxeh]]

Waahlis at 21:58, 12 July 2013

2013-07-12T21:58:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:58, 12 July 2013
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	\|}		\|}
	#When the close vowels "'''i'''" and "'''ī'''" neighbour uvular consonants they are realised as [ɪ] and [ɪː] respectively (and even as [e] and [eː] by some speakers).		#When the close vowels "'''i'''" and "'''ī'''" neighbour uvular consonants they are realised as [ɪ] and [ɪː] respectively (and even as [e] and [eː] by some speakers).
	#The graphemes "'''c'''" and "'''cu'''" become "'''cu'''" and "'''cü'''" respectively before "'''e'''" and "'''i'''".		#The graphemes "'''c'''" and "'''cu'''" become "'''cu'''" and "'''cü'''" respectively before "'''e'''" and "'''i'''".[[File:Cuoxeh_map.png\|thumb\|right\|250px\|Approximate linguistic area of Cuoxeh shown on Google Maps.]]
	#In loan words, especially proper nouns, "'''c'''" may represent /s/ before "'''e'''" and "'''i'''", e.g. "'''cesałxi'''", meaning "tyrant", from the Spanish "césar".		#In loan words, especially proper nouns, "'''c'''" may represent /s/ before "'''e'''" and "'''i'''", e.g. "'''cesałxi'''", meaning "tyrant", from the Spanish "césar".
	#When "'''h'''" is syllable initial it is usually realised as [h] and when syllable final it is always realised as [ʔ]		#When "'''h'''" is syllable initial it is usually realised as [h] and when syllable final it is always realised as [ʔ]

Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán at 14:58, 8 December 2012

2012-12-08T14:58:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:58, 8 December 2012
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			{{Infobox language
			\|name = Cuoxeh
			\|nativename = ''Cuoxeh''
			\|pronunciation = [kʷoˈʃeʔ]
			\|region = [[wikipedia:Central America\|Central America]]
			\|states = [[wikipedia:Guatemala\|Guatemala]],<br>[[wikipedia:Belize\|Belize]]
			\|speakers = <15,000
			\|date = 2010
			\|familycolor = Language isolate
			\|iso1 = cx
			\|iso2 = cxh
			\|iso3 = cxh
			\|script = [[wikipedia:Latin alphabet\|Latin alphabet]] (Cuoxeh)
			}}

	'''Cuoxeh''' (pronounced /[[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA\|kʷoˈʃeʔ]]/, literally "the speech" or "the talk") is a small native American language spoken in Belize and Guatemala. There are between 10,000 and 15,000 native speakers spread out within a fairly large area of land and though the language is not officially recognised in Guatemala, it is in Belize.		'''Cuoxeh''' (pronounced /[[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA\|kʷoˈʃeʔ]]/, literally "the speech" or "the talk") is a small native American language spoken in Belize and Guatemala. There are between 10,000 and 15,000 native speakers spread out within a fairly large area of land and though the language is not officially recognised in Guatemala, it is in Belize.

Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: Created page with "'''Cuoxeh''' (pronounced /kʷoˈʃeʔ/, literally "the speech" or "the talk") is a small native American language spoken in Belize and Guatemala. T..."

2012-11-12T21:00:18Z

Created page with "'''Cuoxeh''' (pronounced /kʷoˈʃeʔ/, literally "the speech" or "the talk") is a small native American language spoken in Belize and Guatemala. T..."

New page

'''Cuoxeh''' (pronounced /[[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA|kʷoˈʃeʔ]]/, literally "the speech" or "the talk") is a small native American language spoken in Belize and Guatemala. There are between 10,000 and 15,000 native speakers spread out within a fairly large area of land and though the language is not officially recognised in Guatemala, it is in Belize.

Cuoxeh has phonemic aspiration on both plosives and affricates as well as phonemic vowel length. Unlike some other native American languages, for example [[wikipedia:Blackfoot language|Blackfoot]], it does not have phonemic consonant gemination. Cuoxeh is also highly agglutinative and as a result is very regular (cf. other agglutinative languages, such as [[wikipedia:Turkish language|Turkish]]).


==Phonology and orthography==

===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 765px; "
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 85px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 85px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 85px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 85px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 85px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 85px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 85px; text-align: center; "|Labio-velar
! scope="col" style="width: 85px; text-align: center; "|Uvular1
! scope="col" style="width: 85px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|'''m''' /m/
| style="text-align: center;"|'''n''' /n/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''ñ''' /ɲ/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
! style="text-align: center;"|Central
| style="text-align: center;"|'''p''' /p/
| style="text-align: center;"|'''t''' /t/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''c'''2, 3 /k/
| style="text-align: center;"|'''cu'''2 /kʷ/
| style="text-align: center;"|'''q''' /q/
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center;"|Aspirated
| style="text-align: center;"|'''ph''' /pʰ/
| style="text-align: center;"|'''th''' /tʰ/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''ch''' /kʰ/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''qh''' /qʰ/
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
! style="text-align: center;"|Central
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''s''' /s/
| style="text-align: center;"|'''x''' /ʃ/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''h'''4, 5 /h~ʔ/
|-
! style="text-align: center;"|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''l''' /ɬ/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
! style="text-align: center;"|Central
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''ts''' /t͡s/
| style="text-align: center;"|'''tx''' /t͡ʃ/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center;"|Aspirated
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''tsh''' /t͡sʰ/
| style="text-align: center;"|'''txh''' /t͡ʃʰ/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center;"|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''tl''' /t͡ɬ/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
! style="text-align: center;"|Central
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''y''' /j/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''hu''' /w/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center;"|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''ł''' /l/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''ll''' /ʎ/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}
#When the close vowels "'''i'''" and "'''ī'''" neighbour uvular consonants they are realised as [ɪ] and [ɪː] respectively (and even as [e] and [eː] by some speakers).
#The graphemes "'''c'''" and "'''cu'''" become "'''cu'''" and "'''cü'''" respectively before "'''e'''" and "'''i'''".
#In loan words, especially proper nouns, "'''c'''" may represent /s/ before "'''e'''" and "'''i'''", e.g. "'''cesałxi'''", meaning "tyrant", from the Spanish "césar".
#When "'''h'''" is syllable initial it is usually realised as [h] and when syllable final it is always realised as [ʔ]
#Long vowels are shortened before coda "'''h'''".

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 300px; text-align:center"
! style="width: 100px; "|
! style="width: 100px; "|Front
! style="width: 100px; "|Back
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Close
| '''i''' /i/ '''ī''' /iː/
|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Mid
| '''e''' /e/ '''ē''' /eː/
| '''o''' /o/ '''ō''' /oː/
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Open
| colspan="2" | '''a''' /a/ '''ā''' /aː/
|}

===Phonotactics===
====Syllable shape====
Cuoxeh syllables have the structure (C)V(F) where:
*C is any consonant: '''m/n/ñ/p/t/c/cu/q/ph/th/ch/qh/s/x/h/l/ts/tx/tsh/txh/tl/y/hu/ł/ll'''
*V is any vowel: '''i/ī/e/ē/o/ō/a/ā'''
*F is any final consonant: '''m/n/ñ/p/t/c/q/s/x/h/l/ts/tx/tl/ł/ll'''

====Assimilation====
The syllables of morphemes may be altered when followed or proceeded by certain other morphemes. A list of such assimilations is shown below:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 330px; text-align:center"
! style="width: 75px; "|Coda
! style="width: 35px; "|
! style="width: 75px; "|Onset
! style="width: 35px; "|
! style="width: 75px; "|Result
|-
|m
| +
|y
| →
|ñ
|-
|n
| +
|y
| →
|ñ
|-
|ñ
| +
|y
| →
|ñ
|-
|t
| +
|ł
| →
|tl
|-
|t
| +
|ll
| →
|tl
|-
|c
| +
|cu
| →
|cu
|-
|s
| +
|y
| →
|x
|-
|x
| +
|y
| →
|x
|-
|h
| +
|h
| →
|ch
|-
|h
| +
|hu
| →
|cu
|-
|l
| +
|y
| →
|ll
|-
|l
| +
|tl
| →
|tl
|-
|ts
| +
|y
| →
|stx
|-
|ts
| +
|ts
| →
|sts
|-
|tx
| +
|y
| →
|xtx
|-
|tx
| +
|tx
| →
|tx
|-
|ł
| +
|y
| →
|ll
|-
|ł
| +
|tl
| →
|łt
|-
|ll
| +
|y
| →
|ll
|-
|ll
| +
|tl
| →
|łt
|-
|Vshort
| +
|Vshort
| →
|Vlong
|-
|Vshort
| +
|Vlong
| →
|Vlong
|-
|Vlong
| +
|Vshort
| →
|Vlong
|}

E.g.: "Castilla" + "ałtah" = Castillāłtah

===Stress===
Primary stress in Cuoxeh falls on the penultimate syllable if a word ends in a vowel and if a word ends in a consonant then the final syllable is stressed. Glottal stops shift the stress of a word to the vowel preceding them. Otherwise, certain affixes (chiefly of negation) that may not bear stress can cause words to appear to violate the above rules.

*"ōmsi", /ˈoːmsi/, "heart"
*"ematl", /eˈmat͡ɬ/, "maize"
*"lehcuansi", /ˈleʔkʷansi/, "giant yucca"
*"txicuatemcüēll", /t͡ʃikʷaˈtemkʷeːʎ/, "It will not rain"

==Grammar==












===Pronominal verbal prefixes===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 750px; text-align:center"
! style="width: 150px; "|
! style="width: 100px; "|1ps
! style="width: 100px; "|2ps
! style="width: 100px; "|3ps
! style="width: 100px; "|1pp
! style="width: 100px; "|2pp
! style="width: 100px; "|3pp
|-
!Subject
|ī-
|l(o)-
|txi-
|eme-
|ña-
|ch(a)-
|-
!Direct object
| -tī-
| -(y)ō-
| -som-
| -ēm-
| -ni-
| -c-
|-
!Indirect object
| -tī-
| -(y)ō-
| -xo-
| -ēm-
| -ni-
| -qo-
|-
!Reflexive
| colspan="6" |-(i)ll(i)-
|}
===Tense-aspect-mood===
====Present====
The present tense is, loosely speaking, used to indicate that an event or action is occurring at the time of speaking. It is also used to describe a current state of affairs or to refer to the nature of something, e.g. an action. In Cuoxeh, it is not possible to use the present tense to refer to events that occur entirely outside of the present (with the exception of the habitual), cf. the use of the present tense of "to go" in English and other languages to indicate the future: "I am going home tomorrow", "Завтра я еду домой".

*The horse is running.
*It's raining today.
*Guatemala is a republic.
*They are European.
*I visit my parents every week.

====Past imperfect====
====Past perfect====
====Pluperfect====
====Future imperfect====
====Future perfect====
====Irrealis====

===Copula===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 750px; text-align:center"
! colspan="7" |yō (''to be'', ''to exist'')
|-
! style="width: 150px; "|
! style="width: 100px; "|1ps
! style="width: 100px; "|2ps
! style="width: 100px; "|3ps
! style="width: 100px; "|1pp
! style="width: 100px; "|2pp
! style="width: 100px; "|3pp
|-
!Present
|īyo
|loyo
|txiyo
|emeyo
|ñayo
|chayo
|-
!Past imperfect
|ītl
|lōtl
|txitl
|emetl
|ñatl
|chatl
|-
!Past perfect
|yoh
|loh
|txih
|emeh
|ñah
|chah
|-
!Pluperfect
|yohna
|lohna
|txihna
|emehna
|ñahna
|chahna
|-
!Future imperfect
|yocüe
|locüe
|txicüe
|emecüe
|ñacüe
|chacüe
|-
!Future perfect
|yocüeh
|locüeh
|txicüeh
|emecüeh
|ñacüeh
|chacüeh
|-
!Irrealis
|yōyo
|lōlo
|txītxi
|emēme
|ñāña
|chācha
|-
!Imperative
| -
|caloyo
| -
|cuemeyo
|cañayo
| -
|}

The verbal form of copula is less common than verbifying nouns or adjectives:
*"Spain is large"
**"Lophicuo Castillāłtah." ("It-larges Spain")
**/kastiʎaːltaʔ ɬopʰikʷo/
*"I am Spanish", "I am a Spaniard"
**"Īcastillahētl" ("I Spanish")
**/iːkastiʎaheːt͡ɬ/
*"He speaks Spanish"
**"Locuoxe macastilla(cuoxe)" ("He speaks ADV-Spain(-speech)")
**/ɬokʷoʃe makastiʎa(kʷoʃe)/
*"He speaks Spanish well"
**"Locuoxe ñocastilla(cuoxe)" ("He speaks well-Spain(-speech)")
**/ɬokʷoʃe ɲokastiʎa(kʷoʃe)/
*"He speaks Spanish badly"
**"Locuoxe tamcastilla(cuoxe)" ("He speaks badly-Spain(-speech)")
**/ɬokʷoʃe tamkastiʎa(kʷoʃe)/

===Regular verbs===
====-V====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 750px; text-align:center"
! colspan="7" |huaxa (''to give'')
|-
! style="width: 150px; "|
! style="width: 100px; "|1ps
! style="width: 100px; "|2ps
! style="width: 100px; "|3ps
! style="width: 100px; "|1pp
! style="width: 100px; "|2pp
! style="width: 100px; "|3pp
|-
!Present
|īhuaxa
|lohuaxa
|txihuaxa
|emehuaxa
|ñahuaxa
|chahuaxa
|-
!Past imperfect
|īhuaxatl
|lohuaxatl
|txihuaxatl
|emehuaxatl
|ñahuaxatl
|chahuaxatl
|-
!Past perfect
|īhuaxah
|lohuaxah
|txihuaxah
|emehuaxah
|ñahuaxah
|chahuaxah
|-
!Pluperfect
|īhuaxanah
|lohuaxanah
|txihuaxanah
|emehuaxanah
|ñahuaxanah
|chahuaxanah
|-
!Future imperfect
|īhuaxacüe
|lohuaxacüe
|txihuaxacüe
|emehuaxacüe
|ñahuaxacüe
|chahuaxacüe
|-
!Future perfect
|īhuaxacüeh
|lohuaxacüeh
|txihuaxacüeh
|emehuaxacüeh
|ñahuaxacüeh
|chahuaxacüeh
|-
!Irrealis
|īhuaxāxa
|lohuaxāxa
|txihuaxāxa
|emehuaxāxa
|ñahuaxāxa
|chahuaxāxa
|-
!Imperative
| -
|calohuaxa
| -
|cuemehuaxa
|cañahuaxa
| -
|}

*"I will give you the mango"
**"Īyōhuaxacüe txīloh"
**/iːjoːwaʃakʷe t͡ʃiːloʔ/
*"He has [already] given it to me"
**"Txisomtīhuaxah."
**/t͡ʃisitiːwaʃaʔ/

====-C====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 750px; text-align:center"
! colspan="7" |ec (''to hear'')
|-
! style="width: 150px; "|
! style="width: 100px; "|1ps
! style="width: 100px; "|2ps
! style="width: 100px; "|3ps
! style="width: 100px; "|1pp
! style="width: 100px; "|2pp
! style="width: 100px; "|3pp
|-
!Present
|īec
|lec
|txiec
|emēc
|ñaec
|chec
|-
!Past imperfect
|īectli
|lectli
|txiectli
|emēctli
|ñaectli
|chectli
|-
!Past perfect
|īecoh
|lecoh
|txiecoh
|emēcoh
|ñaecoh
|checoh
|-
!Pluperfect
|īecnah
|lecnah
|txiecnah
|emēcnah
|ñaecnah
|checnah
|-
!Future imperfect
|īecüe
|lecüe
|txiecüe
|emēcüe
|ñaecüe
|checüe
|-
!Future perfect
|īecüeh
|lecüeh
|txiecüeh
|emēcüeh
|ñaecüeh
|checüeh
|-
!Irrealis
|īēcuec
|lēcuec
|txiēcuec
|emēcuec
|ñaēcuec
|chēcuec
|-
!Imperative
| -
|calec
| -
|cuemēc
|cañaec
| -
|}

===Relational verbs===
The function of adpositions is fulfilled by relational verbs which are in effect conjugated prepositions. They are conjugated verbs which then take an adpositional suffix. Relational verbs also alter word order, placing the referee to after the relational verb whereas the subject would normally follow the verb.

*"The book is on the table"
**"Txiyoni tacteh xāmsi" ("Txi-yō-ni tacte-h xām-si", "It-be-on table-the book-the")
**/t͡ʃijoni takteʔ ʃaːmsi/

*"The books are on the table"
**"Chayoni tacteh xāmamsi" ("Txi-yō-ni tacte-h xam-am-si", "They-be-on table-the book-s-the"
**/kʰajoni takteʔ ʃaːmamsi/

===Nouns===
Nouns are somewhat of a loose category in Cuoxeh. They are formed by affixing a suffix to a root word, normally a verb. For example, "tsha" means "to eat" and adding the absolutive (or nominalisation) suffix "-h" gives "tshah" which means "food". If the root ends in a vowel "-h" is added, otherwise one of "-si", "-xi" or "-atl" is added. The suffix "-si" is added unless the word contains an "s" (including "ts" and "tsh") in which case "-xi" is added: "semxi" meaning "cloud". The suffix "-atl" is added if the word end in a consonant and contains an "x" (including "tx" and "txh"): "xocatl" meaning "[Baird's] tapir".

Plurals are formed by reduplicating the final syllable of the root (less the onset unless the root ends in a vowel) and lengthening the vowel in the reduplicated syllable whilst keeping the second vowel short. If the vowel which is reduplicated is already long the second vowel becomes shortened.

*"txhoh" ("chayote") > "txho-h" > "txhōtxho-h" > "txhōtxho-h" ("chayotes")
*"xocatl" ("tapir") > "xoc-atl" > "xōcoc-atl" > "xōcocatl" ("tapirs")
*"thōnsi" ("wheel") > "thōn-si" > "thōnon-si" > "thōnonsi" ("wheels")



===Relative clauses===
Relative clauses are indicated by the use of the circumposition "mi... mi".

==Example sentences==
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width: 350px; "
! colspan="2" style=" text-align: center; |Glossing abbreviations used below
|-
! style="width: 100px; "|Abbreviation
! style="width: 250px; "|Meaning
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|1
| style="text-align: center;"|first person
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|2
| style="text-align: center;"|second person
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|3
| style="text-align: center;"|third person
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|~
| style="text-align: center;"|reduplication (followed by its significance)
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|ABS
| style="text-align: center;"|absolutive
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|ADV
| style="text-align: center;"|adverbial
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|CAUS
| style="text-align: center;"|causative
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|FI
| style="text-align: center;"|future imperfect
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|FP
| style="text-align: center;"|future perfect
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|IM
| style="text-align: center;"|imperative
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|IR
| style="text-align: center;"|irrealis
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|NG
| style="text-align: center;"|negative
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|PI
| style="text-align: center;"|past imperfect
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|PF
| style="text-align: center;"|past perfect
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|PL
| style="text-align: center;"|plural
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|POSS
| style="text-align: center;"|possessive
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|PP
| style="text-align: center;"|pluperfect
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|PR
| style="text-align: center;"|present
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|RC
| style="text-align: center;"|relative clause circumposition
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|SG
| style="text-align: center;"|singular
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|TRANS
| style="text-align: center;"|translative
|}

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 600px; text-align:center"
! colspan="2"|Graded Sentences for Analysis from http://www.potterpcs.net/gsfa/
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 250px; "|English
! style="width: 350px; "|Cuoxeh
|-
!Gloss
|-
! colspan="2"|Part 1
|-
| rowspan="2" style="width: 250px; "|Birds sing.
| style="width: 350px; "|Chahānā tsīmimxi.
|-
|3PL-sing-PR bird~PL-ABS
|-
| rowspan="2" style="width: 250px; "|Children play.
| style="width: 350px; "|Chaxāne ayēlelsi.
|-
|3PL-play-PR child~PL-ABS
|-
| rowspan="2" style="width: 250px; "|Dogs bark.
| style="width: 350px; "|Chehatlo alatsēseh.
|-
|3PL-bark-PR dog~PL-ABS
|-
| rowspan="2" style="width: 250px; "|Bees hum.
| style="width: 350px; "|Chatxīxa etsīnānah.
|-
|3PL-hum-PR bee~PL-ABS
|-
| rowspan="2" style="width: 250px; "|The baby laughed.
| style="width: 350px; "|Lachatl hehueh.
|-
|3SG-laugh-PI baby-ABS
|-
| rowspan="2" style="width: 250px; "|The sun shines.
| style="width: 350px; "|Lotlełe mēneh.
|-
|3SG-shine-PR sun-ABS
|-
| rowspan="2" style="width: 250px; "|The wind blows.
| style="width: 350px; "|Lophilā ēmitl.
|-
|3SG-blow-PR wind-ABS
|}

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 600px; text-align:center"
! colspan="2"|Other
|-
| rowspan="2" style="width: 250px; "|I may decide to leave in a hurry.
| style="width: 350px; "|Tahīlōso īācue maxīcüi.
|-
|EP-1SG-decide 1SG-leave ADV-hurry.
|-
| rowspan="2" style="width: 250px; "|Having stayed underwater in the channel, the wooden plank had expanded.
| style="width: 350px; "|Txithōcohiq monītl etahsi, txicahphicuonah ocnoh mi txitloh mi.
|-
|3SG-stay-PF-in 3SG.POSS-water stream-ABS 3SG-TRANS-big-PP board-ABS RC 3SG-wood-PR RC
|-
| rowspan="2" style="width: 250px; "|The candles caused the frozen cake, which had proven inedible, to thaw.
| style="width: 350px; "|Chalacahtonīlatl ciłyōyoh txinīlah phānsi mi txitīmanah txitotshanah mi.
|-
|3PL-CAUS-TRANS-NG-freeze-PI candle~PL-ABS 3SG-freeze-PF cake-ABS RC 3SG-prove-PP 3SG-NG-food-PP RC
|}